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1600  Feb 8, Vatican sentenced scholar Giordano Bruno to death.
 (MC, 2/8/02)

1600  Feb 17, Giordano Bruno, advocate of Copernican theory, was burned at stake by Catholic Church.
 (MC, 2/17/02)

1600  Apr 19, The Dutch ship Liefde, piloted by Will Adams, reached Japan with a crew of 24 men. 6 of the crew soon died. 4 other ships in the expedition were lost.
 (ON, 11/02, p.8)

1600  Oct 20, The Battle of Sekigahara set the Tokugawa clan as Japan's rulers (shoguns). [see Oct 21]
 (MC, 10/20/01)

1600  Oct 21, Tokugawa leyasu defeated his enemies in the battle of Sekigahara and affirmed his position as Japan’s most powerful warlord. [see Oct 20]
 (Jap. Enc., BLDM, p. 215)(HN, 10/21/98)

1600  Nov 19, Charles I of England was born. Charles I, ruled Great Britain from 1625-1649. He was executed by Parliament in 1649.
 (WUD, 1994, p.249)(HN, 11/19/98)

1600  Dec 12, John Craig, Scottish church reformer and James VI's court vicar, died.
 (MC, 12/12/01)

1600  Dec 31, The British East India Company (d.1874) was chartered by Queen Elizabeth I in London to carry on trade in the East Indies in competition with the Dutch, who controlled nutmeg from the Banda Islands.
 http://www.theeastindiacompany.com/history.html
 (WUD, 1994, p.449)(WSJ, 1/11/99, p.R49)

1600  Dona Maria, a Timucua Indian woman, was chief of Nombre de Dios, a Spanish Franciscan mission town in Florida. 6 years later she inherited the position of chief of San Pedro de Mocama on Cumberland Island, Georgia.
 (AM, 7/01, p.22)

1600  A clock was built in Augsburg, Germany, that shows a king riding in an elephant pulled chariot. His huge belly has a tiny clock placed where his navel would be. When the clock strikes, the king rolls his eyes, licks his lips and drinks from a tankard, while elephants pull the chariot along a table and other figures built around the chariot dance. On exhibit at the Time Museum in Rockford, Ill.
 (SF E&C, 1/15/1995, T-10)

c1600  In what is now Colombia the Tairona civilization, coerced by the Spaniards to convert to Christianity, fled from their coastal settlements and moved to the mountains. They were skilled masons, farmers, weavers and goldsmiths. They established the city now known as Ciudad Perdida (lost city) east of Santa Maria, whose ruins were only rediscovered in the 1970s. The indigenous Kogui Indians are thought to be their ancestors.
 (WSJ, 7/28/97, p.A16)

c1600  French fishermen and their families settled the islands of Saint-Pierre and Miquelon off the coast of Newfoundland. The 9-island was later made a French territory.
 (WSJ, 6/30/00, p.B4)

c1600  Spanish explorers Alvaro de Mendana and Pedro Fernandez de Quiros visited the Cook Islands but overlooked Rarotonga, the largest one.
 (SFEC, 1/5/97, p.T5)

c1600  Christian missionaries arrived in India with the first European traders.
 (SFC, 11/6/99, p.A14)

1600  Arequipa, Peru, was destroyed by an earthquake.
 (SSFC, 6/24/01, p.A16)

1600  Rudolph II, King of the Holy Roman Empire, ruled from Prague and lured the astronomer, Tycho Brahe, from Denmark as well as his student Johannes Kepler.
 (WSJ, 9/24/96, p.A18)

1600  Giordano Bruno (b.c1548), Italian philosopher and an occasional alchemist, was burned at the stake at the hands of Rome’s Inquisition.
 (WUD, 1994 p.190)(WSJ, 8/21/01, p.A17)

1600s  The Kongo kingdom broke apart as a result of the Portuguese induced revolts and slave trade.
 (ATC, p.153)

1600s  In France the contractor Jean-Christophe Marie built bridges on the Seine to the Ile St.-Louis and laid out lots on straight streets for sale.
 (SFEC, 6/22/97, p.T8)

1600s  In Japan the ancient art of Sumo wrestling became a professional sport.
 (WSJ, 1/11/99, p.R34)

1600s  Pirates Anne Bonny and Mary Read plundered the Caribbean region.
 (SFEC, 2/14/99, p.T4)

1600s  Portuguese traders brought the cassava root to Africa from Brazil to feed their slaves.
 (NH, 7/96, p.13)

1600-1681 Pedro Calderon de la Barca, Spanish baroque master dramatist. His work included: "Life Is a Dream." "Cuando amor no es locura, no es amor." (When love is not madness, it is not love).
 (WSJ, 10/20/95, p. A-12)(WSJ, 4/5/96, p.A-6)(AP, 10/30/98)

c1600-1700 In Early America, fire buckets were typically made out of leather.  Because the man at the top of the bucket brigade had to toss empty buckets back down to be refilled, the buckets had to be unbreakable and soft enough so they wouldn‘t injure anyone standing below.
 (HNQ, 1/13/00)

1600-1700 Brazil’s Ouro Preto which means Black Gold in Portuguese, was founded in the 17th century after huge gold deposits were discovered under its steep hills.
 (AP, 4/19/03)

1600-1700 Cognac 1st appeared when Dutch sea merchants found that they could better preserve white wine shipped from France to northern Europe by distilling it. They then learned the wine got better as it aged in wooden barrels.
 (WSJ, 7/14/03, p.A1)

1600-1700 Shabettai Zvi [Shabbetai Zevi], a Kabbalist from the Ottoman Empire, became the central figure in a widespread Messianic craze. He declared himself the Messiah and caused an uproar throughout the Jewish world.
 (WSJ, 5/22/98, p.W11)(SFEC, 3/12/00, BR p.2)

1600-1700 Grass mats called kunaa were made on the island of Gadu and sent by the Maldivian sultan as part of an annual tribute to the kingdom of Sri Lanka. "The Fine Mat Industry of the Suvadiva Atoll" by Andrew Forbes was publ. by the British Museum.
 (WSJ, 7/22/96, p.A12)

1600-1700 The Windsor chair originated in Windsor, England.
 (WSJ, 8/15/97, p.A1)

1600-1700 Britain waged wars against the Dutch. The English fleet sailed in three segments, the 3rd of which was commanded by a Rear Admiral.
 (SFEC, 8/3/97, Z1 p.3)

1600-1700 In England the Roundheads were members or adherents of the Parliamentarians or Puritan party during the civil wars of the 17th century. They were called roundheads by the Cavaliers in derision because they wore their hair cut short.
 (WUD, 1994, p.1248)

1600-1700 In Colombia legend held that U’wa Indians led by Chief Guaiticu committed mass suicide to protest Spanish colonialism. A historical record was lacking.
 (SFC, 4/25/97, p.A3)

1600-1700 A Jesuit priest wrote in Latin the first recorded description of the magic lantern, a forerunner of later movie and slide projectors: "Ars Magna Lucis et Umbrae."
 (SFC, 10/28/96, p.A24)

c1600-1700 Marin Mersenne, French monk and mathematician. Mersenne numbers, which come from multiplying 2 over and over and subtracting one, are named after him. A small percentage of mersenne numbers are also prime numbers.
 (SFC, 11/23/98, p.A3)

c1600-1700 In Naples Giovan Battista Basile wrote his classic collection of folktales known as the "Pentamerone." It included "La Gatta Cennerentola," or "Cinderella the Cat."
 (SFC,11/4/97, p.B3)

c1600-1700 In Norway a local commander in Varda burned over 70 women alive as witches.
 (WSJ, 6/6/00, p.A1)

1600-1700 Ladakh was a West Tibetan kingdom of this time with lands that extended into what is now Nepal.
 (SFEC,12/14/97, p.T4)

c1600-1700 In Tibet the Geluk sect cultivated the Mongols under Altyn Khan. The Khan named the Geluk Lama Sonam Gyatso, "dalai," in reference to his oceanic wisdom. The 4th Dalai Lama was discovered in the great-grandson of Altyn Khan.
 (SFEM, 12/20/98, p.19)

1600-1750 The Baroque Era in music, as practiced by its greatest figures, has pronounced mannerist qualities: mysticism, exuberance, complexity, decoration, allegory, distortion, the exploitation of the supernatural or grandiose, all commingled. The baroque saw the rise of four-part harmony and the figured bass, in which numerals indicated the harmonies to be used. In 1968 Claude Palisca authored "Baroque Music."
 (LGC-HCS, p.24-25)(SFC, 1/23/01, p.C2)

c1600-1800 The period of the enlightenment, a philosophical movement characterized by the power of human reason and by innovations in political, religious and educational doctrine. Peter Gay later wrote a 2-volume history of the Enlightenment.
 (WUD, 1994, p.474)(SFEC, 1/11/98, BR p.9)

1600-1800 About two-thirds of the Albanians converted to Islam.
 (www, Albania, 1998)

1600-1800 In the Southern American colonies, large land accumulation was fostered by headrights, a program where generally 50-acres per head was awarded to each person who transported an emigrant to America at his own expense. The systems fostered land accumulation and speculation in land warrants, often raising the price of land beyond the means of servants who had worked out their time.
 (HNQ, 1/25/99)

1600-1800 A mass migration of nearly 1 million people from Holland in the 17th and 18th century led to the decline of this small nation.
 (SFC, 3/31/98, p.F4)

1600-1867  The Tokugawa (or Edo) Period in Japan.
 (Jap. Enc., BLDM, p. 215)

1600-1868 The cosmopolitan Edo period, the heyday of the woodblock print.
 (WSJ, 4/24/96, A-12)

1600-1681 Pedro Calderon de la Barca, Spanish dramatist: "Cuando amor no es locura, no es amor." (When love is not madness, it is not love.)
 (AP, 10/30/98)

1600-1900 In Benin a succession of 12 kings ruled from Abomey and each one built a lavish palace.
 (SFEC, 8/28/98, p.T4)

1601  Jan 7, Robert, Earl of Essex led a revolt in London against Queen Elizabeth.
 (MC, 1/7/02)

1601  Jan 17, The Treaty of Lyons ended a short war between France and Savoy.
 (HN, 1/17/99)

1601  Feb 8, The armies of Earl Robert Devereux of Essex drew into London.
 (MC, 2/8/02)

1601  Feb 13, John Lancaster led the 1st East India Company voyage from London.
 (MC, 2/13/02)

1601  Feb 24, Robert Devereux, the second Earl of Essex and former favorite of Elizabeth I, was beheaded in the Tower of London for high treason. His plan to capture London and the Tower had failed.
 (HN, 2/25/99)

1601  Mar 19, Alonzo Cano, Spanish painter, sculptor (Cathedral Granada), was born.
 (MC, 3/19/02)

1601  May 2, Athanasius Kircher, German Jesuit, inventor (magic lantern), was born.
 (MC, 5/2/02)

1601  Sep 27, Louis XIII, king of France (1610-43), was born.  He ascended to the throne at the age of nine following the assassination of his father Louis XII. At 17, he seized control of the empire from his mother Marie de' Medici. Louis XIII proved to be a strongly pro-Catholic ruler.
 (MC, 9/27/01)

1601  Oct 13, Tycho Brahe, astronomer, died in Prague.
 (MC, 10/13/01)

1601  Adriaen de Vries, Dutch sculptor, supplied Augsburg, Germany, the cast the "Man Pouring Water From a Conch Shell."
 (WSJ, 1/8/99, p.C13)

1601  Dutch artist Joachim Wtewael painted "Mars and Venus Discovered by Vulcan."
 (SFEM, 8/31/97, p.8)

1601  A British measure, funded by taxes, provided jobs for the able-bodied poor and apprentice programs for children.
 (WSJ, 1/11/99, p.R25)

1601  Ottoman Sultan Mehmed III issued an order for the seizure of able youths aged 10-20 to be trained as janissaries, his special forces. "The infidel parents or anybody else who resists are to be hanged at once in front of their house gate, their blood being considered of no importance whatsoever."
 (WSJ, 9/17/01, p.A20)

1601-1658 Baltasar Gracian, Spanish philosopher: "You should avoid making yourself too clear even in your explanations."
 (AP, 8/13/00)

1601  Pierre de Fermat (d.1665), French mathematician, was born. [see Jan 12, 1665]
 (WUD, 1994, p.524)(WSJ, 11/25/96, p.A16)(SFEC,12/797, BR p.5)

1602  Jan 2, Battle at Kinsale, Ireland: English army beat the Spanish.
 (MC, 1/2/02)

1602  Feb 9, Franciscus van de Enden, Flemish Jesuit, free thinker, tutor of Spinoza, was born.
 (MC, 2/9/02)

1602  Feb 14, Pier Francesco Cavalli, Italian opera composer, was born.
 (MC, 2/14/02)

1602  Mar 20, The Dutch East India Company was chartered to carry on trade in the East Indies. The company traded to 1798 whereupon its possessions were dissolved into the Dutch empire.
 http://allserv.rug.ac.be/~sdconinc/VOC/
 (WUD, 1994, p.449)(Jap. Enc., BLDM, p. 215)(HNQ, 7/23/00)

1602  Apr 2, Maria de Jesus de Agreda (Maria Coronel), Spanish Franciscan, was born.
 (MC, 4/2/02)

1602  Apr 11, Johann Neukrantz, composer, was born.
 (MC, 4/11/02)

1602  Apr 30, William Lilly, astrologer, author, almanac compiler, was born in England.
 (MC, 4/30/02)

1602  May 15, Bartholomew Gosnold, English navigator, discovered Cape Cod.
 (AP, 5/15/97)(HN, 5/15/98)

1602  May 21, Martha's Vineyard was first sighted by Captain Bartholomew Gosnold.
 (HN, 5/21/98)

1602  May, Sebastian Vizcaino, a Basque merchant, led 4 small ships north from Acapulco, Mexico, to chart the coast of California.
 (SFC, 11/13/02, p.A8)

1602  Jul 14, Jules Mazarin, French cardinal, French 1st Minister (1642-61), was born.
 (MC, 7/14/02)

1602  Jul 29, The Duke of Biron was executed in Paris for conspiring with Spain and Savoy against King Henry IV of France.
 (HN, 7/29/98)

1602  Nov 12, The Vizcaino expedition held Mass on the feast day of San Diego de Alcala. He named the California landing port after the saint.
 (SFC, 11/13/02, p.A8)

1602  Nov 20, Otto von Guericke, inventor (air pump), was born.
 (MC, 11/20/01)

1602  Dec 5, Giulio Caccini's "Euridice," premiered in Florence.
 (MC, 12/5/01)

1602  Dec 16-Jan 3, The Vizcaino expedition stopped at Monterey, Ca., and grizzly bears were seen feeding on a whale carcass. Sebastian Vizcaino, Spanish Explorer, discovered an island off the coast of California that he named San Nicolas. It is the outermost of the eight Channel Islands about 75 miles southwest of Los Angeles. It was later used as the site for Scott O'Dell’s novel: "Island of the Blue Dolphins." [see 1835-1853] Santa Barbara was named by the Vizcaino expedition.
 (Pac. Disc., summer, ‘96, p.12)(IBD, 1960, p.183)(Via, 3-4/99, p.38)

1602  Caravaggio painted "The Taking of Christ."
 (WSJ, 5/13/99, p.A28)

1602  An atlas made by the Flemish mapmaker Abraham Ortelius, bound in vellum with text in Spanish, was one of dozens issued between 1570 and 1612. It is available in 1995 for $160,000 from New York dealer W.G. Arader III.
 (WSJ, 11/24/95, p.B-8)

1602  Bartholomew Gosnold camped for a few months in a party of 24 gentlemen and 8 sailors on Cuttyhunk Island, Mass.
 (SFEM, 11/15/98, p.23)

1602  Denmark imposed a strict trade monopoly and cut off Iceland's products from lucrative markets.
 (SFEC, 9/19/99, p.A18)

1602  Japan’s Shogun Ieyasu seized the Dutch ship Liefde and granted its crew allowances to live in Japan.
 (ON, 11/02, p.9)

1602-1674 Phillipe de Champaigne, painter. His work included the "Portrait of Arnauld D’Andilly."
 (AAP, 1964)

1602-1686 Otto von Guericke helped to overthrow the guesswork physics of Aristotle through experiments with air pressure.
 (SFC, 10/2/97, p.E5)

1603  Jan 1, The Spanish party of Sebastion Vizcaino sighted a point off the Central California coast that they named Ano Nuevo.
 (SFEC, 2/27/00, p.T8)

1603  Mar 24, Tudor Queen Elizabeth I (69), the "Virgin Queen," died. She had reigned from 1558-1603. Scottish king James VI becomes King James I of England.
 (WUD, 1994, p.463)(WSJ, 4/16/97, p.A13)(HN, 3/24/99)

1603  Mar 30, Battle at Mellifont: English army under Lord Mountjoy beat the Irish.
 (MC, 3/30/02)

1603  Apr 3, William Smith, composer, was born.
 (MC, 4/3/02)

1603  Apr 5, New English king James I departed Edinburgh for London.
 (MC, 4/5/02)

1603  Jul 17, Sir Walter Raleigh was arrested.
 (MC, 7/17/02)

1603  Jul 29, Bartholomew Gilbert was killed in the colony of Virginia by Indians, during a search for the missing Roanoke colonists.
 (HN, 7/29/98)

1603  Oct 20, A Chinese uprising in the Philippines failed after 23,000 killed.
 (MC, 10/20/01)

1603  Nov 5, Irini Fedorovna, Russian daughter of Czar Boris Godunov, died.
 (MC, 11/5/01)

1603  Dec 27, Thomas Cartwright (~68), English Presbyterian publicist, died.
 (MC, 12/27/01)

1603  In Prague Adriaen de Vries made a bust of Emperor Rudolf.
 (WSJ, 12/7/99, p.A24)

1603  Kabuki theater started in Japan when a shrine maiden named Okuni traveled to Kyoto and performed a dance of ecstasy dressed in men’s clothing while chanting Buddha’s name. [see 1586]
 (SFC, 7/12/01, p.A23)

1603  King James I of England allowed the public limited access to Hyde Park.
 (SFEM, 3/21/99, p.8)

1603  Tokyo replaced Kyoto as the administrative center of Japan.
 (WSJ, 1/11/99, p.R51)

1603  The Nijo Castle was built in Kyoto, Japan, as a residence for the Shogun. The castle's Ninomaru Palace is famous for its "nightingale" (creaking) floors that warn of intruders.
 (Hem., 2/96, p.60)

1603  Galileo invented the thermometer.
 (WSJ, 1/11/99, p.R14)

1603-1617 Ahmed III succeeded Mehmed III in the Ottoman House of Osman.
 (Ot, 1993, xvii)

1603-1868 The founding and era of the Tokugawa Shogunate.
 (Jap. Enc., BLDM, p. 215)(AM, Mar/Apr 97 p.34)

1603-1683 Roger Williams was born in London. After a brief period as a Baptist, the founder of the Rhode Island Colony and colonial religious leader, became a Seeker—one who adhered to the basic tenets of Christianity but refused to recognize any creed. Williams was the first champion of complete religious toleration in America.
 (HNQ, 5/1/99)

1604  Apr 4, Thomas Churchyard, poet, pamphleteer, died.
 (MC, 4/4/02)

1604  May 4, Claudio Merulo (71), Italian organist, composer, died.
 (MC, 5/4/02)

1604  Sep 20, After a two-year siege, the Spanish retook Ostend [NW Belgium], the Netherlands, from the Dutch.
 (WUD, 1994, p.1019)(HN, 9/20/98)

1604  Oct 8, The supernova "Kepler's Nova" 1st sighted.
 (MC, 10/8/01)

1604  Nov 1, William Shakespeare's tragedy "Othello" was first presented at Whitehall Palace in London.
 (AP, 11/1/99)

1604  Claude Lorrain (b.1682), French painter (also known as Claude Gelée), was born.
 (WSJ, 11/6/02, p.D8)

1604  Johannes Kepler, German astronomer, observed a supernova with his naked eye. He also worked out an elliptical orbit for Mars.
 (NG, 5/88, p.619)(SFC, 11/29/96, p.A16)

1604  Christopher Marlowe, English writer, published his version of the "Tragical History of Dr. Faustus."
 (V.D.-H.K.p.238)

1604  The first official condemnation of tobacco was made by King James I, who cited the health hazards of smoking in his Counterblaste to Tobacco.
 (HNQ, 11/10/98)

1604  Juan de Onate, Spanish colonizer of New Mexico, explored along the Colorado.
 (NG, 5.1988, Mem For)

1604  Samuel de Champlain sailed into the river estuary at what later became the seaport of St. John in New Brunswick, Canada.
 (SFEC, 7/30/00, p.T5)

1604  The French explorer Samuel de Champlain landed on the island of St. Croix.
 (PacDis, Spring/'94, p. 43)

1604-1605 Caravaggio painted "St. John the Baptist in the Wilderness."
 (WSJ, 4/28/98, p.A16)

1604-1606 Caravaggio painted "Madonna di Loreto."
 (WSJ, 2/8/00, p.A20)

1604-1634 Ligdan Khan (reigned 1604-34), the last great Mongol leader, ruled. He united many Mongol tribes to defend their homeland against the rising power of the Manchu.
 (www.gobiexpeditions.com)

1604-1690 Reverend John Eliot was an English missionary in Massachusetts called the "Apostle to the Indians." The Puritan Eliot learned the Algonquian language and preached to the Indians. He translated the Bible into Algonquian and published it in 1663 in Cambridge, Mass.
 (HNQ, 6/7/98)(WSJ, 8/7/98, p.W13)

1605  Apr 8, Philip IV king of Spain and Portugal (1621-65) ), was born.
 (HN, 4/8/98)
1605  Apr 8, Louis de Vadder, Flemish painter, was born.
 (MC, 4/8/02)

1605  Apr 12, Boris Godunov, Tsar of Russia (1598-1605), died.
 (MC, 4/12/02)

1605  Apr 18, Giacomo Carissimi, composer, was born.
 (MC, 4/18/02)

1605  Jun 10, False Dimitri was crowned Russian tsar for 1st time.
 (MC, 6/10/02)

1605  Jun 15, Thomas Randolph, English poet and playwright, was born.
 (HT, 6/15/00)

1605  Aug 14, The Popham expedition reached the Sagadahoc River in present-day Maine and settled there.
 (HN, 8/14/00)

1605  Oct 19, Thomas Browne, British writer (Garden of Cyrus), was born.
 (MC, 10/19/01)

1605  Nov 5, The Gunpowder Plot was planned in response to strict enforcement of anti-Catholic laws by King James I.  Several prominent English Catholics plotted to blow up Parliament when the King was to address the House of Lords. Thirty-six barrels of gunpowder were placed in the cellar. The plot was discovered and one of the conspirators, Guy Fawkes, was arrested as he entered the cellar before the planned explosion. Fawkes and other conspirators were tried, convicted and executed. November 5 is known as Guy Fawkes Day in England and is celebrated by shooting firecrackers and burning effigies of Fawkes. Fawkes, after persuasion on the rack in the White Tower of London, confessed to trying to blow up Parliament in the Gunpowder Plot. Fawkes was supposed to light the fuse but was caught and horribly tortured. Robert Catesby gathered a dozen young men into a plot to smuggle many barrels of gunpowder into the basement of the House of Parliament. The story is told in the 1996 book "Faith and Treason: The Story of the Gunpowder Plot" by Antonia Fraser.
 (HFA, '96, p.18)(NG, V184, No. 4, Oct. 1993, p. 54)(SFEC, 10/6/96, BR p.5)(AP, 11/5/97)(HNQ, 3/15/00)

1605  Dec 1, Juan de Padilla, composer, was born.
 (MC, 12/1/01)

1605  The painting "Death of Samson" was attributed to Peter Paul Rubens, but may have been done by a student and completed as late as 1650. The work was later purchased by the Getty Museum for $6 million through Italian art dealers from the Corsini family and contested whether or not it was a national treasure.
 (WSJ, 4/2/99, p.W12)

1605  Bacon published his "Advancement of Learning."
 (V.D.-H.K.p.139)

1605  Pope Paul V (d.1621) was elected following Clement VIII. After 2 months he elevated his young law-student nephew, Scipione Borghese, to the office of cardinal.
 (WSJ, 9/15/98, p.A20)(WSJ, 2/8/00, p.A20)

1605  The American Indian Tisquantum, aka Squanto, was picked up by seafarer George Weymouth and taken to England. He spent 9 years there and returned to the New World as the interpreter for John Smith.
 (SFEM, 11/15/98, p.28)

1605  The first scientific description of the dodo bird was made by the Dutch botanist Carolus Clusius from an observation of a dodo at the home of the anatomist Peter Paauw.
 (NH, 11/96, p.24)

1605  In France Henry IV and his minister, Duc de Sully, decided to build a square over the former site of the Hotel Royal des Tournelles. The new square was named the Place Royale until the Revolution when it was renamed the Place des Vosges after the first administrative department, Les Vosges, that paid taxes.
 (SFEM, 3/15/98, p.16)

1605  Henry IV established a building code that set architectural themes and specified that pavilions had to owned by a single family.
 (SFEM, 3/15/98, p.35)

1605  Arjun, the 5th Sikh guru, compiled the sacred book "Granth Sahib," a compilation of over 6,000 hymns meant to be sung to classical Indian ragas. Arjun was responsible for the Harimandir (temple of God) in the city of Amritsar.
 (WSJ, 10/12/01, p.W17)

1605  In India Akbar the Great died. He was succeeded by Juhangir the ineffectual and his "evil queen" Nur Jahan.
 (HT, 4/97, p.23)

1605  Japan’s Shogun Ieyasu allowed some of the Dutch crew of the ship Liefde to return home, but kept Will Adams in Japan. Adams soon married Magoma Oyuki, a young noblewoman.
 (ON, 11/02, p.10)

1605-1704 Marc-Antoine Charpentier, French composer. His work included "Antiennes "O" de l’Avent."
 (WSJ, 11/27/01, p.A20)

1606  Jan 31, Guy Fawkes, convicted for his part in the "Gunpowder Plot" against the English Parliament and King James I, was hanged, drawn and quartered.
 (AP, 1/31/98)(HN, 1/31/99)

1606  Apr 12, England adopted as its flag the original version of the Union Jack.
 (AP, 4/12/97)(HN, 4/12/98)

1606  May 6, Lorenzo Lippi, [Perlone Zipoli], poet, painter, was born.
 (MC, 5/6/02)

1606  Jun 6, Pierre Corneille (d.1684), French dramatist, poet and writer of Le Cid, was born: "Guess, if you can, and choose, if you dare."
 (AP, 3/28/98)(HN, 6/6/98)

1606  Jul 15, The painter Rembrandt (d.1669) Harmenszoom van Rizn (Rijn), was born in Leiden, Netherlands. He painted "The Anatomy Lesson or The Anatomy of Dr. Tulp," "Old Woman Cutting Her Nails" and "Night Watch." Other works include "Self Portrait Leaning Forward" (1628), "Two Studies of Saskia Asleep" (1635-1637), "Jupiter and Antiope" (1659) and "Aristotle Contemplating the Bust of Homer." He started making etchings in the 1620s when the medium was barely a 100 years old.
 (AAP, 1964)(WUD, 1994, p.1213)(WSJ, 10/1/96, p.A20)(SFC, 10/12/96, p.E3)
(SFC, 5/17/97, p.E1)(AP, 7/15/97)

1606  Dec 20, Virginia Company settlers left London to establish Jamestown.
 (HFA, '96, p.44)(MC, 12/20/01)

c1606  Caravaggio painted "St. John the Baptist."
 (WSJ, 4/28/98, p.A16)

c1606  Peter Paul Rubens painted "The Massacre of the Innocents." In 2002 it sold for $76.7 million at auction.
 (WSJ, 7/11/02, p.B8)

1606  Shakespeare wrote the tragedy "King Lear." William Shakespeare wrote "Antony and Cleopatra." He also wrote "The Tragedy of Macbeth." A shorter version was made in 1623 Folio.
 (WUD, 1994, p.788)(WSJ, 3/13/97, p.A12)(WSJ, 10/27/97, p.A1)

1606  Dona Maria, a Timucua Indian woman, inherited the position of chief of San Pedro de Mocama on Cumberland Island, Georgia. She had been chief of Nombre de Dios, a Spanish Franciscan mission town in Florida.
 (AM, 7/01, p.22)

1606  The order of the Sisters of Ursula was founded in France. Like their Jesuit brethren they try to fuse contemplative withdrawal with worldly engagement.
 (WSJ, 12/3/98, p.W17)

1606-1612 A drought in the American southeast was the worst in 770 years and caused the deaths of many Jamestown colonists in 1910.
 (SFC, 4/24/98, p.A3)

1607  Feb 24, Claudio Monteverdi's opera "Orfeo," premiered in Mantua.
 (WSJ, 6/19/97, p.A16)(MC, 2/24/02)

1607  Mar 8, Johann Rist, composer, was born.
 (MC, 3/8/02)

1607  Apr 26, Ships under the command of Capt. Christopher Newport sought shelter in Chesapeake Bay. The forced landing led to the founding of Jamestown on the James River, the first English settlement. An expedition of English colonists, including Capt. John Smith, went ashore at Cape Henry, Va., to establish the first permanent English settlement in the Western Hemisphere.
 (NG, Sept. 1939, p.356)(AP, 4/26/98)(HN, 4/26/98)

1607  May 13, The English colonists landed near the James River and founded the colony at Jamestown, Va. [2nd 2 sources claim May 14] In 1996 archeologist discovered the original Jamestown Fort and the remains of one settler, a young white male who died a violent death.
 (HFA, '96, p.30)(SFC, 9/13/96, p.A2)(SS, Internet, 5/13/97)(AP, 5/13/97)(HN, 5/24/98)

1607  May 14, Just over 100 men and boys filed ashore from the small sailing ships Susan Constant, Godspeed, and Discovery, onto what English adventurers came to call Jamestown Island in Virginia.
 (HN, 10/3/00)

1607  May 24, Captain Christopher Newport and 105 followers founded the colony of Jamestown on the mouth of the James River in Virginia. They had left England with 144 members, 39 died on the way over. The colony was near the large Indian village of Werowocomoco, home of Pocahontas, the daughter Powhatan, an Algonquin chief. In 2003 archeologists believed that they had found the site of the village. [see May 13-14]
 (HN, 5/24/99)(SFC, 5/7/03, p.A2)

1607  Jun 15, Colonists in North America completed James Fort in Jamestown.
 (HN, 6/15/98)

1607  Jun 21, The Church of England Episcopal Church, the 1st Protestant Episcopal parish in America, was established at Jamestown, Va. The 39 articles of the Episcopal Faith included the statement: "There is but one living and true God, everlasting, without body, parts, or passions; of infinite power, wisdom and goodness; the Maker, and Preserver of all things both visible and invisible."
 (SFC, 7/21/97, p.A11)(MC, 6/21/02)(WSJ, 6/20/03, p.W15)

1607  Jul 7, "God Save the King" was 1st sung.
 (MC, 7/7/02)

1607  Aug 14, The Popham expedition reached the Sagadahoc River in the northeastern North America and settled there.
 (HN, 8/14/98)

1607  Sep 28, Samuel de Champlain and his colonists returned to France from Port Royal Nova Scotia.
 (HN, 9/28/98)

1607  Nov 26, John Harvard, clergyman and scholar, founder of Harvard Univ., was born in England.
 (MC, 11/26/01)

1607  In Aceh Sultan Iskandar Muda fielded the largest fighting force of the region with an army that had Persian horses an elephant corps and 800-man galleys to control the seas.
 (SFC, 1/20/00, p.A12)

1607  In China the Great Wall’s largest stone tower, Zhenbeitai, was built at Yulin, near the border of Inner Mongolia.
 (SSFC, 9/1/02, p.C6)

1607-1677 Wenceslaus Hollar, Bohemian artist. He made an engraving of old St. Paul’s Cathedral in London.
 (AM, Mar/Apr 97 p.14)

1608  Jan 7, Fire destroyed Jamestown, Virginia.
 (MC, 1/7/02)

1608  Jan 28, Giovanni Alfonso Borelli, mathematician, astronomer, was born in Naples.
 (MC, 1/28/02)

1608  May 19, The Protestant states formed the Evangelical Union of Lutherans and Calvinists under the direction of the elector of Brandenburg.
 (HN, 5/19/99)

1608  May 28, Claudio Monteverdi's "Arianna," premiered in Mantua.
 (MC, 5/28/02)

1608  Jun 4, Francesco Caracciolo (44), Italian religious founder, saint, died.
 (MC, 6/4/02)

1608  Jul 3, The city of Quebec was founded as a trading post by Samuel de Champlain. The French adventurer Etienne Brule accompanied Champlain to North America and was reportedly eaten by the Huron Indians.
 (AP, 7/3/97)(SFEC, 6/7/98, Z1 p.8)(WSJ, 1/11/99, p.R49)

1608  Jul 8, The first French settlement at Quebec was established by Samuel de Champlain. [see July 3]
 (HN, 7/8/98)

1608  Sep 1, Giacomo Torelli, composer, was born.
 (MC, 9/1/02)

1608  Sep 10, John Smith was elected president of the Jamestown colony council in Virginia. Before coming to Virginia, John Smith had served as a mercenary in Hungary and was wounded, captured and sold into slavery by his Turkish adversaries; he escaped by killing his owner... Smith studied the Powhattan language and culture... Pocahontas was a Powhattan Indian girl of 10-11 years when she new Smith in Virginia. Records of the colony were kept by William Strachey, its official historian. The Powhattans were an aggressive tribe and under Chief Powhatan’s leadership, they conquered and subjugated more than 20 other tribes.
 (WSJ, 6/13/95, p.A-18)(AP, 9/10/97)

1608  Oct 2, A prototype of the modern reflecting telescope was completed by Jan Lippershey.
 (MC, 10/2/01)

1608  Dec 6, George Monck (Monk), English general and gov. of Scotland, was born.
 (MC, 12/6/01)

1608  Dec 9, English blind poet and polemical pamphleteer John Milton (1608-1674) was born in London. His work included "Paradise Lost," Paradise Regained," and "Samson Agonistes." Milton lost one eye at 36 and the other when he was 44. In 1996 Paul West wrote a novel: "Sporting with Amaryllis," that begins in 1626 and gives a fictional account of his life. In 1997 Peter Levy wrote a biography of Milton titled: "Eden Renewed."
 (WUD, '94, p.911)(WSJ, 5/6/97, p.A20)(AP, 12/9/97)

1608  Rubens painted "Adoration of the Shepherds."
 (WSJ, 2/8/00, p.A20)

1608  Shakespeare wrote his play "Pericles." It was about a prince who journeys through evil kingdoms until he meets his bride and then loses her at sea.
 (WSJ, 11/11/98, p.A21)

1608  Monteverdi wrote his opera "Arianna." It was based on a libretto by Ottavio Rinuccini. Only fragments survived into the 20th century when Alexander Goehr composed a contemporary version that premiered in 1998 in St. Louis.
 (WSJ, 7/2/98, p.A20)

1608  Bowling in Jamestown was banned after workers were found bowling instead of building the fort.
 (SFC, 7/28/97, p.A3)

1608  Settlers in Jamestown, Virginia, shipped distilled tar back to its sponsors in England, the first manufactured item exported from the US.
 (SFEC, 7/6/97, Z1 p.6)

1608  Bushmills Distillery in Northern Ireland acquired a license for whiskey production. They had been producing whiskey since the 1100s.
 (SFEC, 1/10/99, p.T8)

1608  Capt. John Smith seeking passage to the Pacific and the South Seas sailed through a Chesapeake Bay tributary and was amazed at Indian skill in building log canoes.
 (NG, Sept. 1939, J. Maloney p.357)

1608  Shakespeare’s theater group, The King’s Men, incorporated technical changes in their plays with the acquisition of the indoor Blackfriars theater.
 (WSJ, 5/1/97, p.A16)

1608  The telescope was invented.
 (SFC, 8/16/97, p.E3)

1608  Inigo Jones built an oak-paneled hall for Queen Elizabeth’s ambassador to France. The room was later bought intact by William Randolph Hearst and shipped to New York. It was later purchased by the developer of the SF Cannery and shipped to SF. It was set up as the interior of Jack’s.
 (SFEC, 7/12/98, DB p.32)

1608  In England Bess of Hardwick died at age 80. Know as the Dowager Countess of Shrewsbury, she built the Hardwick Hall in Derbyshire. Bess had married and disposed of four husbands, each leaving her richer than the last. She had been a moneylender, property dealer, exploiter of iron works, coal mines, and glass works, and ended up the richest woman in England after the Queen. She only had children by her second husband, Sir William Cavendish. Her fortune was divided between two sons, William and Charles.
 (NG, Nov. 1985, M. Girouard, p.662,671)(SFEM, 10/11/98, p.20)

1608  Shogun Ieyasu ordered Will Adams to go to the Philippines to invite the Spanish Gov. Don Diego Vevero y Velasco to compete with the Portuguese for trade with Japan.
 (ON, 11/02, p.10)

1609  Feb 7, Ferdinand I, cardinal, ruler of Tuscany, died.
 (MC, 2/7/02)

1609  Feb 10, John Suckling, English Cavalier poet, dramatist, courtier, was born.
 (MC, 2/10/02)

1609  Feb 28, Paul Sartorius (39), composer, died.
 (MC, 2/28/02)

1609  Mar 12, The Bermuda Islands became an English colony.
 (HN, 3/12/98)

1609  Mar 21, Jan II Kazimierz, cardinal, King of Poland (1648-68), was born.
 (MC, 3/21/02)

1609  Mar 25, Henry Hudson embarked on an exploration for Dutch East India Co.
 (MC, 3/25/02)

1609  Jul 6, Emperor Rudolf II granted Bohemia freedom of religion. [see Jul 9]
 (MC, 7/6/02)

1609  Jul 9, Emperor Rudolf II granted Bohemia freedom of worship. [see Jul 6]
 (HN, 7/9/98)

1609  Jul 10, The Catholic states in Germany set up a league under the leadership of Maximillian of Bavaria.
 (HN, 7/10/98)

1609  Jul 28, Admiral George Somers settled in Bermuda. The voyage to Virginia of Sir William Somers was blown off course and shipwrecked in Bermuda. William Strachey, secretary of the colony at Jamestown, Virginia, later sent a letter to England that described the event. The letter is thought by many to have been an inspiration for Shakespeare’s "Tempest."
 (AM, May/Jun 97 p.29)(SC, 7/28/02)

1609  Aug 25, Galileo demonstrated his 1st telescope to Venetian lawmakers. Galileo Galilei had improved the newly invented telescope and pointed it at the moon.
 (MC, 8/25/02)(V.D.-H.K.p.200)

1609  Aug 28, Henry Hudson discovered Delaware Bay.
 (AP, 8/28/97)

1609  Sep 3, Henry Hudson discovered the island of Manhattan. [see Sep 4]
 (MC, 9/3/01)

1609  Sep 4, Henry Hudson discovered island of Manhattan. [see Sep 3]
 (MC, 9/4/01)

1609  Sep 11, Henry Hudson discovered what is now known as New York's Hudson River.
 (MC, 9/11/01)

1609   Sep 12, English explorer Henry Hudson sailed into the river that now bears his name. Henry Hudson sailed for the Dutch East India Company in search of the Northwest Passage, a water route linking the Atlantic and Pacific Oceans, when he sailed up the present-day Hudson River.
 (AP, 9/12/97)(HNQ, 7/23/00)

1609  Oct 12, The song "Three Blind Mice" was published in London, believed to be the earliest printed secular song.
 (HN, 10/12/00)

c1609  Rubens painted "The Head of St. John the Baptist." In 1998 it sold for $5.5 mil to Alfred Bader.
 (SFC, 2/3/98, p.E3)

1609  Ben Johnson wrote his play "The Silent Woman."
 (WSJ, 2/7/03, p.W2)

1609  Shakespeare wrote his play "Cymbeline." It was based on the story of Cymbeline, king of Britain during the reign of Augustus Caesar in Rome.
 (WSJ, 6/10/98, p.A16)(WSJ, 8/19/98, p.A16)

1609  The original text of Shakespeare's 154 sonnets was published. In 1997 a poem-by-poem commentary was published by Helen Vendler: "The Art of Shakespeare's Sonnets." A new Arden edition: "Shakespeare’s Sonnets" to elucidate the context of the poems was also published in 1997.
 (WSJ, 11/12/97, p.A20)

1609  The song "Three Blind Mice" was published in London.
 (SFC,12/5/97, p.C3)

1609  Henry Hudson gave brandy to the local Indians and their chief passed out. The place was renamed "Manahachtanienk," meaning "where everybody got drunk." Authorities say that "Manhattan" came form an Indian word meaning "high island."
 (SFEC, 1/25/98, Z1 p.8)

1609  Johannes Kepler, German astronomer, first proposed that the planets moved in elliptical orbits and the circles envisioned by Copernicus.
 (SFC, 10/25/99, p.A4)

1609  Sultan Ahmet commissioned the Blue Mosque to rival the other mosques of Istanbul, Turkey.
 (CAM, Nov. Dec. '95, p.29)

1609  Forces from the Japanese feudal domain of Satsuma invaded the Ryukyu Islands and took the king hostage. Heavy tribute was soon demanded.
 (NH, 9/01, p.56)

1609  Don Alonzo Perez de Guzman el Bueno, the Duke of Medina Sedonia and head of the failed Spanish Armada, died.
 (ON, 3/02, p.6)

1609-1610 A dry spell that began in 1606 was responsible for "the starving time" at the Jamestown colony. Nearly half of the 350 colonists alive in June, 1610, were dead by the end of the summer.
 (SFC, 4/24/98, p.A17)

1609-1611 The painting "The Massacre of the Innocents" was attributed to Peter Paul Rubens in 2002 and expected to sell for $5.7-8.5 million.
 (SFC, 3/7/02, p.D12)

1610  Jan 7, The astronomer Galileo Galilei sighted four of Jupiter's moons. Galileo discovered the 1st 3 Jupiter satellites, Io, Europa & Ganymede. He discovered mountains and valleys on the moon, that Jupiter has a moon of its own, and that the sun has spots which change. Galileo discovered multiple moons around Jupiter. He also observed Mars.
 (V.D.-H.K.p.200)(SFC, 11/5/96, p.A4)(SFC, 11/29/96, p.A16)(AP, 1/7/98)(MC, 1/7/02)

1610  Feb 14, Polish king Sigismund III forced Dimitri #2 and the Romanov family to sign covenant against Czar Vasili Shuishki (sequel to story of "Boris Godunov").
 (MC, 2/14/02)

1610  Feb 28, Thomas West, Baron de La Mar, was appointed governor of Virginia.
 (HN, 2/28/98)(MC, 2/28/02)

1610  Mar 21, King James I addressed the English House of Commons.
 (MC, 3/21/02)

1610  Apr 18, Robert Parsons (63), English Jesuit leader, plotter, died.
 (MC, 4/18/02)

1610  Apr 22, Alexander VIII, [Pietro Ottoboni], Italian lawyer, Pope (1689-91), was born.
 (MC, 4/22/02)

1610  May 11, Matteo Ricci, Italian Jesuit missionary (China), died.
 (MC, 5/11/02)

1610  May 14, King Henri IV, Henri de Navarre (56), Bourbon King of France (1572, 89-1610) was assassinated by a fanatical monk, François Ravillac. Henri IV was succeeded by 11-year-old Louis XIII, under the eye of Cardinal Richelieu.
 (SFEM, 3/15/98, p.17)(HN, 5/14/99)(MC, 5/14/02)

1610  May 15, Parliament of Paris appointed Louis XIII (8) as French king.
 (MC, 5/15/02)

1610  May 24, Sir Thomas Gates instituted "laws divine moral and marshal, " a harsh civil code for Jamestown, Va.
 (HN, 5/24/99)

1610  Jun 3, Jacob Neefs, Flemish engraver, publisher, was baptized.
 (MC, 6/3/02)

1610  Jun 10, The 1st Dutch settlers arrived from NJ to colonize Manhattan Island.
 (MC, 6/10/02)

1610  Jul 4, Battle at Klushino: King Sigismund II [III] of Poland beat Russia & Sweden.
 (Maggio)

1610  Aug 3, Henry Hudson of England sailed for the English and discovered a great bay on the east coast of Canada and named it for himself.
 (HN, 8/3/98)(HNQ, 7/23/00)

1610  Aug 27, Polish King Wladyslaw was crowned king of Russia.
 (MC, 8/27/01)

1610  Ben Jonson wrote his satirical play: "The Alchemist." It was about 3 creative crooks in London bilking everyone in sight.
 (SFC, 4/26/97, p.E3)

1610  Shakespeare wrote his play ""A Winter’s Tale."
 (SFEC, 4/30/00, p.T6)

1610  Spanish colonists founded Santa Fe. They built the block long adobe El Palacio as a seat for the governor-general.
 (SFEC, 7/6/97, p.T7)(SSFC, 6/10/01, p.T9)

1610  In France Henri IV was killed by an assassin. He was succeeded by 11-year-old Louis XIII, under the eye of Cardinal Richelieu.
 (SFEM, 3/15/98, p.17)

1610  In Ireland the settlement at Derry was colonized by the English, who built a fortress surrounded by stone walls and renamed it Londonderry.
 (SFC, 12/1/97, p.A14)

1610  Retired-Japanese Samurai Hachirobei Mitsui pawned a couple of his swords and started a ribbon and kimono shop. It grew to become the world’s oldest department store, Tokyo’s Mitsukoshi.
 (SFC, 7/7/96, zone 1 p.5)

1610  The Dutch ousted the Portuguese from Indonesia by this time, but the Portuguese retained the eastern half of Timor.
 (SFC, 9/8/99, p.A17)

1610  The first cargo of Asian tea arrived in Amsterdam
 (WSJ, 1/11/99, p.R49)

1610  In Cracow (Krakow), Poland, bagels were listed in the community regulations as a suitable gift for pregnant women.
 (SFC, 10/16/96, zz1 p.6)(WSJ, 1/11/99, p.R14)

1610  Sigismund III ruled Poland.
 (AM, Jul/Aug ‘97 p.29)

c1610  Michelangelo Merisi da Caravaggio (b.1571), Italian artist, died. [see 1565-1609] In 1999 Helen Langdon authored the biography: "Caravaggio: A Life." In 2000 Peter Robb authored the biography: "M: The Man Who Became Caravaggio."
 (WSJ, 4/28/98, p.A16)(WSJ, 2/25/00, p.W8)

c1610-1615 Orazio Gentileschi, the father of Artemisia (one of the most gifted women painters of all time), painted "Judith and her Maidservant With the head of Holofernes." The 1998 film "Artemisia" was based on the life of Artemisia.
 (WSJ, 4/28/98, p.A16)(SFEC, 5/10/98, DB p.48)

1610-1643 Louis XIII (1601-1643) was King of France. He was the son of Henry IV of Navarre. He started the fashion of men’s wigs do to loss of hair.
 (WUD, 1994, p.524)(SFC, 12/29/96, zone 1 p.2)

1610-1650 In the Netherlands painters from Utrecht worked in the style of Caravaggio.
 (WSJ, 10/20/97, p.A19)

1610-1664 The Chinese painter Hong Ren. His work included "Peaks and Ravines at Jiuqi."
 (WSJ, 2/19/98, p.A20)

1610-1680 Baldassare Ferri, the first of the famous Castrato vocalists. Some of them had ranges of four octaves, up to A or even B above high C in full voice. Some of them could sustain a note for well over a minute.
 (LGC-HCS, p.42)

1611  Mar 4, George Abbot was appointed archbishop of Canterbury.
 (SC, 3/4/02)

1611  Apr 1, Gillis van Valkenborch (~72), Flemish painter, was buried.
 (MC, 4/1/02)

1611  Apr 14, Word "telescope" was 1st used by Prince Federico Cesi.
 (MC, 4/14/02)

1611  May 23, Matthias von Habsburg was chosen king of Bohemia.
 (MC, 5/23/02)

1611  Jun 22, English explorer Henry Hudson, his son and several other people were set adrift in present-day Hudson Bay by mutineers. The starving crew of the Discovery, which had spent the  winter trapped by ice in Hudson Bay, mutinied against Hudson, who was never seen again.
 (AP, 6/22/97)(SFEM, 11/15/98, p.26)(MC, 6/23/02)

1611  Nov 1, Shakespeare's romantic comedy "The Tempest" was first presented at Whitehall.
 (AP, 11/1/99)

1611  Nov 3, Henry Ireton, English general and MP (Edgehill), was born.
 (MC, 11/3/01)

1611  Dutch artist Joachim Wtewael painted "Andromeda." He and Bloemaert helped transmit the Italian mannerist influence and a preference for figure painting over landscape
 (SFC, 9/12/97, p.C8)

1611  The Aqua Paola aqueduct was built in Rome.
 (SFEC, 7/2/00, p.T5)

1611  Galileo went to Rome to describe his observations to the pontifical court.
 (V.D.-H.K.p.200)

1611  The authorized version of the King James Bible was published and it incorporated the translation of William Tyndale. In 2001 Alister McGrath authored "In the Beginning: The Story of the King James Bible and How It Changed a Nation, a Language and a Culture." In 2003 Adam Nicolson authored "God's Secretaries," which covered the tumult behind the creation of the King James Bible.
 (WSJ, 12/22/94, A-20)(SSFC, 6/3/01, DB p.71)(WSJ, 5/9/03, p.W10)

1611  Matthias, brother of Rudolf II, occupied Prague and captured Rudolf II.
 (WSJ, 1/8/99, p.C13)

1611-1670 Antonio de Pareda, Spanish allegorist painter. His work included "El Sueño del Caballero" (The Gentleman’s Dream).
 (WSJ, 1/09/00, p.A20)

1612  Jan 20, Rudolf II von Habsburg (59), emperor of Germany (1576-1612), died in Prague.
 (WSJ, 1/8/99, p.C13)(MC, 1/20/02)

1612  Feb 7, Thomas Killigrew, English humorist, playwright, leader (King's Men), was born.
 (MC, 2/7/02)

1612  Feb 8, Samuel Butler (d.1680), England, poet, satirist (Hudibras) was baptized.
 (MC, 2/8/02)

1612  Feb 17, Ernst of Bayern (57), prince, bishop of Luik, archbishop of Cologne, died.
 (MC, 2/17/02)

1612  Oct 27, A Polish army which invaded Russia capitulated to Prince Dimitri Pojarski and his Cossacks.
 (HN, 10/27/98)

1612  John Webster, English playwright, wrote his play "The White Devil." It was a tale of treachery, revenge, sexual corruption and murder.
 (WSJ, 1/09/00, p.A20)

1612  "Le Carrousel du Roi," an equestrian ballet, was choreographed by Antoine de Pluvinel and scored by Robert Ballard. It was performed as part of an engagement ceremony for Louis XIII of France to Anne of Austria, princess of Spain. An estimated 200,000 people viewed the performance in Paris’ Place Royale (later the Place des Vosges).
 (SFEC, 6/4/00, DB p.38)(SFEC, 6/11/00, p.D9)

1612  Shakespeare was commissioned to write a serious play about Henry VIII. The commission was probably made to celebrate the marriage of one of King James’ daughters.
 (WSJ, 6/27/97, p.A13)

1612  Shakespeare handed over the role of scriptwriter for the King’s Men to John Fletcher and retired to his hometown of Stratford-upon-Avon.
 (WSJ, 5/1/97, p.A16)

1612  The French explorer Etienne Brule (1592-1632) is believed to be the first European to see the Great Lakes. Brule journeyed to North America with Samuel de Champlain in 1608 and helped found Quebec. Brule explored Lake Huron in 1612 and is believed to have also explored Lakes Ontario, Erie and Superior after 1615. Brule is the first European to live among the Indians and was probably the first European to set foot in what is now Pennsylvania.
 (HNQ, 6/29/98)

1612  In France the Pavillon du Roi, begun under Henri IV, was completed. It was occupied by the king’s court and then the Duc de Sully, after which it was called the Hotel de Sully.
 (SFEM, 3/15/98, p.17)

1612  In Russia the end of the "Time of Troubles," a period of popular uprisings and fighting between noblemen and pretenders to the thrown.
 (AM, Jul/Aug ‘97 p.30)

1612-1626  Johannes Kepler, the Imperial Court Mathematician of the Habsburgs, taught at the provincial academy of Linz. Here he published his famous work Harmonices Mundi.
 (StuAus, April '95, p.79)

1612-1656 Harmen Van Steenwijck, Dutch painter, included skulls in his paintings of objects of everyday life.
 (NH, 10/96, p.38)

1612-1672 Anne Bradstreet, American poet: "Authority without wisdom is like a heavy ax without an edge, fitter to bruise than polish."
 (AP, 2/22/99)

1612-1759 The French dominated the interior of America.
 (SFC, 7/7/96, BR p.7)

1613  Jan 28, Galileo may have unknowingly viewed the undiscovered planet Neptune.
 (MC, 1/28/02)

1613  Feb 22, Mikhail Romanov (17), son of Patriarch of Moscow, was elected czar of Russia. He was crowned Jul 22. The Romanovs began to rule over Russia and lasted until 1917. [see Feb 7]
 (PCh, 1992, p.220)(SFC, 4/19/97, p.A3)(HN, 2/22/99)

1613  Apr 7, Gerard Dou, Dutch painter (Night School), was born.
 (MC, 4/7/02)

1613  Jun 29, Shakespeare's Globe Theater burned down in London.
 (USAT, 8/16/96, p.8D)(MC, 6/29/02)

1613  Jun, Susanna Hall, Shakespeare’s daughter, married Stratford doctor and herbalist John Hall.
 (WSJ, 12/5/00, p.A24)

1613  Sep 8, Don Carlo Gesauldo (b.1560), Italian composer and murderer, died.
 (WUD, 1994 p.594)(MC, 9/8/01)

1613  Sep 15, Francois, duc de la Rochefoucauld (d.1680), Paris France, writer (Memoires), was born. "When we cannot find contentment in ourselves it is useless to seek it elsewhere."
 (AP, 12/2/98)(MC, 9/15/01)

1613  Jan Breughel (1568-1625), the Elder, a son of Pieter Breughel, painted the "A Village Street with Carts, Villagers and Gentlefolk."
 (WSJ, 2/18/00, p.W12)

1613  The American Indian Tisquantum, aka Squanto, returned to the New World from England as the interpreter for John Smith. He was freed by Smith but then kidnapped with 19 fellow Indians by an Englishman and carried off to Milaga, Spain. He managed to escape to England.
 (SFEM, 11/15/98, p.28)

1613  A fleet of 3 English ships arrived in Japan in response to letters from Will Adams to the English East India Company.
 (ON, 11/02, p.10)

1613-1675 Gerrit Dou, Dutch artist. He was a student of Rembrandt.
 (SFC, 5/25/00, p.A24)

1613-1689  Khushhal Khan Khattak was an Afghan warrior-poet. He initiated a national uprising against the foreign Moghul government.
 (www.afghan, 5/25/98)

1613-1700 Andre Le Notre, French architect and landscape designer. He shaped the gardens at Vaux-le-Vicomte, Versailles, Marly, Chantilly, Saint Germain-en-Laye, Les Tuileries, saint cloud, Sceaux and Courances.
 (WUD, 1994, p.820)(SFEM, 5/18/97, p.26)

1614  Apr 5, American Indian princess Pocahontas (d.1617) married English Jamestown colonist John Rolfe in Virginia. Their marriage brought a temporary peace between the English settlers and the Algonquians. In 1616, the couple sailed to England. The "Indian Princess" was popular with the English gentry.
 (AP, 4/5/97)(HN, 5/5/97)(SFEC, 10/15/00, p.T12)(MC, 4/5/02)
1614  Apr 5, 2nd parliament of King James I began session (no enactments).
 (MC, 4/5/02)

1614  Apr 7, El Greco (b.1541), Cretan born Spanish painter (View of Toledo), died in Toledo.
 (WSJ, 6/18/01, p.A16)(MC, 4/7/02)

1614  May 15, An aristocratic uprising in France ended with the treaty of St. Menehould.
 (HN, 5/15/98)

1614  Jun 7, The 2nd parliament of King James I dissolved passing no legislation.
 (SC, 6/7/02)

1614  Jul 14, Camillus de Lellis (64), Italian soldier, monastery founder, saint, died.
 (MC, 7/14/02)

1614  Sep 1, Vincent Fettmich expelled Jews from Frankfurt-on-Main, Germany.
 (SC, 9/1/02)

1614  Crispijn de Passe the Younger published "Hortus Floridus" in Holland.
 (WSJ, 7/7/98, p.A14)

1614  John Webster, English playwright, wrote his play "The Duchess of Malfi." It is a "Jacobean melodrama set in an Italy that was viewed as a hotbed of sexual and political depravity."
 (WSJ, 12/14/95, p.A-12)

1614  Portuguese writer Diego do Couto wrote of a king in Cambodia who discovered an abandoned city during an elephant hunt in the middle of the 16th century. The report did not get published until 1958.
 (SFEC, 7/26/98, p.T6)

1614  King Louis XIII (13) gave Christophe Marie and his partners the go-ahead to build the Pont Marie linking Paris’ Right Bank to the Ile Saint Louis.
 (SFCM, 10/14/01, p.33)

1614  Father Tommaso Caccini denounced the opinions of Galileo on the motion of the Earth from the pulpit of Santa Maria Novella, judging them to be erroneous. Galileo went to Rome and defended himself against charges that had been made against him. In 1616, he was admonished by Cardinal Bellarmino and told that he could not defend Copernican astronomy because it went against the doctrine of the Church. Later, in 1632 he was summoned by the Holy Office to Rome. The tribunal passed a sentence condemning him and compelled Galileo to solemnly abjure his theory. He was sent to exile in Siena.
 (MC, 1/8/02)

1614  Shogun Ieyasu ordered all Christian missionaries to leave Japan. All Christian churches were closed and Japanese people were forbidden to practice Christianity on pain of death.
 (ON, 11/02, p.10)

1614  The Don Cossacks made a pact with the Russian Czar and gained self-government in exchange for military service.
 (SFC,10/28/97, p.A8)

1615  Feb 23, The Estates-General in Paris was dissolved, having been in session since October 1614.
 (HN, 2/23/99)

1615  Mar 13, Innocent XII, Roman Catholic Pope, was born.
 (HN, 3/13/98)

1615  Jun 4, The Tokugawa Shogun captured Osaka Castle and eliminated Hide-yoshi's heirs. The fortress of Osaka, Japan, fell to shogun Leyasu after a six month siege.
 (Jap. Enc., BLDM, p. 215)(HN, 6/4/98)

1615  Jul 28, French explorer Samuel de Champlain discovered Lake Huron on his seventh voyage to the New World.
 (HN, 7/28/98)

c1615  Artemisia Gentileschi created her painting "Female Martyr." In 1989 Mary D. Garrard authored a book on her life and art. In 2002 Susan Vreeland authored "The Passion of Artemisia," a novel based on the artist’s life.
 (SSFC, 1/13/02, p.M3)

1615  Dutch artist Joachim Wtewael painted the "Judgement of Paris."
 (SFC, 9/12/97, p.C8)

1615  In India prince Shah Jahan, son of Jehangir, returned home after a successful military campaign.
 (WSJ, 12/16/97, p.A16)

1615  In Japan Shogun Tokugawa Ieyasu granted land to Hon’ami Koetsu, a calligraphy artist. The property was named Takagamine and became a colony for artists united by their adherence to Buddhism.
 (SFC, 8/21/00, p.D3)

1615-1680 Nicolas Fouquet, treasurer to Louis XIV of France. He used embezzled funds to build his chateau Vaux le Vicomte. [see 1661]
 (WSJ, 1/11/99, p.R8)

1616  Jan 20, The French explorer Samuel de Champlain arrived to winter in a Huron Indian village after being wounded in a battle with Iroquois in New France.
 (HN, 1/20/99)

1616  Feb 26, Spanish Inquisition delivered an injunction to Galileo.
 (SC, 2/26/02)

1616  Mar 5, Copernicus' "de Revolutionibus" was placed on Catholic Forbidden index.
 (MC, 3/5/02)

1616  Mar 6, Francis Beaumont (b.1584), Elizabethan playwright, died.
 (WUD, 1994 p.131)(MC, 3/6/02)

1616  Mar 20, Walter Raleigh was released from Tower of London to seek gold in Guyana.
 (MC, 3/20/02)

1616  Apr 23, The Spanish poet Cervantes died in Madrid.
 (AP, 4/23/97)
1616  Apr 23, William Shakespeare died in Stratford-on-Avon, England. Shakespeare’s plays included "Romeo and Juliet" and "Troilus and Cressida."
 (AP, 4/23/97)(SFC,12/26/97, p.C22)

1616  Jul 25, Andreas Libavius, German alchemist, died.
 (SC, 7/25/02)

1616  Nov 20, Bishop Richelieu became French minister of Foreign affairs and War.
 (MC, 11/20/01)

1616  Dec 25, Nathaniel Courthope, a British merchant-adventurer under direct orders from James I, landed his ship Swan at the Banda Island of Run. He persuaded the islanders to enter an alliance with the British for nutmeg. He fortified the 1 by 2 mile island and with 30 men proceeded to hold off a Dutch siege for 1,540 days.
 (WSJ, 5/21/99, p.W7)

1616  The collection, "Poems," by William Drummond (b.1585), Scottish laird of Hawthornden, appeared.
 (HN, 12/13/99)

1616  Galileo was forbidden from continuing his scientific work by the Roman Catholic Church.
 (NG, March 1990, J. Boslough p. 117)

1616  The Scornful Lady, a play by Beaumont and Fletcher that features a serving maid named Abigail.
 (AHD, 1971, p.3)

1616  In a letter to Queen Anne, Capt. John Smith recalled that Pocahontas had saved the colony at Jamestown from "death, famine, and utter confusion."
 (WSJ, 6/13/95, p.A-18)

1616  Capt. Samuel Argall, deputy governor of Jamestown and known as the kidnapper of Pocahontas, was appointed to run the colony. Within 2 years the public estate was gone, though his own plantation thrived. The Earl of Warwick sent a ship and Argall loaded his plunder and absconded to England. Argall was knighted 2 years after his return to England and later served as an adviser on the governance of Jamestown.
 (SSFC, 7/14/02, p.G2)

1616  Shogun Ieyasu (b.1642), Japanese general and statesman, died.
 (WUD, 1994 p.759)(ON, 11/02, p.10)

1617  Feb 4, Louis Elsevier (~76), Dutch publisher, died.
 (MC, 2/4/02)

1617  Feb 9, Hans Christoph Haiden (44), composer, died.
 (MC, 2/9/02)

1617  Mar 9, The Treaty of Stolbovo ended the occupation of Northern Russia by Swedish troops.
 (HN, 3/9/99)

1617  Mar 21, Pocahontas (Rebecca Rolfe) died of either small pox or pneumonia while in England with her husband, John Rolfe. As Pocahontas and John Rolfe prepared to sail back to Virginia, she died reportedly from the wet English winter. She was buried at the parish church of St. George in Gravesend, England. In 2003 Paula Gunn Allen authored "Pocahontas "Medicine Woman, Spy, entrepreneur, Diplomat."
 (AP, 4/5/97)(HN, 5/5/97)(SFEC, 10/15/00, p.T12)(HN, 3/21/01)(SSFC, 10/19/03, p.M5)

1617  Apr 4, John Napier, Scottish mathematician, inventor (logarithms), died.
 (MC, 4/4/02)

1617  May 7, David Fabricius (53), German astronomer, died.
 (MC, 5/7/02)

1617  Aug 30, Rosa de Lima of Peru became the first American saint to be canonized.
 (HN, 8/30/98)

1617  Simon Vouet painted "The Fortune Teller."
 (WSJ, 4/28/98, p.A16)

1617  Fort San Diego was built to protect Acapulco, a major port for Spanish galleons, against buccaneers.
 (Hem, Dec. 94, p.25)

1617  The Pilgrims decided to leave the Netherlands. They formed a partnership in a joint-stock company with a group of London merchants in a company called John Pierce & Assoc. They received a grant for a plantation in the Virginia colony but ended up landing in Massachusetts. Each adult was to receive a share in the company but earnings would not be divided for 7 years.
 (WSJ, 11/26/97, p.A14)

1617  James VI of Scotland, aka James I of England, made a homecoming to Edinburgh Castle.
 (SFEC, 11/8/98, p.T3)

1617-1618 Mustafa I succeeded Ahmed III in the Ottoman House of Osman.
 (Ot, 1993, xvii)

1618  Jan 7, Francis Bacon became English lord chancellor.
 (MC, 1/7/02)

1618  Mar 8, Johannes Kepler came up with his Third Law of Planetary Motion.
 (SFC, 6/16/96, PM p.5)(HN, 3/8/98)

1618  Apr 2, Francesco M. Grimaldi, mathematician, physicist (light diffraction), was born.
 (MC, 4/2/02)

1618  May 15, Johannes Kepler discovered his harmonics law.
 (HN, 5/15/98)

1618  May 23, The Thirty Years War (1618-1648) ravaged Germany. It began when three opponents of the Reformation were thrown through a window. The "official" Defenestration of Prague was the "official" trigger for the Thirty Year’s War. Local Protestants became enraged when Catholic King Ferdinand reneged on promises of religious freedom and stormed Hradcany Castle and threw 3 Catholic councilors out of the window and into the moat. The conflict spread across Europe with most of the fighting taking place in Germany. The Peace of Westphalia in 1648 brought the war to an end and ended the emperor‘s authority over Germany outside the Hapsburg domain. The 1939 play "Mother Courage and Her Children" by Bertolt Brecht was set in this period (1624).
 (V.D.-H.K.p.90)(NH, 9/96, p.18,22)(HN, 5/23/98)(HNQ, 2/28/00)(WSJ, 10/23/01, p.A24)

1618  Oct 29, Sir Walter Raleigh, English scholar, poet and historian, was executed for treason. After the death of Queen Elizabeth, Raleigh's enemies spread rumors that he was opposed the accession of King James.
 (HN, 10/29/98)(MC, 10/29/01)
 
1618  Diego Velazquez painted "Old Woman Cooking," a still life on frying eggs.
 (WSJ, 7/27/95, p.A-10)

1618  Pietro da Cortona, artist, made an atlas of human anatomy: "Tabulae Anatomicae."
 (NH, 10/96, p.37)

1618  In London the play "Swetnam the Woman-Hater" introduced the term "misogynist" into the English language.
 (SFEC, 7/25/99, p.A2)

1618  In Merida, Mexico, the Iglesia de Jesus was built by Jesuits.
 (SSFC, 5/6/01, p.T6)

1618  Michael Sweerts (d.1664), artist, was born in Brussels. He did much of his important work in Rome, moved to the Netherlands, traveled in Asia with a band of missionaries and died in Goa.
 (SSFC, 12/24/00, DB p.39)(WSJ, 7/2/02, p.D7)

1618  Hendrick Goltzius (b.1558), Dutch Master painter, died. His work included "Danaë."
 (WSJ, 8/14/03, p.D8)

1618-1622 Osman II took rule in the Ottoman House of Osman.
 (Ot, 1993, xvii)

1618-1680 Sir Peter Lely, English court painter.
 (Ind, 12/26/98, p.5A)

1618-1689 The Chinese painter Gong Xian. His work included "Summer Mountains After Rain."
 (WSJ, 2/19/98, p.A20)

1618-1707 Aurangzeb, Moghul ruler of India. His wealth was said to be 10 times that of Louis XIV. The empire reached its greatest size during his rule but his persecution of Hindu subjects weakened Muslim Moghul control.
 (WSJ, 1/11/99, p.R8)
 
1618-1945 The Dutch ruled Indonesia. They were drawn to Jakarta, a fishing village which they called Batavia, for the spice trade.
 (SFEC, 4/27/97, p.T7)

1619  Feb 24, Charles Le Brun, painter, designer, was born in Paris.
 (MC, 2/24/02)

1619  Mar 1, Thomas Campion (53), English physician, composer, poet (Poemata), died.
 (SC, 3/1/02)

1619  Mar 6, Cyrano de Bergerac (d.1655), French poet, playwright (Voyage to the Moon), swordsman, was born. His radical writings prefigured Voltaire and Diderot. His noted nose was an invention of the poet Theophile Gautier introduced in an 1844 book. Edmond Rostand’s play on Cyrano was unveiled in 1897.
 (SFEC, 4/27/97, DB p.3)(MC, 3/6/02)

1619  Apr 16, Denijs Calvaert (Caluwaert), [Dionisio Fiamingo], Flemish painter, died.
 (MC, 4/16/02)

1619  May 13, Johan van Oldenbarnevelt (b.1547), Dutch lands advocate, was beheaded.
 (MC, 5/13/02)

1619  May 18, Hugo the Great (1582-1645), Hugo de Groot or Grotius, Dutch scholar, the "Father of Int’l. Law" and author of the 1st treatise on the law of the sea, Mare liberum," was sentenced to life in prison.
 (SC, 5/18/02)(Internet)

1619  Jul 30, The first representative assembly in America the House of Burgesses, became the first legislative assembly in America when it convened at Jamestown, Va.
 (AP, 7/30/97)(HN, 7/30/98)

1619  Aug 20, The first group of twenty Africans was brought to Jamestown, Virginia as indentured servants.
 (SFC, 12/18/96, p.A25)(HN, 8/20/98)

1619  Dec 4, America's 1st Thanksgiving Day was held in Virginia.
 (MC, 12/4/01)

1619  The first election in America was held to elect the members of the Virginia assembly.
 (BD emp. letter, 9/27/96)

1619  In England Tisquantum joined a new exploratory mission to the New England coast and returned to find that his tribe had been wiped out by the plague. It was he who later communicated with the first Pilgrims at Plymouth.
 (SFEM, 11/15/98, p.29)

1619  Amsterdam opened a stock exchange.
 (WSJ, 1/11/99, p.R42)

1619  Catholic Hapsburg Ferdinand became Holy Roman Emperor as Ferdinand II. [see 1620]
 (HNQ, 2/28/00)

1620  Jan 31, Virginia colony leaders wrote to the Virginia Company in England, asking for more orphaned apprentices for employment.
 (HN, 1/31/99)

1620  Feb 10, Supporters of Marie de Medici, the queen mother, who had been exiled to Blois, were defeated by the king’s troops at Ponts de Ce, France.
 (AP, 2/10/99)

1620  Feb 15, Francois Charpentier, French scholar, archaeologist, was born.
 (MC, 2/15/02)

1620  Feb 16, Frederick William, founder of Brandenburg-Prussia, was born.
 (HN, 2/16/98)

1620  Mar 9, Aegidius Albertinus (59), German writer (Lucifer's Kingdom), died.
 (MC, 3/9/02)

1620  Apr 24, John Graunt, statistician, founder of science of demography, was born.
 (HN, 4/24/98)

1620  May 17, The 1st merry-go-round was seen at a fair in Philippapolis, Turkey.
 (MC, 5/17/02)

1620  Jul 21, Jean Picard, French astronomer, was born.
 (MC, 7/21/02)

1620  Jul 22, The Pilgrims set out from Holland destined for the New World. The Speedwell sailed to England from the Netherlands with members of the English Separatist congregation that had been living in Leiden, Holland. Joining the larger Mayflower at Southampton, the two ships set sail together in August, but the Speedwell soon proved unseaworthy and was abandoned at Plymouth, England. The entire company then crowded aboard the Mayflower, setting sail for North America on September 16, 1620.
 (HNQ, 3/4/00)(MC, 7/22/02)

1620  Sep 6, 149 Pilgrims set sail from England aboard the Mayflower, bound for the New. World. They landed at Plymouth Rock two month later. [see Sep 16]
 (MC, 9/6/01)

1620  Sep 15, The Mayflower departed from Plymouth, England, with 102 pilgrims. [see Sep 6,16]
 (MC, 9/15/01)

1620  Sep 16, The Pilgrims sailed from England on the Mayflower, finally settling at Plymouth, Mass. The Pilgrims were actually Separatists because they had left the Church of England. The 4 children of William Brewster, who arrived on the Mayflower, were named: Love, Wrestling, Patience, and Fear. [see Sep 6]
 (HN, 9/16/98)(SFEM, 11/15/98, p.23)(SFC, 3/20/99, p.B4)

1620  Oct 31, John Evelyn (d.1706), British diarist (Life of Mrs. Godolphin), was born. He was a meditative and sententious English diarist.
 (WSJ, 6/2/99, p.A24)(MC, 10/31/01)

1620  Nov 8, The King of Bohemia was defeated at the Battle of White Mountain, Prague. With Hapsburg support in Bohemia the Catholics defeated the Protestants at the Battle of the White Mountain. Weeks of plunder and pillage followed in Prague and after a few months the victors tortured and executed 27 nobles and other citizens and hung 12 heads on iron hooks from the Bridge Tower.
 (NH, 9/96, p.24)(HN, 11/6/98)(MC, 11/8/01)

1620  Nov 11, 41 Pilgrims aboard the Mayflower, anchored off Massachusetts, signed a compact calling for a "body politick." 102 Pilgrims stepped ashore. They called themselves Saints and others Strangers. One passenger died enroute and 2 were born during the passage. Their military commander was Miles Standish.
 (AP, 11/11/97)(SFEM, 11/15/98, p.8,23)

1620  Nov 19, The Pilgrims reached Cape Cod.
 (HN, 11/19/98)

1620  Nov 20, Peregrine White was born aboard the Mayflower in Massachusetts Bay -- the first child born of English parents in present-day New England.
 (AP, 11/20/97)

1620  Nov 21, Leaders of the Mayflower expedition framed the "Mayflower Compact," designed to bolster unity among the settlers. The Pilgrims reached Provincetown Harbor, Mass.
 (HN, 11/21/98)(MC, 11/21/01)

1620  Dec 6, A group of passengers and crew left the Mayflower in a shallop to search for a suitable harbor and place to settle.
 (AM, 11/00, p.18)

1620  Dec 11, 103 Mayflower pilgrims landed at Plymouth Rock.
 (MC, 12/11/01)

1620  Dec 16, The Mayflower dropped anchor in Plymouth Harbor.
 (AM, 11/00, p.18)

1620  Dec 18, The Captain of the Mayflower 1st went on land at Plymouth Harbor with 3 to 4 sailors.
 (AM, 11/00, p.18)

1620  Dec 21, The Mayflower reached Plymouth, Mass. after a 63-day voyage. Pilgrims aboard the Mayflower went ashore for the first time at present-day Plymouth, Mass. The crew of the ship did not have enough beer to get to Virginia and back to England so they dropped the Pilgrims at Plymouth Rock to preserve their beer stock.
 (HFA, '96, p.44)(AP, 12/20/97)(Hem., 8/96, p.115)(MC, 12/21/01)

1620  Dec 23, French Huguenots declared war on King Louis XIII.
 (MC, 12/23/01)

1620  Georges de La Tour began his painting "The Hurdy Gurdy Player With a Dog." It was completed about 1622.
 (WSJ, 11/13/96, p.A20)

1620  "The chronicle of the Pilgrims voyage to and settlement in America was begun by Nathanial Morton, keeper of the records of Plymouth Colony, based on the account of William Bradford, sometime governor thereof..." From the two editorials titled: "The Desolate Wilderness" and "And the Fair Land," published annually in the WSJ since 1961.
 (WSJ, 11/22/95, p.A-10)

1620  Bacon published his "Novum Organon." Francis Bacon was said to have noted the striking fit of the opposing coastlines of South America and western Africa.
 (V.D.-H.K.p.139)(DD-EVTT, p.192)

1620  The Wampanoag Confederacy of some 50 Algonquin bands stretched across southeastern Massachusetts.
 (AH, 6/02, p.44)

1620  Ferdinand II became emperor of the Holy Roman Empire after the death of Rudolf II and moved the Imperial Court back to Vienna. He sold dozens of paintings collected by Rudolf II that he found "lewd."
 (WSJ, 7/10/97, p.A13)(WUD, 1994, p.524)

c1620  In Canada a settlement was established at Cupers Cove (now Cupids) in Newfoundland.
 (SFEM, 11/15/98, p.23)

1620  In England Dutch-born Cornelius Drebbel tested a submarine which cruised 15 feet under the Thames. Cornelis Drebbel also attempted to air-condition Westminster Abbey.
 (WSJ, 1/11/99, p.R14)(WSJ, 12/10/99, p.W12)

1620  In India Jehangir, successor of Akbar, visited the gardens of Kashmir and adopted the "flower style" as opposed to the previous bestiaries.
 (WSJ, 12/16/97, p.A16)

1620  Will Adams, English-Dutch-Japanese ship pilot, died in Japan.
 (ON, 11/02, p.10)

1620  In Spain the Plaza Mayor, a grand, arcaded square in Madrid, dates to this time.
 (SFEC, 5/31/98, p.T9)

1620-1621 Van Dyck made a portrait of "Thomas Howard, Earl of Arundel."
 (WSJ, 3/9/98, p.A16)

1620-1637 Ferdinand II, king of Bohemia and Hungary, ruled as the Holy Roman emperor.
 (WUD, 1994, p.524)

1621   Jan 3, William Tucker was born. He is believed to be first American born African-American. [1624 date also given]
 (HN, 1/3/99)(MC, 1/3/02)

1621  Feb 17, Miles Standish was appointed 1st commander of Plymouth colony.
 (MC, 2/17/02)

1621  Mar 4, Jakarta, Java, was renamed Batavia.
 (SC, 3/4/02)

1621  Mar 16 The first Indian appeared in Plymouth, Mass. Samoset, an English speaking Indian, and his friend Tisquantum of the Wampanoag tribe, became friends with the Pilgrims.
 (HN, 3/16/98)(SFEM, 11/15/98, p.23)

1621  Mar 31, Andrew Marvell, English poet and politician, was born.
 (HN, 3/31/01)

1621  Apr 1, The Plymouth, Massachusetts colonists created the first treaty with Native Americans.
 (OTD)

1621  Apr 5, The Mayflower sailed from Plymouth, Mass., on a return trip to England. By this time 44 of the landing party had died and 54 people, mostly children, were left to build the colony.
 (AP, 4/5/97)(SFEM, 11/15/98, p.23)

1621  May 3, Francis Bacon was accused of bribery.
 (MC, 5/3/02)

1621  May 31, Sir Francis Bacon was thrown into Tower of London for overnight.
 (MC, 5/31/02)

1621  Jun 3, The Dutch West India Company received a charter for New Netherlands, now known as New York. The Dutch West India Co. was formed to trade with America and West Africa.
 (AP, 6/3/97)(WSJ, 1/11/99, p.R42)

1621  Jul 8, Jean La Fontaine, poet and author of Fables, was born.
 (HN, 7/8/98)

1621  Sep 8, Louis II Conde, [Great Conde], duke of Bourbon (Rocroy), was born.
 (MC, 9/8/01)

1621  Sep 21, King James of England gave Canada to Sir Alexander Sterling.
 (MC, 9/21/01)

1621  Oct 16, Jan Pieterszoon Sweelinck, organist and composer, died at about 59.
 (MC, 10/16/01)

1621  Oct 25, Gov. Bradford of US Plymouth colony disallowed sport on Christmas Day.
 (MC, 10/25/01)

1621  Oct, The first American Thanksgiving was held in Massachusetts' Plymouth colony in 1621 to give thanks for a bountiful harvest. Fifty Pilgrims served codfish, sea bass and turkeys while their 90 Wampanoag guests contributed venison to the feast. After the survival of their first colony through a bitter winter and the subsequent gathering of the harvest in the autumn of 1621, Plymouth Colony Governor William Bradford issued a thanksgiving proclamation. During the three-day October thanksgiving the Pilgrims feasted on wild turkey and venison with their Native American guests.
 (HNPD, 11/26/98)

1621  Dec 3, Galileo invented the telescope. [see Aug 25, 1609]
 (MC, 12/3/01)

1621  Dec 13, Emperor Ferdinand II delegated the 1st anti-Reformation decree.
 (MC, 12/13/01)

1621  Dec 18, English parliament unanimously accepted Protestation.
 (MC, 12/18/01)

1621  Dec 25, The governor William Bradford of New Plymouth prevented newcomers from playing cards. The queens later depicted on playing cards were said to be: spades (Pallas), hearts (Judith), diamonds (Rachel), clubs (Elizabeth).
 (HN, 12/25/98)(SFC, 3/20/99, p.B4)(MC, 12/25/01)

1621  Georges de La Tour painted "The Fortune Teller," which showed a young aristocrat getting fleeced while having his palm read.
 (SFC, 10/16/99, p.D3)

1621  Robert Burton authored "Anatomy of Melancholy." In 2001 Andrew Solomon authored "The Doomday Demon: An Atlas of Depression."
 (NW, 6/11/01, p.56)

1621  A letter from the English office of the Virginia Company reports that European honeybees (Apis mellifera) were shipped to America.
 (NH, 5/97, p.32)

1621  In England Bacon was accused of taking bribes in his office of lord chancellor. He was convicted, sentenced to a large fine and imprisoned for a short time in the Tower of London.
 (V.D.-H.K.p.139)

1621  In Germany potatoes, native to the Andes, were first planted.
 (SFC, 7/14/99, p.3)

1621  In Mexico Agustina Ruiz of Quertaro was tried for claiming sexual intercourse with saints. She was sent to a convent by the Inquisition for 3 years of fasting and penance.
 (SFC, 9/18/96, p.A11)

1621  Spices bought in the West Indies for $227 sold for $2 million in Europe.
 (WSJ, 1/11/99, p.R49)

1621-1623 Orazio Gentileschi painted "Danaë."
 (WSJ, 3/12/02, p.A24)

1621-1623 Gregory XV served as Pope.
 (WSJ, 2/8/00, p.A20)

1621-1622 Dutch artist Dirck van Baburen painted "The Mocking of Christ."
 (SFC, 9/12/97, p.C8)

1622  Jan 15, Moliere (d.1673) [Jean Baptiste Poquelin], French actor and comic dramatist, was born. He was the author of "Tartuffe" and "The Misanthrope" (1666). He also did the bilingual experiment "L’Impromptu du Versailles." His last play was "The Imaginary Invalid." "It is a stupidity second to none, to busy oneself with the correction of the world."
 (WUD, 1994, p.923)(WSJ, 4/5/96, p.A-6)(LSA, Spg/97, p.14)(WSJ, 4/2/98, p.A20)(AP, 11/10/98)(HN, 1/15/99)

1622  Jan 23, William Baffin (~38), British explorer, died.
 (MC, 1/23/02)

1622  Feb 8, King James I disbanded the English parliament.
 (MC, 2/8/02)

1622  Feb 27, Rembrandt Carel Fabritius (d.1654), Dutch painter, was born.
 (SFC, 4/4/01, p.C1)(MC, 2/27/02)

1622  Mar 12, Ignatius of Loyola (founder of the Jesuits) was declared a saint.
 (MC, 3/12/02)

1622  Mar 22, The Powhattan Confederacy massacred 347-350 colonists in Virginia, a quarter of the population. On Good Friday over 300 colonists in and around Jamestown, Virginia, were massacred by the Powhatan Indians. The massacre was led by the Powhatan chief Opechancanough and began a costly 22-year war against the English. Opechancanough hoped that killing one quarter of Virginia’s colonists would put an end to the European threat. The result of the massacre was just the opposite, however, as English survivors regrouped and pushed the Powhattans far into the interior. Opechancanough launched his final campaign in 1644, when he was nearly 100 years old and almost totally blind. He was then captured and executed.
 (WSJ, 10/19/98, p.A24)(HNPD, 10/23/98)(AP, 3/22/99)(MC, 3/22/02)
 
1622  Apr 17, Henry Vaughan (d.1695), English poet and mystic, was born.
 (WUD, 1994, p.1582)(HN, 4/17/98)

1622  Jun 24, The Dutch defeated Macao.
 (HFA, '96, p.32)

1622  Sep 6, A Spanish silver fleet disappeared off Florida Keys; thousands died.
 (MC, 9/6/01)

1622  Oct 18, French King Louis XIII and the Huguenots signed the treaty of Montpellier.
 (MC, 10/18/01)

1622  Dec 28, Francois de Sales (55), French bishop of Geneva, writer and saint, died.
 (MC, 12/28/01)

1622  Dutch artist Dirck van Baburen painted: "The Procuress."
 (SFEM, 8/31/97, p.8)

1622  Thomas Middleton and William Rowley wrote the Jacobean tragedy "The Changeling."
 (WSJ, 3/6/97, p.A12)

1622  Paris Lodron, the Prince-Archbishop of Salzburg, founded the Univ. of Salzburg.
 (StuAus, April '95, p.87)

1622  The Spaten's company name comes from Munich brewing family Spaeth, which bought a 225 year-old brewery in 1622 and ran the firm for seven generations.
 (http://spatenusa.com/timeline.html)

1622  In Aklmaar [Netherlands] the cheese market officially opened. [see 1366]
 (SFEC, 6/7/98, p.T10)

1622  Safavid Persia ruled Kandahar [aka Afghanistan].
 (www.afghan, 5/25/98)

1622   Queen Nzinga of Matamba visited Portuguese officials to plead for peace.
 (ATC, p.153)

1622-1623  Mustafa I took back the rule in the Ottoman House of Osman.
 (Ot, 1993, xvii)

1622-1623 Nicolas Poussin, French painter, made his ink and wash drawing "The Death of Chione."
 (WSJ, 2/26/96, p.A-10)

1623  Mar 5, The 1st American temperance law was enacted in Virginia.
 (MC, 3/5/02)

1623  Apr 27, Johann Adam Reincken, composer, was born.
 (MC, 4/27/02)

1623  Apr 29, 11 Dutch ships departed for the conquest of Peru.
 (MC, 4/29/02)

1623  Jun 19, Blaise Pascal (d.1662), French mathematician, physicist, religious writer, was born. He affirmed that the heart has its reasons, that reason does not comprehend. The French mathematician invented the roulette wheel in an effort to create a perpetual motion machine. He formulated the first laws of atmospheric pressure, equilibrium of liquids and probability." All the troubles of man come from his not knowing how to sit still."
 (V.D.-H.K.p.123)(SFEC, 3/23/97, z1 p.7)(AP, 6/19/98)(AP, 5/28/99)(HN, 6/19/99)

1623  Jul 4, William Byrd (80), English composer (Ave verum corpus), died.
 (MC, 7/4/02)

1623  Sep 10, Lumber and furs were the first cargo to leave New Plymouth in North America for England.
 (HN, 9/10/98)

1623  Nov 9, William Camden (72), English historian: Brittania Annales, died.
 (MC, 11/9/01)

1623  In Prague Adriaen de Vries created his sculpture, "Laocoon and His Sons." It was the first reinterpretation of the Greek masterpiece unearthed in Rome in 1506.
 (WSJ, 12/7/99, p.A24)

1623  Dutch artist Dirck van Baburen painted "Prometheus Chained."
 (SFC, 9/12/97, p.C1)

1623  Velazquez painted the portrait: "Gaspar de Guzman, Count-Duke of Olivares."
 (WSJ, 12/29/99, p.A12)

1623  Ben Jonson, playwright, wrote his poem Shakespeare "Sweet Swan of Avon."
 (SFC, 4/26/97, p.E3)

1623  The 1st folio edition of Shakespeare’s plays was published.
 (SSFC, 6/3/01, DB p.71)

1623  In Massachusetts Gov. William Bradford instituted private property so that the pilgrims could cultivate food at a profit. He assigned every family a parcel of land.
 (WSJ, 11/26/97, p.A12)

1623  Avedis Zildjian, alchemist, noted that a particular combination of tin and copper rang very nicely and began making musical cymbals in Constantinople.
 (WSJ, 5/31/96, p.B1)

1623  The young male caretaker of cattle was first called a "cowboy."
 (SFC, 6/16/96, Zone 1 p.2)

1623  In London the Coopers Arm pub, now known as The Lamb and Flag at 33 Rose St., went into business.
 (SFC, 8/11/96, p.T7)

1623  The 1st case of smallpox in Russia was reported.
 (SFC, 10/19/01, p.A17)

1623-1640 Murad IV succeeded Mustafa I in the Ottoman House of Osman.
 (Ot, 1993, xvii)

1624  Jan 15, The people of Mexico rioted upon hearing that their churches were to be closed.
 (HN, 1/15/99)

1624  Mar 5, Class-based legislation was passed in the colony of Virginia, exempting the upper class from punishment by whipping.
 (HN, 3/5/99)

1624  Apr 29, Louis XIII appointed Cardinal Richelieu chief minister of the Royal Council.
 (HN, 4/29/98)

1624  May 24, After years of unprofitable operation, Virginia's charter was revoked and it became a royal colony.
 (HN, 5/24/99)

1624  Aug 13, French King Louis XIII named Cardinal Richelieu his first minister.
 (AP, 8/13/97)

1624  Sep 12, The 1st submarine was tested in London.
 (MC, 9/12/01)

1624  May 3, Spanish silver fleet sailed to Panama.
 (MC, 5/3/02)

1624  George Fox (d.1691), founder of the Religious Society of Friends (Quakers), was born in England.
 (SSFC, 8/5/01, p.C10)

1624  Poet John Donne wrote: "Any man’s death diminishes me, because I am involved in Mankind; and therefore never send to know for whom the bell tolls; it tolls for thee…"
 (SFC, 7/15/00, p.B3)

1624  In Italy Giovanni Lanfranco painted the "Council of the Gods" on the ceiling of the Galleria Borghese.
 (WSJ, 9/15/98, p.A20)

1624  Capt. John Smith published his General Historie of Virginia. His exciting adventures are pictured in the book’s engravings.
 (NG, Sept. 1939, J. Maloney p.359)

1624  Nicolas Poussin, French painter, left France and went to Rome.
 (WSJ, 2/26/96, p.A-10)

1624  Artisans of Louis XIII completed the 1st generation of the Louvre.
 (SFC, 7/15/00, p.B3)

1624  Cafe Chris opened in Amsterdam and served the construction workers of the nearby Westerkerk.
 (SFEC, 3/2/97, p.T5)

1624  The Dutch conquered Salvador, Brazil.
 (SFEC, 8/8/99, p.T8)

1624  Dutchman Cornelius Drebbel encased a wooden frame in a greased leather sheath and pushed it underwater to create what’s claimed to be the world’s 1st submarine.
 (SFC, 7/15/00, p.B3)

1625  Mar 5, James I (VI), Stuart king of Scotland (1567), England (1603-25), died.
 (MC, 3/5/02)(PCh, 1992, p.228)

1625  Mar 27, Charles I (d.1649) became the English king. He was King of England, Ireland and Scotland until he was beheaded.
 (AP, 3/27/97)(WSJ, 6/13/96, p.A12)(MC, 3/27/02)

1625  Apr 7, Albrecht von Wallenstein was appointed German supreme commander.
 (MC, 4/7/02)

1625  May 15, In Upper Austria 16 rebellious farmers were hanged in Varcklamarkt.
 (MC, 5/15/02)

1625  May 18, Francisco Gómez de Sandoval y Rojas, Spanish marquis of Denia, died.
 (SC, 5/18/02)

1625  Jun 5, Orlando Gibbons (41), English organist, composer (Silver Swan), died.
 (MC, 6/5/02)

1625  Jun 8, Giovanni Domenico Cassini, discoverer of four satellites of Saturn, was born in Perinaldo, Italy. Gian Domenico Cassini was an astrologer and then became an astronomer and was known in France as Jean-Dominique Cassini. At the Paris observatory he discovered the wide gap in the rings of Saturn now called the Cassini division, as well as four of the planet’s moons.
 (SFEC, 10/5/97, Z1 p.4)(HN, 6/8/98)(SFCM, 3/17/02, p.29)

1625  Jul 2, The Spanish army took Breda, Spain, after nearly a year of siege.
 (HN, 7/2/98)

1625  Sep 13, 16 Rabbis (including Isiah Horowitz) were imprisoned in Jerusalem.
 (MC, 9/13/01)

1625  Sep 24, Dutch Gen’l. Bowdoin Hendrik and his fleet of 17 ships sailed into San Juan, Puerto Rico, and attacked El Morro. He held the garrison under siege for 3 weeks and then set the town to flames. This infuriated the Spanish who attacked and sent the Dutch fleeing.
 (HT, 4/97, p.31-33)(MC, 9/24/01)

1625  Nov 14, Giulio C. Procaccini, Italian sculptor and painter, died.
 (MC, 11/14/01)

1625  Dutch artist Hendrick ter Brugghen painted "Saint Sebastian Attended by Saint Irene."
 (SFC, 9/12/97, p.C8)

1625  Rutilio Manetti painted "Lot and His Daughters."
 (WSJ, 4/28/98, p.A16)

1625  Rembrandt depicted himself as a bit player in his painting "The Stoning of St. Stephen."
 (WSJ, 8/11/99, p.A16)

1625  John Donne, English poet, wrote his "Westmoreland Manuscript"
 (WSJ, 12/15/95, p.A-16)

1625  Hugo Grotius (1583-1645) of Holland published his influential work "On the Law of War and Peace." Huig de Groot (Latinized as Hugo Grotius), Dutch jurist and statesman, is generally regarded as the founder of international law. (HN, 4/10/98)(HNQ, 3/15/00)

1625  The first apple orchard in the US was planted on Boston’s Beacon Hill.
 (T&L, 10/1980, p.40)

1625  An English colonizing group founded the Mount Wollaston settlement, 25 miles north of Plymouth. It later became Quincy, Mass. Thomas Morton, a London lawyer, was part of the group.
 (ON, 3/00, p.11)

1625  St. Croix island in the West Indies was settled by the Dutch and English.
 (NG, Jan, 1968, C. Mitchell, p. 83)

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