1575 Jul 25, Christoph Scheiner, astronomer, was born in Germany.
(SC, 7/25/02)
1575 Nov 8, French Catholics and Huguenots signed a treaty.
(MC, 11/8/01)
c1575 Titian painted “The Flaying of Marsyas.”
(SFC, 8/27/98, p.E3)
1575 Torquatto Tasso, Italian poet, wrote “Jerusalem Liberated,”
an epic of the First Crusade.
(TL-MB, 1988, p.23)
1575 The Dresden Court Orchestra undertook its first concert tour.
(WSJ, 4/30/96, p.A-12)
1575 Thomas Tallis and Wm. Byrd, English organists and composers,
published their Cantiones, a collection of 34 motets, after being granted
a royal license to print and sell music.
(TL-MB, 1988, p.23)
1575 Stephen Bathory was elected King of Poland, after the defection
of Henry, who became King of France.
(TL-MB, 1988, p.23)
1575 William of Orange, facing defeat, offered the sovereignty
of the Netherlands to Queen Elizabeth, who declined the offer.
(TL-MB, 1988, p.23)
1575 Hungarian mines abolished child labor.
(WSJ, 1/11/99, p.R25)
1575 In India the Mughal Emp. Akbar conquered Bengal.
(TL-MB, 1988, p.23)
1575 In Japan a battle was fought that arrayed 3,000 guns against
men on horseback using stirrups. The gun force won and changed the course
of Japanese fighting.
(WSJ, 6/9/99, p.A27)
1575 Spain faced bankruptcy and could not pay its troops in the
Netherlands.
(TL-MB, 1988, p.23)
1575 Plague swept through Italy and Sicily.
(TL-MB, 1988, p.23)
1575 Leyden Univ. was founded to commemorate the great siege.
(TL-MB, 1988, p.23)
1575 The first European porcelain was produced in Florence, but
it was much inferior to the Chinese original. Janet Gleason later published
“Arcanum: The Extraordinary Story of the Invention of European Porcelain.”
(TL-MB, 1988, p.23)(WSJ, 8/28/98, p.W10)
1575-1649 In Mexico the construction of La Immaculada Concepcion cathedral
in Puebla.
(SFEC, 11/8/98, p.T8)
1576 Jan 19, Hans Sachs (81), cobbler, poet, composer, inspiration
for Wagner's "Die Meistersinger", died.
(MC, 1/19/02)
1576 Feb 3, Henry of Navarre (future Henry IV) escaped from Paris.
(MC, 2/3/02)
1576 Feb 5, Henry of Navarre renounced Catholicism at Tours.
(MC, 2/5/02)
1576 May 6, The peace treaty of Chastenoy ended the fifth war
of religion.
(HN, 5/6/98)
1576 May 29, Spanish army under Mondragón conquered the
Zierik sea.
(SC, 5/29/02)
1576 Aug 27, The Venetian painter Titian died aged about 90. His
handling of color and mastery of new oil techniques made him one of the
greatest painters of the Renaissance.
(Reuters, 8/28/01)
1576 Oct 12, Rudolf II, the king of Hungary and Bohemia, succeeded
his father, Maximillian II, as Holy Roman Emperor.
(HN, 10/12/98)
1576 Nov 8, All 17 provinces of the Netherlands united in the
Pacification of Ghent in the face of Spanish occupation. The 17 provinces
of the Netherlands formed a federation to maintain peace.
(TL-MB, 1988, p.22)(HN, 11/6/98)
1576 Jean Bodin, French political theorist, published his Six
Books of the Commonwealth, wherein he argues that the basis of any society
is the family.
(TL-MB, 1988, p.22)
1576 Carolus Clusius, French botanist, published his treatise
on the flowers of Spain and Portugal. It was the first modern work on botany.
(TL-MB, 1988, p.22)
1576 The basilica of San Petronio was erected by Egnatio Danti,
a mathematician and Dominican friar who worked for Cosimo I dei Medici,
the Grand Duke of Tuscany. The structure included a solar observatory.
Danti also advised Pope Gregory on calendar reform.
(SFC, 10/25/99, p.A4)
1576 The Theater in Shoreditch, London, was built.
(TL-MB, 1988, p.22)
1576 The Fifth War of Religion in France ended with the Peace
of Monsieur. The Huguenots were granted freedom of worship in all places
except Paris.
(TL-MB, 1988, p.22)
1576 Rudolf II was crowned King of the Holy Roman Empire and moved
the Imperial Court from Vienna to Prague.
(WSJ, 7/10/97, p.A13)
1576 Mutinous Spanish forces sacked Antwerp in “the Spanish Fury.”
(TL-MB, 1988, p.22)
1576 Francois Viete, French mathematician, introduced the use
of letters for quantities in algebra.
(TL-MB, 1988, p.22)
1576 Martin Frobisher, English navigator, discovered Frobisher
Bay in Canada. He explored the Arctic region of Canada and twice brought
tons of gold back to England that was found to be iron pyrite.
(TL-MB, 1988, p.22)(SFEM, 11/15/98, p.26)
1576 Maximilian II, Holy Roman Emp., died and was succeeded by
his eldest surviving son, Rudolf II.
(TL-MB, 1988, p.22)
1577 Feb 8, Robert Burton (d.1640), writer, Anglican clergyman
(Anatomy of Melancholy), was born. "A mere madness, to live like a wretch
and die rich."
(AP, 8/19/98)(MC, 2/8/02)
1577 Feb 26, Erik XIV Wasa (43), King of Sweden (1560-69), died.
(SC, 2/26/02)
1577 Jun 28, Peter Paul Rubens (d.1640), Flemish painter,
was born. His work included “Helene Fourment” and “The Abduction of the
Daughters of Leucippus.”
(AAP, 1964)(WUD, 1994, p.1250)(HN, 6/28/01)
1577 Sep 23, William of Orange made his triumphant entry into
Brussels, Belgium.
(HN, 9/23/98)
1577 Oct 17, Cristofano Allori, Italian painter (Judith), was
born.
(MC, 10/17/01)
1577 Nov 15, Sir Francis Drake aboard Pelican began his travel
from Chile to Washington. [see Dec 13]
(MC, 11/15/01)
1577 Dec 13, Sir Francis Drake of England set out with five ships
on a nearly three-year journey that would take him around the world. His
mission was to find Terra Australis and raid their Spanish colonies on
the west coast of South America. He raided Spanish ships in the Pacific
and returned with a 4,500% profit on his investment. [see Nov 15]
(TL-MB, 1988, p.22)(AP, 12/13/97)(WSJ, 1/11/99, p.R49)(SFC, 10/29/99,
p.A6)
1577 Painter El Greco, Domenikos Theotokopoulos, went to Spain
and settled there permanently.
(TL-MB, 1988, p.22)
1577 Raphael Holinshed published his “Chronicles of England, Scotland
and Ireland.”
(TL-MB, 1988, p.22)
1577 London’s second playhouse, The Curtain, opened in Finsbury.
(TL-MB, 1988, p.22)
1577 Javanese fled the spread of Islam and reached Bali where
they kept alive early traditions of Indonesian music.
(TL-MB, 1988, p.22)
1577 The Sixth War of Religion erupts in France. After five months
it ends with the Peace of Bergerac. The Huguenots gain more concessions.
(TL-MB, 1988, p.22)
1577 Don John of Austria, Governor of the Netherlands, issued
his Perpetual Edict by which all Spanish troops were to be withdrawn from
the Netherlands and ancient liberties restored.
(TL-MB, 1988, p.22)
1577 Danzig surrendered to Stephen Bathory, King of Poland.
(TL-MB, 1988, p.22)
1577 Fray Luis de Leon, Spanish scholar and poet at Salamanca,
was released from prison after serving 5 years for heresy. He greeted his
students with the words: "As I was saying, yesterday..."
(SSFC, 6/8/03, p.C8)
1578 Jan 28, Cornelis Haga, Dutch lawyer, ambassador to Constantinople
(1611-39), was born.
(MC, 1/28/02)
1578 Feb 9, Giambattista Andreini, Italian playwright, actor (L'adamo),
was born.
(MC, 2/9/02)
1578 Mar 31, Juan de Escobedo, secretary of Spanish land guardian
Don Juan, was murdered.
(MC, 3/31/02)
1578 Apr 1, William Harvey England (d.1657), discoverer of blood
circulation, was born.
(HN, 4/1/99)(WUD, 1994, p.648)
1578 Apr 14, Philip III, king of Spain and Portugal (1598-1621),
was born.
(HN, 4/14/97)
1578 Jul 11, England granted Sir Humphrey Gilbert a patent to
explore and colonize US.
(MC, 7/11/02)
1578 Dec 5, Sir Francis Drake sailed into the port of Valparaiso.
He had renamed his flagship, the Pelican, to the Golden Hind, and ravaged
the coasts of Chile and Peru on his way around the world.
(TL-MB, 1988, p.22)(ON, 7/03, p.7)
1578 Li Shih-Chen summed up Chinese pharmacology in his “Great
Pharmacopoeia.”
(TL-MB, 1988, p.22)
1578 John Lely (Lyly), English dramatist and novelist, began “Eupheus
[Euphues], the Anatomy of Wit,” an early novel of manners.
(TL-MB, 1988, p.22)(Ot, 1993, p.25)
1578 Sebastian, King of Portugal, invaded Morocco and was killed
along with the King of Fez and the Moorish Pretender in the Battle of Alcazar.
He is succeeded by Cardinal Henry.
(TL-MB, 1988, p.22)
1578 The catacombs of Rome were discovered by accident.
(TL-MB, 1988, p.22)
1578 Faience, a tin-glazed earthenware, was manufactured at Nevers,
France, by the Conrade brothers.
(TL-MB, 1988, p.22)
1578 Don John of Austria died of fever. He was succeeded as Governor
of the Netherlands by Alessandro Farnese, Duke of Parma.
(TL-MB, 1988, p.22)
1578-1657 William Harvey, English physician, discovers the way the heart
pumps blood through the arteries and veins of the body.
(V.D.-H.K.p.197)
1579 Jan 25, The Union of Utrecht brought together seven northern,
Protestant provinces of the Netherlands against the Catholics. Known as
the United Provinces, they become the foundation of the Dutch Republic.
The Treaty of Utrecht was signed, marking the beginning of the Dutch Republic.
(TL-MB, 1988, p.22)(AP, 1/25/98)
1579 Jan, The Peace of Arras ensured that the southern provinces
of The Netherlands were reconciled to Philip II. It joined the Low Country
Walloons (Catholics) with those of Hainaut and Artois.
(TL-MB, 1988, p.22)(PCh, 1992, p.200)
1579 Mar 1, Sir Francis Drake waylaid a Spanish treasure galleon,
the Nuestra Senora de la Concepcion, off the coast of Panama.
(ON, 7/03, p.7)
1579 Mar 23, Friesland joined the Union of Utrecht.
(SS, 3/23/02)
1579 Jun 17, Sir Francis Drake sailed into San Francisco Bay and
proclaimed English sovereignty over New Albion (California). Some claim
that Sir Francis Drake sailed into the SF Bay. Sir Francis Drake claimed
San Francisco Bay for England. It may have been Drake’s Bay or Bolinas
Lagoon. In 1999 there were 17 proposed locations for his landing with the
latest set in Oregon and described by Bob Ward in the book "Lost Harbor
Found." A brass plate, allegedly left by Drake, was found in 1993, but
determined to be a fake in 1977.
(TL-MB, 1988, p.22)(SFEC, 2/9/97, p.W4)(HN, 6/17/98)(SFEC, 8/22/98,
p.T6) (SFC, 10/29/99, p.A3)(SFC, 2/15/03, p.A1)
1579 Jun 17, There was an anti-English uprising in Ireland.
(MC, 6/17/02)
1579 Jul 26, Francis Drake left SF to cross Pacific Ocean.
(MC, 7/26/02)
1579 Dec 20, John Fletcher, Elizabethan dramatist (Phylaster)
was baptized.
(MC, 12/20/01)
1579 Giambologna began the “Rape of the Sabine,” a remarkable
example of Mannerist sculpture.
(TL-MB, 1988, p.22)
1579 “Plutarch’s Lives,” biographies of noble Greeks and Romans
of the first and second centuries AD, were translated into English from
the French.
(TL-MB, 1988, p.22)
1579 Edmund Spenser, English poet, wrote “The Shepheardes Calender,”
an eclogue (pastoral or idyllic poem) for each month of the year.
(TL-MB, 1988, p.22)
1579 Portuguese merchants set up trading stations in Bengal.
(TL-MB, 1988, p.22)
1579 Portuguese explorer Juan Rodriguez Cabrillo discovered San
Diego Bay. His mate, Bartolome Ferrelo, continued exploring north. [see
1542]
(SFEC, 3/1/98, p.W34)
1579 Roshan of Afghanistan was killed in a battle with the Moghuls,
but his struggle for independence continued.
(www.afghan, 5/25/98)
1580 Jan 18, Antonio Scandello (63), Italian composer (Passion
of John), died.
(MC, 1/18/02)
1580 Mar 15, Spanish king Philip II put 25,000 gold coins on head
of Prince William of Orange.
(MC, 3/15/02)
1580 Apr 18, Thomas Middleton, English playwright (Game of Chess),
was born.
(MC, 4/18/02)
1580 Jun 18, States of Utrecht outlawed Catholic worship.
(MC, 6/18/02)
1580 Jun 27, Duke of Alba's army occupied Portugal.
(MC, 6/27/02)
1580 Aug 25, Spain defeated Portugal in the Battle of Alcantara.
(chblue.com, 8/25/01)
1580 Sep 26, Francis Drake returned to Plymouth, England, at the
end of his voyage to circumvent the globe. Drake was knighted and awarded
a prize of 10 thousand pounds. His crew of 63 split a purse of 8 thousand
pounds.
(TL-MB, p.23)(HN, 9/26/99)(ON, 7/03, p.8)
1580 Nov 9, Spanish troops landed in Ireland.
(MC, 11/9/01)
1580 Nov 26, French Huguenots and Catholics signed a peace treaty.
France’s 7th War of Religion broke out and ended with the Peace of Fleix.
(TL-MB, p.23)(PCh, 1992, p.200)(MC, 11/26/01)
1580 Wu Bin (d.1643), Ming Dynasty painter, was born. His work
included “Pine Lodge Amid Tall Mountains.”
(SFC, 3/13/03, p.E1)
c1580 Lavinia Fontana of Bologna painted her “Portrait of a Noblewoman.”
Her father was Prospero Fontana who collaborated with Giorgio Vasari on
decorations for the Palazzo Vecchio in Florence.
(SFC, 3/30/98, p.D1)
1580 Michel de Montaigne, French scholar and nobleman, wrote his
personal essays entitled “essais.”
(TL-MB, 1988, p.23)
1580 Longleat Estate, Wiltshire, England, originally an Augustinian
priory, was completed as an Italianate mansion. Longleat was built by Robert
Smythson.
(NG, Nov. 1985, M. Girouard, p.685)(TL-MB, 1988, p.23)
1580 Edmund Campion and Robert Parsons began a Jesuit mission
in England.
(TL-MB, 1988, p.23)
1580 Carlo Borromeo, Archbishop of Milan, established the first
Sunday schools.
(TL-MB, 1988, p.23)
1580 Austrian Archduke Karl created a royal stud farm for horses
in Lipizza.
(SFC, 7/6/02, p.D2)
1580 John Dee, mathematician and warden of Manchester College
in England, invented the crystal ball.
(SFEC, 1/3/99, z1 p.8)
1580 Sir Francis Drake rounded the promontory of what later became
Cape Town, South Africa.
(SFEC, 10/15/00, p.T8)
1580 A 2nd Buenos Aires was founded near the mouth of the Rio
de la Plata.
(SSFC, 10/14/01, p.T5)
c1580 Tupac Amuru, an Inca leader, held out against the Spanish
conquest after most of the empire had been subdued.
(SFC, 12/20/96, p.B4)
1580 In Slovenia 6 stallions were brought from Spain to the stable
at Lipica (Lipizza) by a Hapsburg duke. The breed mixed with the Karst
horse, native to the region since Roman times, and with others horses to
forge the Lipizzaners.
(WSJ, 12/22/98, p.A16)
c1580 The Songhai controlled West Africa’s wealthiest empire.
(ATC, p.122 )
1580 Palladio (b.1508), Renaissance architect, died. He designed
the Teatro Olimpico in Vincenza just before his death. It was completed
by Vincenzo Scamozzi. Palladio authored “The Four Books on Architecture.”
In 2002 Witold Rybczynski authored “The Perfect House,” on the villas of
Palladio.
(WSJ, 12/10/98, p.A20)(WSJ, 11/8/02, p.W12)
1580 The Duke of Alba invaded Portugal and put it under Spain’s
rule. Spain’s Philip II was proclaimed King Philip I of Portugal and united
the colonial empires of Spain and Portugal.
(TL-MB, 1988, p.23)(PCh, 1992, p.200)
1580-1640 The Azores was occupied by Spain and bullfighting was introduced.
(SFEC, 5/24/98, p.A10)
1581 Jan 4, James Ussher (d.1656), Irish prelate and scholar,
Archbishop of Armagh, was born. According to Ussher and Dr. John Lightfoot
of Cambridge, the world was created on Oct 23, 4004BC, a Sunday, at 9 a.m.
(WUD, 1994, p.1574)(NG, Nov. 1985, edit. p.559)(HN, 10/23/98)(MC,
1/4/02)
1581 Jan 14, The city of Riga joined the Polish-Lithuanian union.
(LHC, 1/14/03)
1581 Jan 16, English parliament passed laws against Catholicism.
(MC, 1/16/02)
1581 Mar 1,The Warsaw government accepted the statutes
of the Lithuanian high tribunal.
(LHC, 3/1/03)
1581 Apr 4, Frances Drake completed the circumnavigation of the
world and was made a knight.
(HN, 4/4/98)(MC, 4/4/02)
1581 May 6, Frans Francken, the Younger, painter, was born.
(MC, 5/6/02)
1581 Jun 18, Sir Thomas Overbury, English poet and courtier who
became involved in numerous scandals in London, was born.
(HN, 6/18/98)
1581 Jul 14, English Jesuit Edmund Campion was arrested.
(MC, 7/14/02)
1581 Oct 15, Commissioned by Catherine De Medici, the 1st ballet
"Ballet Comique de la Reine," was staged in Paris.
(MC, 10/15/01)
1581 Oct 19, Dimitri Ivanovitch, Russian son of Ivan IV "the Terrible,"
was born.
(MC, 10/19/01)
1581 Dec 1, Edmund Campion (41), English Jesuit was hanged drawn
and quartered at Tyburn, England, for sedition, after being tortured. Other
Jesuits were also executed.
(TL-MB, 1988, p.23)(HN, 12/1/99)(PCh, 1992, p.200)
c1581 Franz Hals (d.1666), painter, was born.
(WUD, 1994 p.640)(SFEC, 9/3/00, p.T7)
1581 Adriaen de Vries (1556-1620), Dutch sculptor, turned up in
Florence and began working under the sculptor Giovanni Bologna. Here he
mastered the art of bronze casting.
(WSJ, 1/6/98, p.A20)(WSJ, 12/7/99, p.A24)
1581 The first dramatic ballet, "Ballet Comique de la Reyne,"
was performed at Versailles.
(TL-MB, 1988, p.23)
1581 The flageolet (a small flutelike instrument having a cylindrical
mouthpiece, four finger holes, and two thumb holes) was invented by Sieur
Juvigny.
(TL-MB, 1988, p.23)
1581 Converts to Roman Catholicism in England were subject by
law to penalties of high treason.
(TL-MB, 1988, p.23)
1581 Pope Gregory XIII attempted in vain to reconcile the Roman
and Orthodox churches.
(TL-MB, 1988, p.23)
1581 The seven northern provinces of the Netherlands renounced
their allegiance to Philip II of Spain.
(TL-MB, 1988, p.23)
1581 The Portuguese Cortes (national assembly) submitted to Philip
II of Spain.
(TL-MB, 1988, p.23)
1581 Akbar, Mughal Emperor of India, conquered Afghanistan.
(TL-MB, 1988, p.23)
1581 Stephen Bathory, King of Poland, invaded Russia.
(TL-MB, 1988, p.23)
1581 Russia began the conquest of Siberia.
(TL-MB, 1988, p.23)
1581 Sweden and Poland overran Livonia (a territory that included
southern Latvia and northern Estonia).
(TL-MB, 1988, p.23)
1581 Galileo Galilei, Italian scientist, discovered the isochronous
(equal time) swing of the pendulum by observing a swinging lamp in Pisa
Cathedral.
(TL-MB, 1988, p.23)
1582 Jan 15, Russia ceded Livonia and Estonia to Poland, and lost
access to Baltic.
(MC, 1/15/02)
1582 Feb 24, Pope Gregory XIII issued a papal bull, or edict,
outlining his calendar reforms. The old Julian Calendar had an error rate
of one day in every 128 years. This was corrected in the Gregorian Calendar
of Pope Gregory XIII, but Protestant countries did not accept the change
till 1700 and later. [see 1552 and Oct 4, 1582]
(HFA, '96, p.22)(TL-MB, 1988, p.23)(HN, 6/7/98)(SFEC, 2/20/00,
Par p.7)(AP, 2/24/02)
1582 Apr 8, Phineas Fletcher, poet, was born.
(MC, 4/8/02)
1582 Aug 10, Russia ended its 25-year war with Poland. Russia
and Poland concluded the Peace of Jam-Zapolski under which Russia lost
access to the Baltic and surrendered Livonia and Estonia to Poland.
(TL-MB, 1988, p.23)(HN, 8/10/98)
1582 Sep 8, A small Belarussian-Lithuanian force overcame a larger
Muscovite force.
(SFC, 9/2/96, p.A12)
1582 Oct 4, The Church Council at Trent, Italy, discussed
the error of 10 days in the calendar as referenced to the spring equinox
which was used to establish the date for Easter. Pope Gregory announced
a correction, "The Gregorian Adjustment," and had Oct. 4 followed by Oct.
15. The calendar is accurate to a day in 3,323 years. [see 1552]
(K.I.-365D, p.97)(NG, March 1990, J. Boslough)(SFEC, 2/20/00,
Par p.7)
1582 Oct 4, Theresa of Avila (b.1515), Spanish mystic writer
and saint, died. She co-founded with John of the Cross (1542-1591) the
Order of Discalced (barefoot) Carmelites. "Untilled ground, however rich,
will bring forth thistles and thorns; so also the mind of man."
(CU, 6/87)(WUD, 1994, p.769)(AP, 12/8/97)(MC, 10/4/01)
1582 Oct 5, The Gregorian calendar was introduced in Italy, other
Catholic countries. Nothing happened. This day was skipped and became Oct
15 to bring the calendar into sync by order of the Council of Trent. In
1998 David Ewing Duncan published “Calendar: Humanity’s Epic Struggle to
Determine a True and Accurate Year.” In Bohemia the anti-Gregorian astronomer
Michael Mestlin proclaimed that the pope was stealing 10 days from everyone’s
life. [see Sep 3, 1752]
(K.I.-365D, p.97)(NG, March 1990)(SFEC, 9/27/98, BR p.5)(MC,
10/5/01)
1582 Oct 5-14, The days when nothing happened.
(SFEC, 9/27/98, BR p.5)
1582 Oct 15, The Gregorian (or New World) calendar was adopted
in Italy, France, Luxembourg, Spain, and Portugal; and the preceding ten
days were lost to history. This day followed Oct 4 to bring the calendar
into sync. by order of the Council of Trent. Oct 5-14 were dropped.
(K.I.-365D, p.97)(NG, March 1990, J. Boslough)(HN, 10/15/98)(SFEC,
10/3/99, Par p.27)
1582 Nov 1, Maurice of Nassau, the son of William of Orange, became
the governor of Holland, Zeeland and Utrecht.
(HN, 11/1/98)
1582 Nov 27, William Shakespeare married Anne Hathaway.
(MC, 11/27/01)
c1582 Ludovico Carracci, Italian artist, painted “The Lamentation.”
(WSJ, 9/8/00, p.W8)
1582 Richard Hakluyt, English clergyman and geographer, wrote
“Divers Voyages Touching the Discovery of America.”
(TL-MB, 1988, p.23)
1582 Sir Philip Sidney (1554-1586) completed his collection of
sonnets on one theme, “Astrophil and Stella.” He also wrote his “Defense
of Poetry” about this time.
(TL-MB, 1988, p.23)
1582 Joseph Scaliger devised the Julian Period as a way to measure
time. He named day 1 after his father, Julius Scaliger, and it begins on
Jan. 1, 4713 BC, the most recent time that the three major cycles (28 year
solar cycle, 10 year lunar cycle, and the 15 year indication cycle of the
Romans) begin on the same day. It will take 7,980 Julian years for the
cycle to complete, the product of 28, 19 and 15.
(CFA, '96,Vol 179, p.98)
1582 William of Orange escaped an assassination attempt.
(TL-MB, 1988, p.23)
1582 The Univ. of Edinburgh was founded.
(TL-MB, 1988, p.23)
1582 A Jesuit mission was founded in China.
(TL-MB, 1988, p.23)
1582 Mapmakers labeled New England in the New World as Norumbega.
(SFC,12/5/97, p.C3)
1582 Nobunaga, ruler of Japan, was assassinated by Akechi Mitsuhide.
He was succeeded by Hideyoshi, who killed Mitsuhide and carried on the
work of breaking feudal power.
(TL-MB, 1988, p.23)
1583 Feb 9, Jeseph Sanalbo, Jewish convert in Rome, was burned
at stake.
(MC, 2/9/02)
1583 Apr 10, Hugo Grotius (d.1645) of Holland, father of international
law, was born. Huig de Groot (Latinized as Hugo Grotius), Dutch jurist
and statesman, is generally regarded as the founder of international law
because of his influential work "On the Law of War and Peace" published
in 1625. He became a member of a diplomatic mission to France at age 15
and began practicing law at 16. A liberal Protestant, de Groot became involved
in religious disputes in the Netherlands and was arrested in 1618 and sentenced
to life imprisonment. He escaped in 1621 and fled to Paris. He served the
Swedish government as ambassador to France from 1634-1644.
(HN, 4/10/98)(HNQ, 3/15/00)
1583 Aug 5, Humphrey Gilbert, English explorer, annexed Newfoundland
in the name of Queen Elizabeth and founded the first English settlement
in the New World. His colony disappeared. He drowned this same year at
sea in a storm off the Azores.
(HFA, '96, p.36)(TL-MB, 1988, p.23)(SFEM, 11/15/98, p.26)
1583 Sep 9, Girolamo Frescobaldi (d.1643, Italian composer, was
born.
(MC, 9/9/01)(WUD, 1994 p.568)
1583 Sep 24, Albrecht Eusebius Wenzel von Wallenstein, German
general, was born.
(MC, 9/24/01)
1583 Oct 30, Pirro Ligorio (83), Italian architect, painter and
archaeologist, died.
(MC, 10/30/01)
1583 Nov, Francis Throckmorton (b.1554) was arrested. He made
a full confession of the Throckmorton Plot for the overthrow of Queen Elizabeth
I and the restoration of papal authority in England after being tortured
on the rack. [see Jul 20, 1584]
(HNQ, 10/8/98)
1583 Giovanni da Bologna completed the sculpture “The Rape
of the Sabine Women” for the court of the Medicis in Florence.
(TL-MB, 1988, p.23)
1583 Andrea Cesalpino, Italian botanist, published “De Plantis,”
the first modern classification of plants.
(TL-MB, 1988, p.23)
1583 Sir Edmund Tilney, Master of the Revels, formed the Queen’s
Company of Players in London.
(TL-MB, 1988, p.23)
1583 The first known life insurance policy was issued in England
on the life of Londoner William Gibbons. His life was insured for L383
6s 8d at a premium of eight per cent per annum.
(TL-MB, 1988, p.23)
1583 Veronica Franco, a courtesan, was later described in a 1992
dissertation titled “The Honest Courtesan: Veronica Franco, Citizen &
Writer in 16th Century Venice” by Margaret F. Rosenthal. In 1997 it was
made into the film “Dangerous Beauty” with Catherine McCormick. The film
was set in Venice of this year during the annual courtesan festival.
(SFEC, 1/4/98, DB. p.38)(SFC, 2/20/98, p.C8)(WSJ, 11/18/97, p.B1)
1583 Rudolf II moved the Imperial Court of the Holy Roman Empire
from Vienna to Prague.
(WSJ, 7/10/97, p.A13)
1583 The Duke of Anjou sacked Antwerp in the “French Fury,” but
failed to capture it and retired from the Netherlands to France.
(TL-MB, 1988, p.23)
1583 Galileo discovered the parabolic nature of trajectories.
(TL-MB, 1988, p.23)
1583 De Espejo explored along the Colorado River.
(NG, 5.1988, Mem For)
1583 Matteo Ricci, an Italian Jesuit, entered China. He was later
accused of “going native,” and ignoring his mandate to spread the faith.
(WSJ, 9/4/98, p.W12)
1583-1634 Albrecht Wenzel von Wallenstein, soldier of fortune. He prospered
by providing armed regiments to Ferdnand, the Habsburg emperor. He acquired
a fortune through marriage to an elderly widow with huge estates in Moravia.
He was appointed governor of Bohemia and later was ordered killed by the
emperor.
(WSJ, 1/11/99, p.R8)
1584 Jan 7, This was the last day of the Julian calendar in Bohemia
& Holy Roman empire. The 1582 Gregorian (or New World) calendar was
adopted by this time in Belgium, most of the German Roman Catholic states
and the Netherlands.
(SFEC, 10/3/99, Par p.27)(MC, 1/7/02)
1584 Mar 18, Ivan IV (53), the terrible, Russian tsar (1547-84),
died. He was succeeded by his weak-minded son, Fyodor I. Boris Godunov,
Fyodor’s brother-in-law, assumed general control. During his rule Ivan
replaced the sale of beer and mead with vodka at state-run taverns.
(TL-MB, 1988, p.23)(MC, 3/18/02)(SFC, 9/5/03, p.A8)
1584 Mar 25, Sir Walter Raleigh, English explorer, courtier, and
writer, renewed Humphrey Gilbert's patent to explore North America. He
went on to settle the Virginia colony on Roanoke Island, naming it after
the virgin queen.
(TL-MB, 1988, p.23)(MC, 3/25/02)
1584 Apr 29, Melchior Teschner, composer, was born.
(MC, 4/29/02)
1584 Jul 20, Francis Throckmorton was executed. He was the central
figure in the conspiracy involving France and Spain, which called for a
French invasion of England and the release from prison of Mary, Queen of
Scots. [see Nov, 1583]
(HNQ, 10/8/98)
1584 Sep 15, The San Lorenzo del Escorial Palace in Madrid was
finished.
(MC, 9/15/01)
1584 Nov 23, The English parliament expelled the Jesuits.
(MC, 11/23/01)
1584 Dec 4, John Cotton, English-born Puritan clergyman who wrote
“The Way of the Church of Christ in New England,” was born.
(HN, 12/4/98)
1584 Lavinia Fontana of Bologna painted her “Portrait of the Gozzadini
Family.”
(SFC, 3/30/98, p.D1)
1584 Sir Philip Sidney began the radical revision of his pastoral
romance “Arcadia.”
(TL-MB, 1988, p.23)
1584 The oldest surviving lighthouse (wave-swept) was begun at
Cordonau, by the mouth of the Gironde River in France.
(TL-MB, 1988, p.23)
1584 A Dutch trading post was established at the Russian port
of Archangel.
(TL-MB, 1988, p.23)
1584 Portugal dominated the world’s sugar trade and sold Brazilian
sugar to Europe.
(TL-MB, 1988, p.23)
1584 A European public banking system was begun with the establishment
of the Banco di Rialto in Venice.
(TL-MB, 1988, p.23)
1584 William of Orange (1533-1584), Prince of Orange (1544-1584),
Count of Nassau (1559-1584), first stadholder of the United Provinces of
the Netherlands. He was assassinated by Burgundian Balthasar Gerard on
the orders of Philip II of Spain. He was succeeded by his 17-year-old son,
Maurice of Nassau.
(TL-MB, 1988, p.23)(WUD, 1994, p.1634)
1584-1652 John Cotton, US clergyman, colonist and author.
(WUD, 1994, p.331)
1585 Apr 5, Clemens Crabbeels became bishop of Hertogenbosch.
(MC, 4/5/02)
1585 Jul 7, King Henri III & Duke De Guise signed the Treaty
of Nemours: French Huguenots lost all freedoms.
(MC, 7/7/02)
1585 Jul 13, A group of 108 English colonists, led by Sir Richard
Grenville, reached Roanoke Island, North Carolina. Roanoke Island near
North Carolina became England's first foothold in the New World. Sir Walter
Raleigh sent a detachment of 108 men to build a fort on the island. The
detachment included two scientists, Thomas Hariot, a surveyor, mathematician,
astronomer and oceanographer, and Joachim Gans, a metallurgist. John White,
English artist and surveyor, was part of the expedition.
(NG, Geographica, Jan, 94)(HN, 7/13/98)(ON, 10/01, p.1)
1585 Jul 17, English secret service discovered Anthony Babington's
murder plot against queen Elizabeth I.
(MC, 7/17/02)
1585 Sep 9, Duc Armand Jean du Plessis de Richelieu (d.1642),
French cardinal and statesman who helped build France into a world power
under the leadership of King Louis XIII, was born. He was premier of France
from 1624 to 1642.
(HN, 9/9/98)(MC, 9/9/01)
1585 Sep 9, Pope Sixtus V deprived Henry of Navarre of his rights
to the French crown.
(HN, 9/9/98)
1585 Oct 8, Heinrich Schutz, German composer, was born. [see Oct
14]
(MC, 10/8/01)
1585 Oct 14, Heinrich Schutz, German royal chaplain master and
composer (Daphne), was born. [see Oct 8]
(MC, 10/14/01)
1585 Nov 23, Thomas Tallis, composer, died.
(MC, 11/23/01)
1585 Dec 13, William Drummond (d.1649), Scottish poet and laird
of Hawthornden, was born. His chief collection, "Poems," appeared in 1616.
“He, who will not reason, is a bigot; he, who cannot, is a fool; and he,
who dares not, is a slave.”
(HN, 12/13/99)(AP, 6/22/00)
1585 Dec 14, Henry IV, the first Bourbon king of France, was born.
He survived the massacre of St. Bartholomew’s by proclaiming himself a
Catholic.
(HN, 12/14/99)
1585 Archduke Karl II, ruler of Styria in eastern Austria, granted
the Faculties of Arts and Catholic Theology in Graz an official Univ. charter.
He entrusted the Jesuits with the administration.
(StuAus, April '95, p.53)
1585 The Jesuits founded a university in Graz, Austria.
(TL-MB, 1988, p.24)
1585 Archbishop of Mexico, Pedro Moya de Contreras, dispatched
Spanish captain Francisco Gali to proceed to Manila from Acapulco, and
“to reconnoiter down the coast” on his return trip.
(SFC,10/17/97, p.A25)
1585 An obelisk that had been brought from Egypt to Rome by the
emperor Caligula was erected at the Vatican.
(RFH-MDHP, p.213, illustration)
1585 The War of the Three Henries [Henry III, Henry of Guise,
and Henry of Navarre] began when Henry of Navarre, a Huguenot, became heir
to the French throne.
(TL-MB, 1988, p.24)
1585 Elizabeth extended her protection to The Netherlands against
Spain to avenge the murder of William of Orange.
(TL-MB, 1988, p.24)
1585 Antwerp was sacked by the Duke of Parma, resulting in long-lasting
loss of trade for that port.
(TL-MB, 1988, p.24)
1585 Francis Drake attacked the Spanish ports of Vigo and Santo
Domingo. English shipping in Spanish ports was then confiscated as a virtual
declaration of war by Spain.
(TL-MB, 1988, p.24)
1585 Sir Francis Drake sailed through the Virgin Islands to plunder
Spanish ships.
(NG, Jan, 1968, C. Mitchell, p. 69)
1585 Simon Stevin, Dutch mathematician and military and civil
engineer, introduces decimals into the mathematical calculations of his
physics in Die Thiende.
(TL-MB, 1988, p.24)
1585 The Dutch used the first time-bombs in floating mines actuated
by clockwork at the siege of Antwerp.
(TL-MB, 1988, p.24)
1585 Bartholomew Newsam built the earliest surviving English spring-driven
clocks.
(TL-MB, 1988, p.24)
1585 John Davis, English explorer, discovered the strait named
after him between Greenland and Canada.
(TL-MB, 1988, p.24)
1585 Hideyoshi in Japan established a dictatorship.
(TL-MB, 1988, p.24)(Jap. Enc., BLDM, p. 215)
1585 The ruler of Morocco captured the Songhai’s salt mines in
Taghaza and puts his eye on the Songhai source of gold.
(ATC, p.122)
1586 Jan 1, Francis Drake, who left England on a new voyage to
America last September, made a surprise attack on the heavily fortified
city of Santo Domingo in Hispaniola, forcing the governor to pay a large
ransom.
(HN, 1/1/99)
1586 Jun 19, English colonists sailed from Roanoke Island, N.C.,
after failing to establish England's first permanent settlement in America.
(AP, 6/19/97)
1586 Jan 20, Johann Hermann Schein, German composer (Fontana d'Israel),
was born.
(MC, 1/20/02)
1586 Jan 25, Lucas Cranach "the Younger" (70), German painter,
died.
(MC, 1/25/02)
1586 Feb 8, Jacob Praetorius, composer, was born.
(MC, 2/8/02)
1586 Apr 11, Pietro Della Valle, composer, was born.
(MC, 4/11/02)
1586 Apr 17, John Ford (d.1640), English dramatist ('Tis Pity
She's a Whore), was born.
(WUD, 1994 p.554)(MC, 4/17/02)
1586 Jul 27, Sir Walter Raleigh returned to England from Virginia
with the 1st samples of tobacco.
(HN, 7/27/01)(MC, 7/27/02)
1586 Jul 28, Sir Thomas Harriot introduced potatoes to Europe.
(SC, 7/28/02)
1586 Sep 10, Hans Hannibal Hutter von Hutterhofen, Austrian nobleman,
was born. Johannes Kepler later drew up his horoscope.
(SFC, 3/3/99, p.A7)
1586 Sep 15, Cristobal de Isla Diego, composer, was born.
(MC, 9/15/01)
1586 Sep 20, Anthony Babington, page and conspirator to Mary Stuart,
was executed at 24.
(MC 9/20/01)
1586 Oct 17, Philip Sidney (b.1554), English poet and diplomat,
died in battle at 32. His work included “Astrophel and Stella” and “Defense
of Poesy.” In 2002 Alan Stewart authored “Philip Sidney: A Double Life.”
(MC, 10/17/01)(SSFC, 1/20/02, p.M4)
1586 Adriaen de Vries left Florence for Milan where he began working
on the high altar for the Escorial near Madrid.
(WSJ, 1/8/99, p.C13)
1586 El Greco painted “The Burial of Count Orgaz.” This depicted
the miracle of the saintly count’s funeral, where St. Augustine and St.
Stephen personally descend from heaven to bury the corpse with their own
hands.
(TL-MB, 1988, p.24)
1586 In Japan Kabuki theater began. [see 1603]
(WSJ, 1/11/99, p.R34)
1586 The Lateran Church of St. John, Rome, was rebuilt on the
orders of Pope Sixtus V, who succeeded the late Gregory XIII.
(TL-MB, 1988, p.24)
1586 Akbar, the greatest Mughal Emperor of India, attempted to
establish “Din Illahl” as a universal religion acceptable to his many Hindu
subjects. The movement eventually collapsed under the 18th-century Muslim
revival.
(TL-MB, 1988, p.24)
1586 In America relations with the local Indians soured after
the English soldiers attacked a village, and soon the English returned
home.
(NG, Geographica, Jan, 94)
1586 The Roanoke colonists returned to England with 2 friendly
Indians. They left behind 15 well-provisioned men to maintain the English
claim.
(ON, 10/01, p.1)
1586 In Mexico the Mina El Eden (Eden Mine) opened in Zacateca.
It yielded a bounty of silver, gold, iron and zinc for over 3 centuries.
(SFEC, 11/10/96, p.T3)
1586 Spanish Captain Francisco Gali died in Manila and Pedro de
Unamuno took command of his 2 ships to return to Acapulco. He stopped in
Macao where his ships were confiscated by the Portuguese. He obtained a
loan from Father Martin Ignacio de Loyola, the nephew of the founder of
the Jesuit order, and purchased a small ship to return to Acapulco with
2 priests, a few soldiers, and a crew of Luzon Indians.
(SFC,10/17/97, p.A25)
1586 Abbas I became Shah of Persia succeeding Shah Mohammed. [see
Oct 1, 1588]
(TL-MB, 1988, p.24)
1586 Stephen Bathory, King of Poland, died and was succeeded by
Sigismund III.
(TL-MB, 1988, p.24)
1586 The Turks attacked the Hungarian fortress at Eger again.
The mercenary occupants capitulated.
(Hem., 6/98, p.126)
1586-1618 In Chile the San Francisco Church was built in Santiago.
(SFEC, 10/27/96, p.T8)
1586-1628 Shah Abbas of the Safavid Dynasty reigns over Iran. He ensured
the safety of caravan routes... and encouraged merchants and travelers
to pass through his country.
(NG, Sept. 1939, Baroness Ravensdale, p.325)
1587 Jan 8, Johannes Fabricius, astronomer who discovered sunspots,
was born in Denmark.
(HN, 1/8/99)(MC, 1/8/02)
1587 Feb 1, Elizabeth I, Queen of England, signed the Warrant
of Execution for Mary Queen of Scots.
(HN, 2/1/99)
1587 Feb 8, Mary Stuart, Queen of Scots (1560-67), was beheaded
at age 44 in Fotheringhay Castle for her alleged part in the conspiracy
to usurp Elizabeth I.
(HN, 2/8/99)(PCh, 1992, p.203)(MC, 2/8/02)
1587 Mar 1, Peter Wentworth, English parliament leader, was confined
in London Tower. [see Mar 12]
(SC, 3/1/02)
1587 Mar 12, Peter Wentworth, English parliament leader, was confined
in London Tower. [see Mar 1]
(MC, 3/12/02)
1587 Apr 19, Sir Frances Drake sailed into Cadiz, Spain, and sank
the Spanish fleet.
(MC, 4/19/02)
1587 May 18, Felix van Cantalice, Italian saint, died.
(SC, 5/18/02)
1587 Jul 22, A second English colony of 114-150 people under John
White, financed by Sir Walter Raleigh, was established on Roanoke Island
off North Carolina. The colony included 17 women and 9 children. Croatoan
Indians informed them that Roanoke Indians had killed the men from the
previous expedition. A three-year draught, the worst in 800 years, peaked
during this time.
(AP, 7/22/97)(SFC, 4/24/98, p.A3)(SFEM, 11/15/98, p.23)(ON, 10/01,
p.1)
1587 Jul 25, Japanese strong-man Hideyoshi banned Christianity
in Japan and ordered all Christians to leave.
(HN, 7/25/98)
1587 Aug 13, Gov. White rewarded Manteo, a Croatoan Indian who
had accompanied him to England and back, for his many services and declared
him Lord of the Roanoke and Dasamonquepeio.
(ON, 10/01, p.2)
1587 Aug 18, In the Roanoke Island colony, Ellinor and Ananias
Dare became parents of a baby girl whom they name Virginia Dare, the first
English child born on what is now Roanoke Island, N.C., then considered
Walter Raleigh’s second settlement in Roanoke, Virginia. Virginia Dare,
daughter of John White, became the first child of English parents to be
born on American soil.
(TL-MB, 1988, p.24)(AP, 8/18/97)(HN, 8/18/98)
1587 Aug 19, Sigismund III was chosen to be the king of Poland.
(HN, 8/19/98)
1587 Oct 18, Spanish Captain Pedro de Unamuno discovered California.
He landed at a place he called Port San Lucas, later identified as Morro
Bay City, while sailing from Macao to Acapulco with a crew of Luzon Indians.
(SFC,10/17/97, p.A25)
1587 Oct 20, In France, Huguenot Henri de Navarre routed Duke
de Joyeuse's larger Catholic force at Coutras.
(HN, 10/20/98)
1587 Nov 3, Samuel Scheidt, composer, was born.
(MC, 11/3/01)
1587 Nov 4, Samuel Scheidt, German organist and composer, was
baptized.
(MC, 11/4/01)
1587 Nicholas Hilliard painted the miniature “Young Man Among
Roses.”
(SFEC, 12/1/96, BR p.4)
1587 A collection of stories about the ancient magi appeared.
These stories had been retold during the Middle Ages about such reputed
wizards as Merlin, Albertus Magnus, and Roger Bacon. In the first Faustbuch
all of these deeds were attributed to Faust... According to the story,
Faust had sold his soul to the devil, and he would have to pay for his
triumphs by suffering eternal damnation.
(V.D.-H.K.p.238)
1587 Johann Spies completed the “Historia von D. Johann Fausten,”
the first published version of the Faust legend.
(TL-MB, 1988, p.24)
1587 Christopher Marlowe’s “Tamburlaine the Great” was first produced
on stage and published three years later. Marlowe established blank verse
as a dramatic form.
(TL-MB, 1988, p.24)
1587 Claudio Monteverdi, Italian composer, published his first
book of madrigals.
(TL-MB, 1988, p.24)
1587 An early collection of Jewish songs was published in Zeminoth,
Israel.
(TL-MB, 1988, p.24)
1587 Inigo Jones, English architect and theatrical designer, began
building Cobham Hall in Kent. It was finished by the Adam brothers.
(TL-MB, 1988, p.24)
1587 In London the open-air Rose Theater was built. It was demolished
after 1606 when the Globe Theater surpassed it in popularity. An office
building, later constructed over the site, was suspended by girders to
preserve the site.
(SFC, 4/15/99, p.E5)
1587 Virginia was initially called Windgancon, meaning “what gay
clothes you wear.” The names Cape Fear, Cape Hatteras, the Chowan and Neuse
rivers, Chesapeake and Virginia, were all names that date to the first
colony there.
(SFEM, 11/15/98, p.23)
1587 Osaka Castle, Japan, whose foundation had been laid by Hideyoshi
in 1583 was completed with the help of 30,000 workers.
(TL-MB, 1988, p.24)
1587 The Rialto Bridge in Venice was begun by the Italian architect,
Antonio da Ponte.
(TL-MB, 1988, p.24)
1587 Pope Sixtus V proclaimed a Catholic crusade for the invasion
of England. Philip II prepared an invasion fleet but was interrupted by
Francis Drake, who “singed the king’s beard” by burning 10,000 tons of
shipping in Cadiz harbor.
(TL-MB, 1988, p.24)
1587 Portuguese missionaries were banned from Japan by Hideyoshi.
(TL-MB, 1988, p.24)
1587 Sir Edward Stafford, English ambassador in Paris, contacted
the Spanish ambassador and offered to provide news of Queen Elizabeth’s
plans and to offer the English disinformation concerning Spanish plans.
Stafford’s brother-in-law was Lord Howard Effingham, commander in chief
of the English fleet.
(WSJ, 11/24/98, p.A20)
1587-1590 The Lost Colony of Roanoke Island disappeared during this
period. It consisted of 116 colonists and included Virginia Dare, the first
English child born in the New World. When the Roanoke Island colony was
running out of supplies, John White was sent back to England for help.
His return was delayed by the Spanish Armada‘s attacks against England.
When he arrived on Roanoke Island in 1591, the only trace of the colonists
were the cryptic messages "CRO" and "CROATOAN" carved on a tree and
a palisade post, respectively.
(NG, Geographica, Jan, 94)(HNQ, 7/3/00)
1587-1945 A 3-volume history of Americans of this period was completed
by J.C. Furnas (d.2001 at 95) in 1991.
(SFC, 6/14/01, p.A27)
1588 Jan 28, King Sigismund Vaza upheld the 3rd Lithuanian Statute
that until 1795 stood as the fundamental code of law. In practice it was
active until 1840.
(LHC, 1/28/03)
1588 Feb 12, John Winthrop, English attorney, puritan, 1st gov
of Massachusetts Bay Colony, was born.
(HN, 1/12/99)(MC, 2/12/02)
1588 Feb, King Philip II (61) appointed Don Alonzo Perez de Guzman
el Bueno (37), the Duke of Medina Sedonia, as Captain General of the High
Seas and ordered him to take charge of the Spanish Armada. Philip intended
to restore England to Catholicism
(ON, 3/02, p.1)
1588 Apr 5, Thomas Hobbes (d.1679), English philosopher (Leviathan),
was born. "The reputation of power IS power."
(HN, 5/5/97)(AP, 5/31/99)
1588 Apr 19, Paolo Veronese (Cagliari), painter, died.
(MC, 4/19/02)
1588 May 9, Duke Henri de Guise's troops occupied Paris.
(MC, 5/9/02)
1588 May 11, The Spanish Armada of 130 ships with 30,000 men left
Lisbon for England. [see May 19]
(ON, 3/02, p.2)
1588 May 12, King Henry II fled Paris after Catholic League under
duke Henry of Guise entered the city. The people of Paris rose against
Henry III, who fled to Chartres. Seven months later he had Henry of Guise
and his brother, Cardinal de Guise, assassinated.
(TL-MB, 1988, p.24)(HN, 5/12/98)(MC, 5/12/02)
1588 May 19, The Spanish Armada set sail to Lisbon bound for England;
it was soundly defeated by the English fleet the following August. [see
May 11]
(AP, 5/19/97)(DTnet, 5/19/97)
1588 May 30, Spanish Armada under Medina-Sidonia departed Lisbon
to invade England.
(MC, 5/30/02)
1588 Jul 20-22, The Spanish Armada, after month in Corunna, set
sail for England. The Duke of Medina Sedonia sailed in the flagship San
Martin with Admiral Juan Martinez de Recalde.
(HN, 7/20/01)(ON, 3/02, p.2)
1588 Jul 23, English army assembled at Tilbury to repel invasion
of England by Spanish Armada.
(AP, 7/23/97)
1588 Jul 26, Captain John Hawkins was knighted by Queen Elizabeth.
(MC, 7/26/02)
1588 Jul 29, The Spanish Armada was sighted off the coast
of England.
(HN, 7/29/98)(ON, 3/02, p.3)
1588 Jul 30, The English exchanged fire with the Spanish Armada.
(ON, 3/02, p.3)
1588 Aug 1, Sir Francis Drake captured the Nuestra Senora del
Rosario, one of the largest Spanish Armada galleons.
(ON, 3/02, p.4)
1588 Aug 2, The English and Spanish fleets exchanged fire all
day. The English used up all their ammunition and sailed into nearby ports.
(ON, 3/02, p.4)
1588 Aug 4, The English and Spanish fleets exchanged fire all
day off the Isle of Wight.
(ON, 3/02, p.4)
1588 Aug 8, The Spanish Armada was destroyed. 600 Spaniards were
killed in the day’s fighting and 800 badly injured. The Duke of Medina
Sidonia led the “invincible” Spanish Armada from Lisbon against England.
It was shattered around the coasts of the English Isles by an English fleet
under the command of Lord Howard of Effingham with the help of Sir Francis
Drake, Sir John Hawkins, and a violent storm. The victory opened the world
for English trade and colonization. In 1998 Geoffrey Parker published “The
Grand Strategy of Phillip II.”
(CFA, '96, p.52)(TL-MB, 1988, p.24)(ON, 3/02, p.5)
1588 Aug 10, The remnants of the Spanish Armada sailed north to
avoid the English fleet.
(ON, 3/02, p.6)
1588 Aug 18, A storm struck the remaining 60 ships of the Spanish
Armada under the Duke of Medina Sidonia after which only 11 were left.
Many of the ships went to Ireland where most of the Spaniards were killed
by the English. 600 Spaniards wrecked in Scotland were later returned to
Spain. In 1978 Niall Fallon authored “The Armada in Ireland.”
(ON, 3/02, p.6)
1588 Sep 10, Nicholas Lanier, composer, was born.
(MC, 9/10/01)
1588 Sep 10, Thomas Cavendish returned to England, becoming the
third man to circumnavigate the globe.
(HN, 9/10/98)
1588 Sep 21, Medina Sidonia's Spanish Armada flagship, the San
Martin, arrived at Santander, Spain. Almost half of the 130 ships were
lost. 20k of 30k men died. 1,500 died in battle, the rest from shipwreck,
massacre, starvation or disease. In 1981 David Howarth authored “The Voyage
of the Armada.” In 1988 Peter Kemp authored “The Campaign of the Spanish
Armada.”
(ON, 3/02, p.6)
1588 Sep 25, A heavy storm drove 3 Spanish ships onto the coast
of Ireland. Francisco de Cuellar, an officer on the galleon Lavia, spent
the next 6 months evading English forces and getting to Scotland and then
the Netherlands. His letter from Antwerp to King Philip on Oct 4, 1589,
was later valued for its descriptions of Ireland.
(ON, 5/02, p.12)
1588 Oct 1, The feeble Sultan Mohammed Shah of Persia, handed
over power to his 17-year old son Abbas.
(HN, 10/1/98)
1588 Oct 23, Medina Sidonia's Spanish Armada returned to Santander.
[see Sep 21]
(MC, 10/23/01)
1588 Dec 23, Henri de Guise (37), French leader of Catholic League,
was murdered.
(MC, 12/23/01)
1588 Dec, Sir William Fitzwilliam, the English Lord Deputy of
Ireland, planned an attack against the McClancy clan led by chieftain Dartry.
Francisco de Cuellar and a group of stranded Spanish Armada soldiers successfully
held the clan’s Rossclogher Castle under a 17-day siege.
(ON, 5/02, p.11)
1588 An eye-witness account of the New World was provided by “A
Briefe and True Account of the New Found Land of Virginia,” written by
Thomas Harriot. It encouraged further settlement and investment.
(TL-MB, 1988, p.24)
1588 The first shorthand manual, “An Arte of Shorte, Swifte, and
Secrete Writing by Character,” was published by English clergyman Timothy
Bright.
(TL-MB, 1988, p.24)
1588 The Bible was translated into Welsh by Bishop William Morgan.
(TL-MB, 1988, p.24)
1588 Domenico Fontana, Italian architect and engineer, completed
the Vatican library in Rome. He also completed the cupola and lantern of
St. Peter’s in Rome.
(TL-MB, 1988, p.24)
1588 Frederick II of Denmark died and was succeeded by his 10
year-old son, Christian IV.
(TL-MB, 1988, p.24)
1588 Tycho Brahe, Danish astronomer, had his financial support
cut by a new Danish king and moved to Prague where his student, Johannes
Kepler, aided him and to whom he left all his astronomical data.
(V.D.-H.K.p.197)
1588-1629 Hendrick ter Brugghen was an artist of the Utrecht School.
His paintings included: “St. Sebastian Tended by Irene.”
(SFEM, 8/31/97, p.7)
1588-1652 Giuseppe de Ribera, painter. He painted “St. Jerome.”
(AAP, 1964)
1588-1653 Sir Robert Filmer, author of “Patriarcha,” a vindication of
the absolute right of kingship. The book was used in the 1670s to shore
up proponents for the so-called divine right of kings.
(V.D.-H.K.p.219)
1589 Jan 5, Catherine de Medici, Queen Mother of France, died
at age 69.
(TL-MB, 1988, p.24)(AP, 1/5/98)(MC, 1/5/02)
1589 Mar 19, William Bradford, governor of Plymouth colony for
30 years, was born (baptized).
(HN, 3/19/98)(MC, 3/19/02)
1589 Aug 2, Henry III, King of France, was assassinated by a Jacobin
monk, Jacques Clement. Last of the House of Valois, he named Henry (1553-1610),
King of Navarre, to succeed him. During France's religious war, a fanatical
monk stabbed King Henry II to death.
(TL-MB, 1988, p.24)(WUD, 1994, p.662)(HN, 8/2/98)
1589 Sep 21, The Duke of Mayenne of France, head of the Catholic
League, was defeated by Henry IV of England at the Battle of Arques.
(HN, 9/21/98)(MC, 9/21/01)
1589 Oct 4, Francisco de Cuellar, a Spanish Armada officer from
the wrecked galleon Lavia, wrote a letter from Antwerp to King Philip that
was later valued for its descriptions of Ireland. He had spent 6 months
evading English forces to get to Scotland where after 6 more months he
reached the Netherlands.
(ON, 5/02, p.12)
1589 Michelangelo Merisi de Caravaggio, Italian artist and leader
of the Naturist movement, made skilful use of light in his Bacchus to bring
into focus many details of suggestive power. He painted the “Beheading
of St. John” that was kept in Malta and sent to Florence for restoration.
(TL-MB, 1988, p.24)(SFC, 6/11/96, p.E2)
1589 Thomas Nashe, English satirical pamphleteer and dramatist,
wrote “Anatomie of Absurdities,” a criticism of contemporary literature.
(TL-MB, 1988, p.24)
1589 Richard Hakluyt wrote the “Principle Navigations, Voyages
and Discoveries of the English Nation.”
(TL-MB, 1988, p.24)
1589 Thoinot Arbeau published “Orchesographie,” an early treatise
on dancing, with tunes.
(TL-MB, 1988, p.24)
1589 Francis Drake with 150 ships and 18,000 men failed in his
attempt to capture Lisbon.
(TL-MB, 1988, p.24)
1589 Bernard Palissey, a Huguenot, expressed the opinion that
fossils were the remains of living creatures. He was locked up in the dungeons
of the Bastille for his opinions and died there.
(SFC, 9/20/97, p.E3)
1589 William Lee, English clergyman, invented the stocking frame,
the first knitting machine.
(TL-MB, 1988, p.24)
1589 Sir John Harrington, Elizabethan poet, designed the first
water closet and installed it at his country house near Bath. In 1596 he
installed one at the palace of his godmother Queen Elizabeth I.
(TL-MB, 1988, p.24)(SFC, 7/14/99, p.3)
1589 Boris Godunov asserted Moscow’s Independence from Constantinople.
(TL-MB, 1988, p.24)
1589 The first Russian patriarch, lov, was consecrated by Ecumenical
Patriarch Jeremias of Constantinople under pressure from Boris Godunov,
the brother-in-law of Feodor, the Russian Tsar.
(WSJ, 7/16/97, p.A23)
1589-1610 Henry (1553-1610), King of Navarre, as Henry IV became the
first Bourbon King of France, Henry the Great. He switched from Protestantism
to Catholicism. “Paris is well worth a Mass.”
(TL-MB, 1988, p.24)(WUD, 1994, p.662)(Hem., 1/97, p.101)
1590 Apr 25, The Sultan of Morocco launched his successful attack
to capture Timbuktu. Morocco sent 4,000 soldiers under the Muslim Spaniard
Judar Pasha to conquer Songhai. After a five month journey across the Shara,
Pasha arrived with only 1,000 men, but his soldiers carried guns. The 25,000
men of the Songhai were no match for the guns and Gao, Timbuktu and most
of Songhai fall.
(ATC, p.122)(HN, 4/25/98)
1590 Aug 15, A fleet commanded by John Wattes arrived at the Outer
Banks of the Carolinas. Roanoke Gov. John White was a passenger in the
fleet.
(ON, 10/01, p.3)
1590 Aug 16, Captain Spicer and 6 men drowned when their landing
boat capsized in heavy surf off Roanoke Island.
(ON, 10/01, p.3)
1590 Aug 17, John White, the leader of 117 colonists sent in 1587
to Roanoke Island (North Carolina) to establish a colony, returned from
a trip to England to find the settlement deserted. No trace of the settlers
was ever found. White returned to England and died there around 1606.
(ON, 10/01, p.4)(HN, 8/18/02)
1590 Mar 4, Mauritius of Nassau's ship reached Breda, Netherlands.
(SC, 3/4/02)
1590 Apr 6, Francis Walsingham (~57), English secretary of state,
died.
(MC, 4/6/02)
1590 Apr 18, Ahmed I, 14th sultan of Turkey (1603-17), was born.
(MC, 4/18/02)
1590 Jul 6, English admiral Francis Drake took the Portuguese
Forts at Taag, Angola.
(MC, 7/6/02)
1590 Nov 8, Francesco Gonzaga, composer, was born.
(MC, 11/8/01)
1590 Dec 20, Ambroise Pare (80), French surgeon, died.
(MC, 12/20/01)
1590 In Prague Adriaen de Vries began his sculpture "Psyche Born
Aloft by Putti." It was completed in 1592.
(WSJ, 12/7/99, p.A24)
1590 The microscope was invented.
(SFC, 8/16/97, p.E3)
1590s A six paneled screen painting by Kano Eitoku depicted mythological
Chinese lions.
(WSJ, 9/25/96, p.A20)
c1590-1600 In late 16th century Prague Rabbi Judah Bezalel Loew, the
Maharal, used clay and the mysticism of the Kabbalah to fashion the Golem,
a human-like creature to help avenge Jewish persecution.
(WSJ, 4/17/02, p.D7)
1591 Mar 1, Pope Gregory XIV threatened to excommunicate French
king Henri IV.
(SC, 3/1/02)
1591 May 15, Dimitri Ivanovitch (9), Russian son of czar Ivan
IV, was murdered.
(MC, 5/15/02)
1591 Jun 21, Aloysius [Luigi] Gonzaga, Prince, Italian Jesuit
saint, died.
(MC, 6/21/02)
1591 Jul 20, Anne Hutchinson, religious liberal who was banished
from the Massachusetts Bay Colony for her views, was born.
(HN, 7/20/98)
1591 Sep 12, Richard Grenville, vice-admiral (Roanoke) died in
battle at 49.
(MC, 9/12/01)
1591 Sep 21, French bishops recognized Henri IV as king of France.
(MC, 9/21/01)
1591 Philip II of Spain bought the Hieronymus Bosch painting “the
Garden of Earthly Delights.” It hung in the Escorial from this time to
1939 when it was moved to the Prado.
(WSJ, 8/25/98, p.A12)
1591 The encierro (running of the bulls) at Pamplona, Spain, began
as a means of moving the bulls to the bull fighting arena. It became known
as Los San Fermines. [see 1521]
(SSFC, 6/16/02, p.C6)(SSFC, 7/7/02, p.A2)
1591[2] Trinity College in Dublin, Ireland, was founded by Queen Elizabeth
I as a Protestant institution.
(SFEM, 5/16/99, p.7)(SFEC, 10/8/00, p.T5)
1592 Jan 5, Shah Jahan, Mughal emperor of India (1628-58), was
born. He later built the Taj Mahal.
(MC, 1/5/02)
1592 Mar 10, Michiel Coxcie, Flemish court painter, carpet designer,
died.
(MC, 3/10/02)
1592 Apr 14, Abraham Elsevier, book publisher, was born.
(MC, 4/14/02)
1592 Apr 28, George Villiers, 1st duke of Buckingham, English
admiral, was born.
(MC, 4/28/02)
1592 Aug 3, The Earl of Cumberland, et al, took the Madre de Dios,
A Spanish carrack carrying the largest treasure ever captured for Queen
Elizabeth. The earl’s sailors got out of hand and looted items intended
for the queen, including a large diamond which eventually found its way
to Goldsmith’s Row, London.
(AOL, tlc@shore.net)
1592 Sep 13, Michel Eyquem de Montaigne, French philosopher (L'Amiti),
died at 59.
(MC, 9/13/01)
1592 Christopher Marlowe (1564-1593), English dramatist and poet.
He wrote “The Tragical History of Dr. Faustus.”
(WUD, 1994, p.878)
1592 “De Plantis Aegypti” by Prosper Alpini published the first
picture of a coffee plant.
(WSJ, 7/7/98, p.A14)
1592 Toyotomi Hideyoshi of Japan sent an army to invade Korea.
This set off a war that lasted 6 years.
(Jap. Enc., BLDM, p. 215)(SFEC, 9/14/97, p.A25)
c1592 Late, Korean Adm. Yi Sun Sin employed his ironclad “turtle
ships” in an invasion of Japan. More than 500 vessels were sunk in 6 months.
(WP, 6/29/96, p.A15)
1592-1605 Pope St. Clement VIII led the Church.
(ITV, 1/96, p.61)
1592-1656 Gerard van Honthorst was an artist of the Utrecht School.
His paintings included “The Denial of St. Peter.”
(SFEM, 8/31/97, p.8)
1592-1670 The Moravian prelate Jan Komensky wrote in Latin and German
and was offered the presidency of Harvard.
(WSJ, 11/18/96, p.A10)
1593 Jan 27, Vatican opened a 7 year trial against scholar Giordano
Bruno.
(MC, 1/27/02)
1593 Mar 19, Georges de la Tour (d.1652), French painter, was
born. His night painting “The Penitent Magdelene” features a seated woman
contemplating a flame with one hand resting on a skull.
(NH, 10/96, p.39)(MC, 3/19/02)
1593 Mar 23, English Congressionalist Henry Barrow was accused
of slander.
(SS, 3/23/02)
1593 Apr 3, George Herbert (d.1633), English metaphysical poet
(5 Mystical Songs), was born. "The best mirror is an old friend."
(AP, 4/16/98)(MC, 4/3/02)
1593 Apr 6, Henry Barrow, English puritan, was hanged.
(MC, 4/6/02)
1593 Apr 6, John Greenwood, English Congressionalist, was hanged.
(MC, 4/6/02)
1593 May 29, John Penry English congressionalist, was executed.
(SC, 5/29/02)
1593 May 30, Christopher Marlowe (b.Feb, 1564), British dramatist
(Tamburlaine the Great), poet, was murdered. Marlowe reportedly died in
a barfight. It was later speculated that his death was faked and that he
fled to Italy and continued writing plays that were produced by Shakespeare.
(SFC, 1/2/03, p.E11)(MC, 5/30/02)
1593 Jul 25, France's King Henry IV converted from Protestantism
to Roman Catholicism.
(AP, 7/25/97)
1593 Sep 20, Gottfried Scheidt, composer, was born.
(MC 9/20/01)
1593 Michel Mercatus, physician to Pope Clement VIII, died. He
left manuscripts on his study of Ceraunia, or ancient stone tools which
had been thought to be rocks hurled down from the sky by lightning bolts,
or rocks struck by lightning.
(RFH-MDHP, p.70)
1593-1652/3 Artemisia Gentileschi, whose first known work is "Susanna
and the Elders" (1610), was a follower of Caravaggio and his style of dramatic
realism. Artemisia, the daughter of Orazio Gentileschi (also influenced
by Caravaggio), was taught to paint by her father and landscape artist
Agostino Tassi. In 1616, she joined the Academy of Design in Florence.
She traveled to various cities, from Rome to London--the latter to visit
her father. While there she also gained acclaim as a portrait artist. She
eventually settled in Naples.
(HNQ, 3/8/01)
1593-1683 Izaak Walton, English writer: "That which is everybody's
business is nobody's business."
(AP, 8/29/98)
1593-1817 The period of the Spanish Inquisition in Mexico.
(SFC, 9/18/96, p.A1)
1594 Feb 2, Giovanni Perluigi da Palestrina (68), Italian composer,
died.
(MC, 2/2/02)
1594 Apr 15, Flemish painter Pieter Stevens was appointed royal
painter of Rudolf II in Prague.
(MC, 4/15/02)
1594 Jun 3, Michel Renichon, priest, was executed.
(MC, 6/3/02)
1594 Jun 14, Orlando Lasso (61), composer (Prophet sybillarum),
died.
(MC, 6/14/02)
1594 Oct 16, William Allen (62), English cardinal and founder
of the seminary of Douai, died.
(MC, 10/16/01)
1594 Nov 22, Martin Frobisher, English vice-admiral and explorer,
died.
(MC, 11/22/01)
1594 Dec 5, Gerardus Mercator (82), Flemish philosopher and cartographer,
died.
(MC, 12/5/01)
1594 Dec 9, Gustavus II Adolphus (d.1632), king who made Sweden
a major power (1611-32), was born.
(MC, 12/9/01)
1594 Nicolas Poussin (d.1665), known as the founder of French
Classicism, was born.
(WSJ, 2/26/96, p.A-10)(AAP, 1964)(SFC,11/22/97, p.D5)
c1594 Caravaggio painted “The Ecstacy of St. Francis.”
(WSJ, 4/28/98, p.A16)
1594 In England James Burbage won the patronage of Lord Chamberlain
and established the 25 member Lord Chamberlain's Men. The group included
William Shakespeare.
(WSJ, 1/11/99, p.R34)
1594 The first act of Henry of Navarre, when he entered Paris
as Henry IV, was to touch 600 scrofulous [tuberculytic] persons.
(WP, 1951, p.7)
1594 In France Henry IV proposed his “Grande Dessein” to join
the Louvre with the nearby Tuileries palace, which had been built under
Catherine de Medici.
(WSJ, 10/7/98, p.A20)
c1594-1595 Caravaggio painted “The Cardsharps.”
(WSJ, 4/28/98, p.A16)
1595 Feb 21, Robert Southwell, English-Jesuit poet, was hanged
for "treason" being a Catholic.
(HN, 2/21/99)(MC, 2/21/02)
1595 Feb 24, Mathias Casimir Sarbievius, poet and prof.
at Vilnius Univ., was born in Sarbev, Poland. He died in Warsaw Apr 2,
1640.
(LHC, 2/23/03)
1595 Apr 2, Cornelis de Houtman's ships departed to Asia around
Cape of Good Hope.
(MC, 4/2/02)
1595 May 26, Philippus Nerius (79), [Filippo Neri], Italian merchant,
Jesuit, saint, died.
(MC, 5/26/02)
1595 May 28, It was a shaken and demoralized English column that
returned to its northern Irish base at Newry.
(HN, 8/1/98)
1595 Jun 5, Henry IV’s army defeated the Spanish at the Battle
of Fontaine-Francaise.
(HN, 6/5/98)
1595 Jul 9, Johannes Kepler inscribed a geometric solid construction
of universe.
(MC, 7/9/02)
1595 Jul 23, Spanish soldiers landed at Cornwall, England, and
burned Mousehold and Penzance before returning to their ships.
(AP, 7/23/97)
1595 Jul, The galleon San Augustin left Philippines with 130 tons
of cargo and 70 men.
(SFC, 9/26/97, p.A21)
1595 Oct 28, Battle at Giurgevo: Sigmund Bathory of Transylvania
beat the Turks.
(MC, 10/28/01)
1595 Nov 12, John Hawkins (63), English navigator and treasurer
of the Navy, died.
(MC, 11/12/01)
1595 Nov, The San Augustin, a Manila galleon, sank off the coast
of northern California near Point Reyes with a load of silks and porcelains
from the Orient.
(SFC, 9/26/97, p.A21)
1595 Bogdan Khmelnitsky (d.1657), leader of the Ukrainian Cossacks,
was born.
(SSFC, 2/9/03, p.C14)
1595 Queen Elizabeth sent Sir Francis Drake to capture treasure
from a wrecked Spanish galleon stored at La Forteleza. Drake failed and
returned to Panama.
(HT, 4/97, p.30)
1595 John Smith on a whaling expedition mapped the eastern seaboard
and named the area new England. The area had earlier been called Norumbega.
On his return he gave the map to heir apparent Charles Stuart (16) and
instructed him to rename the “barbarous” place names. Thus Cape Elizabeth,
Cape Anne, the Charles River and Plymouth.
(SFEM, 11/15/98, p.23)
1595-1603 Mehmed III succeeded Murad III in the Ottoman House of Osman.
(Ot, 1993, xvii)
c1595-1624 Dirck van Baburen was an artist of the Dutch Utrecht School.
(SFEM, 8/31/97, p.8)
1596 Jan 28, English navigator Sir Francis Drake died off the
coast of Panama of a fever; he was buried at sea.
(HT, 4/97, p.30)(AP, 1/28/98)
1596 Mar 31, Rene Descartes (d.1650), French philosopher, was
born in La Haye, France. He proposed a numerical index that represented
fundamental notions. He made consciousness the defining feature of the
self. Descartes died in Sweden. In 1997 Paul Strathern published: “Descartes
in 90 Minutes,” and Keith Devlin published “Goodbye Descartes: The End
of Logic and the Search for a New Cosmology of the Mind.” In 1998 the French
biography by Genevieve Rodis-Lewis was translated to English: “Descartes:
His Life and Thought.”
(V.D.-H.K.p.203)(Wired, 8/96, p.86)(WSJ, 3/18/97, p.A20)(AP,
3/30/97) (WSJ, 7/23/98, p.A14)(WSJ, 8/21/98, p.W13)
1596 May 18, Willem Barents left Amsterdam for Novaya Zemlya.
(SC, 5/18/02)
1596 Jun 21, Mikhail Feodorovich Romanov (d.1645), 1st Romanov
Tsar of Russia (1613-45), was born.
(WUD, 1994 p.1242)(MC, 6/21/02)
1596 Jul 1, An English fleet under the Earl of Essex, Lord Howard
of Effingham and Francis Vere captured and sacked Cadiz, Spain.
(HN, 7/1/98)
1596 Sep 3, Nicolo Amati (d.1684), Italian violin maker, was born.
He was the grandson of violin maker Andrea Amati and taught Antonio Stradivari
and Andrea Guarneri.
(WSJ, 1/11/99, p.R53)(MC, 9/3/01)
1596 Oct 25, The Spanish fleet sailed from Lisbon to Ireland.
(MC, 10/25/01)
1596 Dec 8, Luis de Carabajal, 1st Jewish author in America, was
executed in Mexico. The nephew of Luis Carvajal, a Jewish convert to Catholicism
and governor of the province of Nuevo Leon, was accused of relapsing into
Judaism. He was tried by Spanish Inquisitors and under torture gave out
116 names of other Judaizers that included his mother and 23 sisters. They
were eventually strangled with iron collars and burned to death. A 1997
opera by Myron Fink was composed based on his story. Monterey, Mexico was
founded by conquistador Don Luis de Carvajal. He fell in love the wrong
man’s daughter and was later denounced to the Mexican Inquisition because
of his Jewish heritage.
(SFC, 8/16/96, p.A19)(SFC, 9/18/96, p.A11)(WSJ, 2/25/97, p.A20)(MC,
12/8/01)
1596 In Mexico City the Casa de los Azulejos or House of Tiles
(a.k.a. Sanborn's) was constructed. It was an ornate mansion with hand-painted
blue and white tiles.
(Hem., 1/96, p.50)
1596 Ruthenian members of an Orthodox religious group entered
into communion with the Roman Catholic Church and became the Uniate Church
of the Little Russians.
(WUD, 1994, p.1256)
1596 The first documented official contact between the Cambogee
and the West took place. The king of Angkor, Barom Reachea, in fear of
attack, sent to the Spanish governor general at Manila a request for the
assistance of his musket-armed soldiers. The Spanish governor complied
and sent a small expedition to the king of Angkor.
(SFEC, 10/20/96, T5)
1596 Abraham Ortelius, Flemish mapmaker, recorded his belief that
the continents had not always been fixed in their positions.
(NH, 10/02, p.79)
1596 The Marquesas Islands were visited by a Spanish ship.
(SFEC, 8/25/96, p.T5)
1596-1597 Italian artist Caravaggio painted “A Boy Bitten by a Lizard.”
(SFC, 9/12/97, p.C8)
c1596-1597 Shakespeare wrote his tragedy “King John.”
(WUD, 1994, p.788)
1597 Jun 9, Jose de Anchieta, Spanish Jesuit, missionary, died.
(MC, 6/9/02)
1597 Jun 20, Willem Barents, Dutch explorer who discovered Spitsbergen
& Bereneil, died. In 1995 Rayner Unwin authored “A Winter Away from
Home,” an account of Barents’ Arctic voyages.
(WUD, 1994 p.120)(SSFC, 12/10/00, p.C17)(MC, 6/20/02)
1597 Sep 28, In Japan the Mimizuka, or Ear Mound, was dedicated
in Kyoto. In it was buried the collected ears and noses of victims from
the Japanese invasion of Korea that began in 1592.
(SFEC, 9/14/97, p.A25)
c1597 The “Materia Medica Pharmacopeia” was written and detailed
some 1,900 herbs, minerals and animals used by the Chinese to treat ailments
through the ages.
(WSJ, 12/3/97, p.A1)
1597 Giovanni Gabrieli composed “Sonata pian’ e forte,” a piece
for two antiphonal brass quartets.
(SFC, 1/9/98, p.D7)
1597 In Amsterdam the Spinhuis (spinning house) was opened as
a workhouse for fallen women.
(SSFC, 1/7/01, p.T9)
1597 In Nagasaki 26 Japanese and Western Christians were crucified.
(SSFC, 8/10/03, p.C11)
c1597 The Sao Paulo church in Macao was constructed by Portuguese
colonists.
(WSJ, 5/6/97, p.A19)
1597 King Philip II issued a land grant to Don Lorenzo Garcia
to start the first official winery for the new world at the San Lorenzo
Hacienda in Mexico.
(SFEC, 11/7/99, p.T8)
1597-1602 Adriaen de Vries, Dutch sculptor, supplied Augsburg, Germany,
the cast for the "Hercules Fountain."
(WSJ, 1/8/99, p.C13)
1597/8-1671 Jan van Bijlert, Dutch painter. He traveled to Rome and
was influenced by the work of Caravaggio.
(SFEM, 8/31/97, p.13)
1598 Jan 7, Theodorus I (40), [Feodor Ivanovitch], czar of Russia
(1584-98), died. Boris Godunov seized the Russian throne on death of Feodor
I.
(MC, 1/7/02)
1598 Jan 8, Genoa, Italy, expelled its Jews.
(MC, 1/8/02)
1598 Feb 17, Boris Godunov, the boyar of Tatar origin, was elected
czar in succession to his brother-in-law Fydor.
(HN, 2/17/99)
1598 Apr 13, King Henry IV of France endorsed the Edict of Nantes, which granted political rights to French Huguenots. (The edict was abrogated in 1685 by King Louis XIV, who declared France entirely Catholic again.)
(AP, 4/13/98)(HN, 4/13/98)
1598 May 2, Henry IV signed the Treaty of Vervins, ending Spain's
interference in France.
(HN, 5/2/98)
1598 Jun, A 5-ship Dutch expedition to Japan departed Rotterdam
with Will Adams, English ship pilot, as chief navigator.
(ON, 11/02, p.8)
1598 Aug 15, Hugh O'Neill, the Earl of Tyrone, led an Irish force
to victory over the British at Battle of Yellow Ford.
(HN, 8/15/98)
1598 Sep 1, Spanish king Philip II ("Scourge of Heretics") received
his last rites sacrament. [see Sep 13]
(MC, 9/1/02)
1598 Sep 13, Philip II, King of Spain (1556-98), died at 71. He
had ordered the Spanish Armada to attack England in 1588 and after its
failure dispatched 3 smaller armadas, but they all failed
(MC, 9/13/01)(ON, 3/02, p.6)
1598 Sep 25, In Sweden, King Sigismund was defeated at Stangebro
by his Uncle Charles.
(HN, 9/25/98)
1598 Oct 15, Spanish general strategist Bernardino de Mendoza
occupied Fort Rhine.
(MC, 10/15/01)
1598 Dec 7, Giovanni "Gian" Lorenzo Bernini (d.Nov 28, 1680),
Italian sculptor, painter, architect, was born. He was the greatest sculptor
of the 17th century and worked under the patronage of Pope Urban VII. His
work included the “Ecstasy of St. Teresa,” “David” and “Daphne and Apollo.”
(WSJ, 12/4/97, p.A20)(WSJ, 9/15/98, p.A20)(WSJ, 1/11/99, p.R53)
1598 The first opera was performed in Florence, Italy, in the
16th century. On Jul 3-5, 1998 Vienna celebrated the 400th anniversary
of opera. Opera emerged as musicians sought to revive Greek theater.
(SFEC, 5/10/98, p.T3)(WSJ, 1/11/99, p.R34)
1598 In China Tang Xianzu, dramatist, wrote his 55-act Kunju opera
“The Peony Pavilion.” Kunju is the oldest of China’s 360 opera forms.
(WSJ, 6/22/98, p.A20)
1598 The Spanish governor of Manila sent a 2nd small expedition
to the king of Angkor in what is now Cambodia.
(SFEC, 10/20/96, T5)
1598 Sir George Clifford, the third Earl of Cumberland, led an
attack on Puerto Rico. He landed east of San Juan at Boqueron Inlet and
attacked. The English prevailed and plundered San Juan but their food spoiled
and 400 died of dysentery. The survivors burned San Juan and sailed away.
(HT, 4/97, p.30)
1598-1599 Caravaggio painted “Narcissus.”
(WSJ, 4/28/98, p.A16)
1598-1663? Francisco de Zurbaran, Spanish painter. His work included
St. Agatha, which depicted the mutilated martyr with her severed breasts
on a tray.
(WUD, 1994, p.1663)(SFEC, 2/16/97, BR p.10)
1598-1666 Nicolas Francois Mansart, French architect. The mansard roof
is named after him.
(WUD, 1994, p.873)(SFC, 8/25/99, Z1 p.7)
1599 Feb 13, Alexander VII, Roman Catholic Pope, was born.
(HN, 2/13/98)
1599 Feb 22, Anthony Van Dyck, painter, was born in Antwerp, Belgium.
[See Mar 22]
(MC, 2/22/02)
1599 Mar 13, Johannes Berchmans, Jesuit, saint, was born in Belgium.
(MC, 3/13/02)(de Winkler Prins encyclopedia)
1599 Mar 22, Sir Anthony Van Dyck, Flemish artist, was born. He
gave his name to the Vandyke beard. [See Feb 22]
(AP, 3/22/99)
1599 Mar 23, Thomas Selle, composer, was born.
(SS, 3/23/02)
1599 Mar 27, Robert Devereux became Lt-general of Ireland.
(MC, 3/27/02)
1599 Apr 25, Oliver Cromwell (d.1658) was born. He was an English
military, political and religious leader, and dictator as Lord Protector
of the Commonwealth from 1653-1658.
(CFA, '96, p.44)(AHD, p.315)(HN, 4/25/98)
1599 Jul 23, Caravaggio received his 1st public commission for
paintings.
(MC, 7/23/02)
1599 Sep 7, Earl of Essex and Irish rebel Tyrone signed a treaty.
(MC, 9/7/01)
1599 Sep 21, The first recorded performance at the Globe theater.
The Globe Theater, a 20-sided timber building for Shakespeare’s plays was
constructed on the South Bank of the Thames, England.
(Hem, Mar. 95, p.138)(WSJ, 6/17/97, p.A16)
1599 Adriaen de Vries, Dutch sculptor, supplied Augsburg, Germany,
the cast the "Mercury Fountain."
(WSJ, 1/8/99, p.C13)
1599 Canon Mikalojus Dauksa published his “Postille Catholicka”
in Vilnius. He was the first author of Lithuanian Proper.
(DrEE, 9/21/96, p.4)
1599 The Globe Theater, a 20-sided timber building for Shakespeare’s
plays was constructed on the South Bank of the Thames, England. The troupe
Lord Chamberlain's Men built the Globe Theater. Timbers came from a dismantled
old theater and the new structure held some 3,000 spectators in 3 galleries.
(Hem, Mar. 95, p.138)(WSJ, 1/11/99, p.R34)
1599 Jacob Cornelius Van Neck returned to Holland from the Mascarene
Islands. A narrative of the Dutch voyage first mentioned the dodo bird.
(NH, 11/96, p.24)
1599 The Dutch East India Company dates to this time. [see 1602-1798]
(WSJ, 1/11/99, p.R42)
1599 The Takeda family, which controlled Hokkaido, changed its
name to Matsumae, built a castle by that name and allied itself with Ieyasu
Tokugawa, who was on the verge of establishing his Shogunate in Japan.
(Jap. Enc., BLDM, p. 218)
1599 Spain sent 400 soldiers, 46 cannon and a new governor, Alonso
de Mercado, to rebuild San Juan, Puerto Rico.
(HT, 4/97, p.31)
1599-1660 Diego Rodriguez de Silva y Velazquez, Spanish painter. He
painted “Count Duke of Olivares” and “Rokeby Venus.” The Venus is at the
London National Gallery.
(AAP, 1964)(WUD, 1994, p.1584)(SFEC, 2/1/98, p.T8)
1599 Francesco Borromini (d.1667), Italian Baroque architect and
sculptor, was born.
(SFEC, 7/12/98, p.B9)(WSJ, 6/27/00, p.A28)