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1661  Mar 24, William Leddra became the last Quaker to be hanged in Boston. Quakers were last hanged on Boston Common. Charles II ordered the executions stopped.
 (WSJ, 4/4/01, p.A18)(MC, 3/24/02)

1661  Apr 23, English king Charles II was crowned in London.
 (MC, 4/23/02)

1661  Apr 29, Chinese Ming dynasty occupied Taiwan.
 (HN, 4/29/98)

1661  May 25, English King Charles II married Portuguese princess Catherina the Bragança.
 (SC, 5/25/02)

1661  May 27, Archibald Campbell (~53), Scottish politician, was beheaded.
 (MC, 5/27/02)

1661  Jun 3, Gottfried Scheidt (67), composer, died.
 (MC, 6/3/02)

1661  Jun 5, Isaac Newton was admitted as a student to Trinity College, Cambridge.
 (MC, 6/5/02)

1661  Sep 1, In the 1st yacht race England's King Charles II raced his brother James. [see Oct 1]
 (MC, 9/1/02)

1661  Oct 1, Yachting began in England; King Charles II outsailed his brother James. [see Sep 1]
 (MC, 10/1/01)

1661  Oct 11, Melchior de Polignac, French diplomat (Anti-Lucretius), was born.
 (MC, 10/11/01)

1661  Rembrandt depicted himself in a painting as the Apostle Paul.
 (WSJ, 8/11/99, p.A16)

1661  White Virginians who wanted to keep their servants legalized the enslavement of African immigrants.
 (SFC, 12/18/96, p.A25)

1661  The Bourla Theatre of Antwerp, Belgium can be traced back to this date.
 (Hem., 7/95, p.28)

1661  The Paris Opera Ballet was founded.
 (WSJ, 7/10/96, p.A16)

1661  Henry Slingsby, master of the London Mint, proposed the "standard solution" a mix of fiat rules and free markets, to resolve the ongoing problem of money supply and coin value. Britain adopted the idea in 1816 and the US followed in 1853.
 (WSJ, 4/2/02, p.A20)

1661  In France Nicolas Fouquet, treasurer to Louis XIV, invited the king to his new chateau Vaux le Vicomte. The king, peeved by the wealth of the nonroyal, ordered his arrest and had him imprisoned for embezzlement. The property was confiscated and Louis hired Fouquet's architects and designers to build Versailles.
 (WSJ, 1/11/99, p.R8)

1661  In Japan the Takanoshi family started producing food seasonings and became known for its soy sauce.
 (WSJ, 1/11/99, p.R42)

1661-1714 Peter Strudel, Austrian painter. He was a court painter of the Habsburgs and founded an art school that later became the Academy of Fine Arts in Vienna.
 (StuAus, April '95, p.47)

1662  Jan 27, 1st American lime kiln began operation in Providence RI.
 (MC, 1/27/02)

1662  Apr 20, Gerard Terborch, the elder, painter, died.
 (MC, 4/20/02)

1662  Apr 23, Connecticut was chartered as an English colony.
 (MC, 4/23/02)

1662  May 3, John Winthrop the Younger, the son of the first governor of Massachusetts was honored by being made a fellow of the Royal Society, England's new scientific society. Winthrop gained a new charter from the king, uniting the colonies of Connecticut and New Haven.
 (HN, 5/3/99)

1662  May 19, Uniformity Act of England went into effect.
 (DTnet, 5/19/97)

1662  Sep 12, Governor Berkley of Virginia was denied his attempts to repeal the Navigation Acts.
 (HN, 9/12/98)

1662  Oct 26, Charles II of England sold Dunkirk to France.
 (MC, 10/26/01)

1662  Edward Collier painted a still life that sold for $442,500 in 1999.
 (WSJ, 6/4/99, p.W10)

c1662  Rembrandt depicted himself in a painting as the fifth-century Greek painter Zeuxis.
 (WSJ, 8/11/99, p.A16)

1662  Cavalli composed his opera "Ercole Amante" (Hercules in Love). It was written to celebrate the marriage of Louis XIV and Maria Theresa of Austria.
 (WSJ, 6/21/99, p.A24)

1662  British law established that mourning clothes had to be made of English wool. [see 1667]
 (NG, 5.1988, pp. 574)

1662  Englishman Christopher Merret presented a paper to the Royal Society on making sparkling wine. This was noted in the 1998 "World Encyclopedia of Champagne and Sparkling Wine" by Tom Stevenson.
 (WSJ, 10/16/98, p.W13)

1662  Dutch fortune seekers killed over 400 members of the Nayar warrior caste in Kerala, India.
 (SFEM, 7/18/99, p.12)

1662-1722 Emperor Kangxi ruled over China. A film, titled Forbidden City: The Great Within, depicts the period.
 (WSJ, 11/2/95, p.A-12)

1662-1938 This period is examined by Judy L. Klein in Statistical Visions in Time: a History of Time Series Analysis: 1662-1938, from Cambridge Univ. Press.
 (WSJ, 9/28/95, p.A-18)

1663  Jan 6, There was a great earthquake in New England.
 (MC, 1/6/02)

1663  Jan 10, King Charles II affirmed the charter of Royal African Company.
 (MC, 1/10/02)

1663  Jan 29, Robert Sanderson, Bishop of Lincoln (1660-63), died.
 (MC, 1/29/02)

1663  Feb 12, Cotton Mather (d.1728), American clergyman and witchcraft specialist, was born.
 (WUD, 1994, p.884)(MC, 2/12/02)

1663  Feb 28, Thomas Newcomen, English co-inventor of the steam engine, was born.
 (MC, 2/28/02)

1663  Mar 7, Tomaso Antonio Vitali, composer, was born.
 (MC, 3/7/02)

1663  Mar 24, Charles II of England awarded lands known as Carolina in America to eight members of the nobility who assisted in his restoration. [see Apr 6]
 (HN, 3/24/99)

1663  Apr 6, King Charles II signed the Carolina Charter. [see Mar 24]
 (MC, 4/6/02)

1663  Apr 18, Osman declared war on Austria.
 (MC, 4/18/02)

1663  May 7, Theatre Royal in Drury Lane, London, opened.
 (MC, 5/7/02)

1663  May 20, William Bradford, printer, was born.
 (HN, 5/20/01)

1663  Jul 8, King Charles II of England granted a charter to Rhode Island guaranteeing freedom of worship.
 (AP, 7/8/97)(HN, 7/8/98)

1663  Jul 27, British Parliament passed a second Navigation Act, requiring all goods bound for the colonies be sent in British ships from British ports.
 (HN, 7/27/98)

1663  Sep 13, The 1st serious American slave conspiracy occurred in Virginia.
 (MC, 9/13/01)

1663  Dec 5, Severo Bonini (80), composer, died.
 (MC, 12/5/01)

1663  Rembrandt depicted himself as a bit player in his painting "The Raising of the Cross."
 (WSJ, 8/11/99, p.A16)

1663   Reverend John Eliot (1604-1690) published the first Bible in North America in the Algonquian language. An English missionary in Massachusetts called the "Apostle to the Indians," the Puritan Eliot learned the Algonquian language and preached to the Indians. He translated the Bible into Algonquian and published it in 1663.
 (HNQ, 6/7/98)

1663  The 1998 historic thriller "An Instance of the Fingerpost" by Iain Pears was set in this year.
 (WSJ, 3/18/98, p.A20)

1663  Quebec became the capital of New France.
 (HNQ, 10/3/99)

1663-1665 Jan Steen, Dutch painter, painted "The Drawing Lesson."
 (SFC, 6/4/96, p.E5)

1663-1742  Jean Baptiste Massillon, French clergyman: "To be proud and inaccessible is to be timid and weak."
 (AP, 7/23/97)

1663-1789 This period in US history is covered in the 1st volume of the Oxford History of the US by Robert Middlekauff titled: "The Glorious Cause: The American Revolution, 1663-1789."
 (WSJ, 6/7/96, p.A12)

1664  Jan 21, Count Miklos of Zrinyi set out to battle the Turkish invasion army.
 (MC, 1/21/02)

1664  Mar 12, New Jersey became a British colony as King Charles II granted land in the New World to his brother James, the Duke of York.
 (HN, 3/12/98)(AP, 3/12/98)

1664  Mar 22, Charles II gave large tracks of land from west of the Connecticut River to the east of Delaware Bay in North America to his brother James, the Duke of York and Albany. The entire Hudson Valley and New Amsterdam was given to James.
 (AP, 3/22/99)(ON, 4/00, p.2)

1664  Mar 24, A charter to colonize Rhode Island was granted to Roger Williams.
 (HN, 3/24/98)

1664  Apr 4, Adam Willaerts, Dutch seascape painter, died.
 (MC, 4/4/02)

1664  May 28, 1st Baptist Church was organized (Boston).
 (MC, 5/28/02)

1664  Jun 24, New Jersey, named after the Isle of Jersey, was founded.
 (HN, 6/24/98)

1664  Jul 23, Wealthy non-church members in Massachusetts were given the right to vote.
 (HN, 7/23/98)

1664  Aug 1, The Turkish army was defeated by French and German troops at St. Gotthard, Hungary.
 (HN, 8/1/98)

1664  Aug 28, Four English warships under Colonel Richard Nicolls sailed into New Amsterdam. 450 English soldiers disembarked and took control of Brooklyn, a village of mostly English settlers.
 (ON, 4/00, p.2)

1664  Aug 29, Adriaen Pieck/Gerrit de Ferry patented a wooden firespout in Amsterdam.
 (MC, 8/29/01)

1664  Sep 5, After days of negotiation, the Dutch settlement of New Amsterdam surrendered to the British, who would rename it New York. The citizens of New Amsterdam petitioned Peter Stuyvesant to surrender to the English.
 (HN, 9/5/98)(ON, 4/00, p.3)

1664  Sep 8, The Dutch surrendered New Amsterdam to 300 English soldiers, who later renamed it New York.
 (AP, 9/8/97)(ON, 4/00, p.3)(MC, 9/8/01)

1664  Sep 20, Maryland passed the 1st anti-amalgamation law to stop intermarriage of English women and black men.
 (MC, 9/20/01)

1664  Stephen Blake wrote "The Compleat Gardeners Practices."
 (WSJ, 7/7/98, p.A14)

1664  Moliere wrote Tartuffe, his satire on holier-than-thou hypocrites and their fatuous dupes.
 (SFC, 8/16/96, p.D1)

1664  The Jesuit scholar Athanasius Kircher wrote the "Mundus subterraneus." His work also included an ethnography of China and major treatises on music and magnetism. He also assembled in Rome a natural history collection.
 (NH, 5/97, p.58)(NH, 6/00, p.32)

1664  There was no litigation in London, England due to the Black plague.
 (SFC, 7/14/96, zone 1 p.2)

1664  Michael Sweerts (b.1618), Belgium-born artist, died in Goa, India. He did much of his important work in Rome, moved to the Netherlands, and traveled in Asia with a band of missionaries. His major work included a series depicting the Seven Acts of Mercy.
 (WSJ, 7/2/02, p.D7)

1664-1667 The Second Anglo-Dutch War.
 (HN, 6/21/98)

1664-1769 The French East India Company was chartered to carry on trade in the East Indies.
 (WUD, 1994, p.449)

1665  Jan 12, Pierre de Fermat (b.1601), French lawyer, mathematician (Fermat’s Principle), died. His equation xn + yn = zn is called Fermat’s Last Theorem and remained unproven for many years. The history of its resolution and final proof by Andrew Wiles is told by Amir D. Aczel in his 1996 book Fermat’s Last Theorem. "Fermat’s Enigma: The Epic Quest to Solve the World’s Greatest Mathematical Problem" by Simon Singh was published in 1997. In 1905 Paul Wolfskehl, a German mathematician, bequeathed a reward of 100,000 marks to whoever could find a proof to  Fermat’s "last theorem." It stumped mathematicians until 1993, when Andrew John Wiles made a breakthrough.
 (MC, 1/12/02)(SFC, 10/2/02, p.D7)

1665  Feb 6, Anne Stuart, queen of England (1702-14), was born.
 (MC, 2/6/02)

1665  Feb 12, Rudolph J. Camerarius, German botanist, physician (sexuality plant), was born.
 (MC, 2/12/02)

1665  Mar 4, English King Charles II declared war on Netherlands.
 (SC, 3/4/02)

1665  Mar 6, Philosophical Transactions of Royal Society started publishing.
 (MC, 3/6/02)

1665  Mar 11, A new legal code was approved for the Dutch and English towns, guaranteeing religious observances unhindered.
 (HN, 3/11/99)

1665  May 15, Pope Alexander VII condemned Jansenism.
 (MC, 5/15/02)

1665  May 31, Jerusalem's rabbi Sjabtai Tswi proclaimed himself Messiah.
 (MC, 5/31/02)

1665  Jun 12, England installed a municipal government in New York, formerly the Dutch settlement of New Amsterdam.
 (AP, 6/12/97)

1665  Aug 15-22, The London weekly "Bill of Mortality" recorded 5,568 fatalities with teeth holding the no. 5 spot. 4,237 were killed by the plaque.
 (SFEC, 8/2/98, BR p.7)

1665  Aug 27, "Ye Bare & Ye Cubb," the 1st play performed in N. America, was performed at Acomac, Va.
 (MC, 8/27/01)

1665  Sep 22, Moliere's "L'amour Medecin," premiered in Paris.
 (MC, 9/22/01)

1665  Nov 7, The London Gazette, the oldest surviving journal, was first published.
 (HN, 11/7/98)

1665  Dec 4, Jean Racine's "Alexandre le Grand," premiered in Paris.
 (MC, 12/4/01)

c1665  Gerrit Dou, Dutch artist, painted "Woman at the Clavichord" and a "Self-Portrait" in which he resembled Rembrandt.
 (WSJ, 5/24/00, p.A24)

1665  The 1st horse racing track in America was laid out on Long Island.
 (SFEC, 10/17/99, Z1 p.3)

1665  In France Louis XIV began to systematically hollow out formal guarantees to the Protestants until they became little more than scraps of paper.
 (WSJ, 1/11/98, p.R23)

1665  The villagers of Eyam in Derbyshire, England, voluntarily isolated themselves so as not to spread the plague. 250 of 350 people died and the town became known as the Plague Village.
 (SFEM, 10/11/98, p.22)

1665  Joseph Smith arrived in North America and became secretary to William Penn.
 (SFC, 8/21/97, p.C4)

1665  The British briefly recaptured the Banda Island of Run from the Dutch.
 (WSJ, 5/21/99, p.W7)

1665  Nicolas Poussin (b.1594), painter, known as the founder of French Classicism, died. He spent most of his career in Rome which he reached at age 30 in 1624. His Greco-Romanism work includes "The Death of Chione" (1622-1623) and "The Abduction of the Sabine Women." [WUD ends his life in 1655] In 1997 Elizabeth Cropper and Charles Dempsey authored "Nicholas Poussin: Friendship and the Love of Painting."
 (WSJ, 2/26/96, p.A-10)(AAP, 1964)(WUD, 1994, p.1126)(SFC,11/22/97, p.D5)(WSJ, 11/6/02, p.D8)y

1665  At least 68,000 Londoners died of the plague in this year.
 (NG, 5/88, p.684)

1665-1666 Vermeer painted his "Girl With a Pearl Earring" about this time. [see Vermeer, 1632-1675] In 1999 Tracy Chevalier authored the novel "Girl With a Pearl Earring," a fictionalization based on one of Vermeer's models.
 (WSJ, 11/15/95, p.A-20)(SFEC, 1/2/00, BR p.3)

1666  Jan 22, Shah Jahan died. He had built the Taj Mahal.
 (HT, 4/97, p.24)

1666  Feb 15, Antonio M. Valsalva, Italian anatomist (eardrums, glottis), was born.
 (MC, 2/15/02)

1666  Apr 19, Sarah Kembel Knight, diarist, was born.
 (HN, 4/1901)

1666  Sep 1, The Great London Fire began in Pudding Lane in the house and shop of Thomas Farynor, baker to King Charles II. [see Sep 2]
 http://www.angliacampus.com/education/fire/london/history/greatfir.htm
 (MC, 9/1/02)

1666  Sep 2, The Great Fire of London, having started at Pudding Lane, began to demolish about four-fifths of London. It started at the house of King Charles II's baker, Thomas Farrinor, after he forgot to extinguish his oven. The flames raged uncontrollably for the next few days, helped along by the wind, as well as by warehouses full of oil and other flammable substances. Approximately 13,200 houses, 90 churches and 50 livery company halls burned down or exploded. But the fire claimed only 16 lives, and it actually helped impede the spread of the deadly Black Plague, as most of the disease-carrying rats were killed in the fire.
 (CFA, '96, p.54)(AP, 9/2/97)(HNPD, 9/2/98)(HNQ, 12/2/00)

1666  Sep 5, The Fire of London was extinguished after two days.
 (HN, 9/5/98)

1666  Sep 14, St. Paul's in London was destroyed by fire. [see Sep 2]
 (MC, 9/14/01)

1666  Nov 5, Attilio Ariosti, composer, was born.
 (MC, 11/5/01)

1666  Nov 14, Samuel Pepys reported the on 1st blood transfusion, which was between dogs.
 (HFA, '96, p.42)(MC, 11/14/01)

1666  Dec 5, Francesco Antonio Nicola Scarlatti, composer, was born.
 (MC, 12/5/01)

c1666  Sir Peter Lely painted Barbara Villiers 1640-1709, mistress to King Charles II, as a Shepherdess. Charles had raised her stature to Countess of Castlemaine and later Duchess of Cleveland.
 (WSJ, 3/7/02, p.A22)

1666  Moliere wrote his play The Misanthrope. It condemned the falseness and intrigue of French aristocratic society.
 (WSJ, 10/11/95, p. A-10)

1666  Pierre-Paul Riquet convinced minister Colbert for a canal from the Mediterranean port of Sete to Toulouse and the River Garonne. He oversaw the Canal du Midi project for 15 years and died 6 months before it was completed.
 (SSFC, 1/14/01, p.T9)

1666  John Locke met Sir Anthony Ashley Cooper, later the Earl of Shaftsbury, and served him as physician, secretary and counselor for the next 15 years.
 (V.D.-H.K.p.219)

1666  The plague decimated London and Isaac Newton moved to the country. He had already discovered the binomial theorem at Cambridge and was offered the post of professor of mathematics. Newton formulated his law of universal gravitation.
 (V.D.-H.K.p.206)(JST-TMC,1983, p.70)

1666  Giovanni Francesco Barbieri Guercino, Italian painter, died. His work included "Erminia finding the wounded Tancred." In 1996 it was purchased by the Scottish National Gallery for $3.1 million.
 (TOH, 1982, p.1591d)(SFC, 8/17/96, p.E4)

1666  Franz Hals (b.1581?), Dutch painter, died in the Oudemannenhuis almshouse in Haarlem. The almshouse later became the Frans Halsmuseum.
 (SFEC, 9/3/00, p.T7)

1666  In Cholula, Mexico, the chapel Nuestra de los Remedios was built atop a Teotihuacan pyramid.
 (SFEC, 11/8/98, p.T10)

1667  Jan 30, Lithuania, Poland and Russia signed a 13.5 year treaty at Andrusov, near Smolensk. Russia received Smolensk and Kiev.
 (LHC, 1/30/03)

1667  Feb 20, David ben Samuel Halevi, rabbi, author (Shulchan Aruch), died.
 (MC, 2/20/02)

1667  Apr 9, 1st public art exhibition (Palais Royale, Paris).
 (MC, 4/9/02)

1667  Apr 29, John Arbuthnot (d.1735), Scottish mathematician, was born. With Alexander Pope, Jonathan Swift, John Gay and Thomas Parnell he founded the Scriblerus Club in 1714, whose purpose was to satirize bad poetry and pedantry. The club was short-lived.
 (http://www-gap.dcs.st-and.ac.uk/~history/Mathematicians/Arbuthnot.html)
 (MC, 4/29/02)

1667  May 6, Johann Jacob Froberger (50), German singer, organist, composer, died.
 (MC, 5/6/02)

1667  May 7, Johann Jakob Froberger (50), German organist, singer, composer, died.
 (MC, 5/7/02)

1667  May 9, Marie Louise de Gonzague-Nevers, French Queen of Poland (1645-48), died.
 (MC, 5/9/02)

1667  May 26, Abraham De Moivre, mathematician, was born.
 (HN, 5/26/98)

1667  Jun 18, The Dutch fleet sailed up the Thames and threatened London. They burned 3 ships and captured the English flagship in what came to be called the Glorious Revolution, in which William of Orange replaced James Stuart.
 (HN, 6/18/98)(WSJ, 3/14/00, p.A28)

1667  Jun 21, The Peace of Breda ended the Second Anglo-Dutch War (1664-67) and saw the Dutch cede New Amsterdam [on Manhattan Island] to the English in exchange for the nutmeg island of Run. [see Jul 21]
 (WUD, 1994, p.961)(HN, 6/21/98)(WSJ, 5/21/99, p.W7)

1667  Jun 25, Dr. Jean-Baptiste Denys, French doctor, performed the 1st blood transfusion.
 (MC, 6/25/02)

1667  Jul 21, The Peace of Breda ended the Second Anglo-Dutch War and ceded Dutch New Amsterdam to the English. The South American country of Surinam, formerly Dutch Guiana, was ceded by England to the Dutch in exchange for New York in 1667 after the second Anglo-Dutch War.[see Jun 21]
 (HN, 7/21/98)(HNQ, 8/21/98)

1667  Aug 20, John Milton published "Paradise Lost," an epic poem about the fall of Adam and Eve.
 (HN, 8/20/98)

1667  Aug 31, Johann Rist, composer, died at 60.
 (MC, 8/31/01)

1667  Sep 23, Slaves in Virginia were banned from obtaining their freedom by converting to Christianity.
 (HN, 9/23/98)

1667  Sep 24, Jean-Louis Lully, composer, was born.
 (MC, 9/24/01)

1667  Nov 7, Jean Racine's "Andromaque," premiered in Paris.
 (MC, 11/7/01)

1667  Nov 30, Jonathan Swift (d.1745), English satirist who wrote "Gulliver's Travels," was born in Ireland. "We have enough religion to make us hate, but not enough to make us love one another."
 (WUD, 1994, p.1437)(HN, 11/30/98)(AP, 4/16/00)

1667  Connecticut adopted America’s first divorce law.
 (SFC, 7/18/98, p.A15)

1667  British law required that everyone be buried in wool. [see 1662]
 (NG, 5.1988, pp. 574)

1667  A Baroque palace was built in Dubrovnik, Croatia. It later became a 400 student elementary school.
 (Hem. 1/95, p. 67)

1667  The Cossack Stench Razing led a peasant uprising.
 (SFC,10/28/97, p.A8)

1667  Arequipa, Peru, was hit by an earthquake.
 (SSFC, 6/24/01, p.A16)

1667  Francesco Borromini (b.1599), Italian Baroque architect and sculptor, died. He designed the San Ivo della Sapienza church in Rome.
 (SFEC, 7/12/98, p.B9)(WSJ, 6/27/00, p.A28)

1667-1668 The War of Devolution was fought between France and Spain as a result of the claim by Louis XIV of France that the ownership of the Spanish Netherlands devolved to his wife, Marie Therese, upon the death of her father, Philip IV of Spain. France conquered the area, now Belgium, and also seized the Franche-Comte, a Spanish possession that bordered on Switzerland.
 (HNQ, 2/7/00)

1667-1748 Johan Bernouilli, Swiss mathematician, brother of Jacob.
 (WUD, 1994, p.141)

1668  Feb 7, English King William III danced in the premiere of "Ballet of Peace."
 (MC, 2/7/02)
1668  Feb 7, The Netherlands, England and Sweden concluded an alliance directed against Louis XIV of France.
 (HN, 2/7/99)

1668  Mar 5, Francesco Gasparini, composer, was born.
 (MC, 3/5/02)

1668  Mar 25, The first horse race in America took place.
 (HN, 3/24/98)

1668  Mar 26, England took control of Bombay, India.
 (SS, 3/26/02)

1668  Mar 27, English king Charles II gave Bombay to the East India Company.
 (MC, 3/27/02)

1668  Apr 13, John Dryden (36) became 1st English poet laureate.
 (MC, 4/13/02)

1668  May 2, Peace of Aix-la-Chapelle ended the War of Devolution in France.
 (HN, 5/2/99)

1668  May 8, Alain Rene Lesage, French novelist and dramatist, was born. He is best known for his works "The Adventures of Gil Blas" and "Turcaret."
 (HN, 5/8/99)

1668  May 27, Three colonists were expelled from Massachusetts for being Baptists.
 (HN, 5/27/99)

1668  Sep 16, King John Casimer II of Poland abdicated the throne.
 (HN, 9/16/98)(PCh, 1992, p.241)

1668  Oct 23, Jews of Barbados were forbidden to engage in retail trade.
 (MC, 10/23/01)

1668  Nov 10, Francois Couperin, composer and organist (Concerts Royaux), was born in Paris, France.
 (MC, 11/10/01)

1668  Dec 22, Stephen Day, 1st British colonial printer, died.
 (MC, 12/22/01)

1668  Bernini sculpted a terra cotta study for one of the angels of Rome’s Port Santa Angelo.
 (WSJ, 10/22/96, p.A20)

1668  The British trading ship Nonsuch 1st sailed into Hudson Bay.
 (SSFC, 12/22/02, p.C6)

1668  Louis XIV of France purchased the 112 carat blue diamond from John Baptiste Tavernier for 220,000 livre. Tavernier was also given a title of nobility.
 (THC, 12/3/97)(EB, 1993, V6 p.51)

1668  The Spaniards established a permanent settlement on Guam. They forced the Chamorros to convert to Catholicism. Under Spanish rule the Chamorro numbers were reduced to some 2,000.
 (SFEC, 3/7/99,Z1 p.4)

1668  Arequipa, Peru, was hit by another earthquake.
 (SSFC, 6/24/01, p.A16)

1669  Feb 1, French King Louis XIV limited the freedom of religion.
 (MC, 2/1/02)

1669  Mar 11, Mount Etna in Sicily erupted  killing 15,000. [see Mar 25]
 (MC, 3/12/02)

1669  Mar 25, Mount Etna, Sicily, erupted and destroyed Nicolosi, killing 20,000. [see Mar 11]
 (MC, 3/25/02)

1669  Sep 27, The island of Crete in the Mediterranean Sea fell to the Ottoman Turks after a 21-year siege.
 (HN, 9/27/98)

1669  Oct 4, Rembrandt H. van Rijn (b.1606), painter and etcher (Steel Masters, Night Watch), died. In 1999 Simon Schama published the biography "Rembrandt's Eyes."
 (WSJ, 11/24/99, p.A16)(MC, 10/4/01)

1669  Dec 20, The 1st American jury trial was held in Delaware. Marcus Jacobson was condemned for insurrection and sentenced to flogging, branding & slavery.
 (MC, 12/20/01)

1669  Vermeer painted "The Art of Painting." The 3' by 4' work was larger than most of his paintings.
 (SFC, 11/24/99, p.E8)

1669  Nils Steensen’s "Prodromus" was first published in Italy and translated to English two years later. It explained the authors determination of the successive order of the earth strata.
 (RFH-MDHP, p.7)

1669  The semicircular Sheldonian Theater at Oxford, England, designed by Christopher Wren, was completed.
 (SSFC, 2/4/01, p.T8)

1669  Emperor Leopold I sanctioned the foundation of a higher school in Innsbruck, Austria. This is considered to mark the founding of the Univ. of Innsbruck.
 (StuAus, April '95, p.97)

1669  While Mount Etna erupted, German scholar Athanasius Kircher was busy devising a machine that would clean out volcanoes the way a chimney sweep cleaned out clogged chimneys.
 (PacDisc. Spring/’96, p.26)

1469-1539 The guru Nanak founded Sikhism in the Punjab as an offshoot of Hinduism. He assimilated tenets of pantheistic Hinduism and monotheistic Islam. He refused to accept the caste system and the supremacy of the Brahmanical priests and forbade magic, idolatry and pilgrimages. Brahma is the Hindu god of creation. Turbaned followers would sport the main of the lion, Singha or Sikh.
 (WUD, 1994, p.1326)(Hem., 3/97, p.28) (SFEM, 9/19/99, p.74)(SFC, 9/22/99, p.E1)

1670  Jan 3, George Monck (61), English general (to the-sea), died.
 (MC, 1/3/02)

1670  Feb 10, William Congreve, English writer (Old Bachelor, Way of the World), was born.
 (MC, 2/10/02)

1670  Feb 14, Roman Catholic emperor Leopold I chased the Jews out of Vienna.
 (MC, 2/14/02)

1670  Feb 27, Jews were expelled from Austria by order of Leopold I.
 (MC, 2/27/02)

1670  Apr, Colonists landed on the western bank of the Ashley River, five miles from the sea, and named their settlement Charles Town in honor of Charles II, King of England.
 (Hem., 1/95, p.70)

1670  May 2, The Hudson Bay Co. was chartered by England's King Charles II to exploit the resources of the Hudson Bay area.
 (AP, 5/2/97)(HN, 5/2/98)(AH, 4/01, p.36)

1670  May 12, August II, the Strong One, King of Poland (355 children), was born.
 (MC, 5/12/02)

1670  May 26, A treaty was signed in secret in Dover, England, between Charles II and Louis XIV ending hostilities between them.
 (HN, 5/26/99)

1670  Oct 13, Virginia passed a law that blacks arriving in the colonies as Christians could not be used as slaves.
 (HN, 10/13/98)

1670  Nov 28, Pierre Corneille's "Tite et Berenice," premiered in Paris.
 (MC, 11/28/01)

1670  Vermeer painted his "A Young Woman Standing at a Virginal" and "A Young Woman Seated at a Virginal."
 (WSJ, 6/19/00, p.a42)

1670  John Ray printed a book of aphorisms such as: "Blood is thicker than water..." and "Haste makes waste."
 (SFC, 11/23/96, p.E4)

1670  Cafe Procope, the first cafe in Paris, began serving ice cream.
 (SFC, 11/23/96, p.E4)

1670  Minute hands on watches first appeared.
 (SFC, 7/14/99, p.3)

1670  Ashanti, a West African chiefdom (later part of Ghana), prospered from trade of cola nuts, gold and slaves.
 (WSJ, 1/11/99, p.R49)
 

1670-1680 In Oman the Nizwa Fort was built 100 miles southwest of Muscat.
 (AM, May/Jun 97 p.46)

1670-1712 Osei Tutu, ruler of the Ashanti Empire in what later became Ghana. He amassed a fortune by supplying slaves to British and Dutch traders in exchange for firearms.
 (WSJ, 1/11/99, p.R8)

1670-1850 Daniel Cohen's 1993 Pillars of Salt, Monuments of Grace is a book that follows the shifts in social authority and attitudes toward authority in New England as demonstrated by changes in the crime literature of this period.
 (LSA., Fall 1995, p.19)

1670s  French explorer Rene Robert Cavelier (LaSalle), Sieur de La Salle, explored the Great Lakes region of the New World.
 (SFC, 11/30/96, p.A7)

1671  Jan 18, Pirate Henry Morgan defeated Spanish defenders and captured Panama.
 (MC, 1/18/02)

1671  Jan 27, Welsh pirate Sir Henry Morgan (1635-1688) landed at Panama City.
 (WUD, 1994 p.931)(MC, 1/27/02)

1671  Feb 19, Charles-Hubert Gervais, composer, was born.
 (MC, 2/19/02)

1671  Apr 6, Jean-Baptiste Rousseau, French playwright, poet (Sacred Odes & Songs), was born.
 (MC, 4/6/02)

1671  Apr 22, King Charles II sat in on English parliament.
 (MC, 4/22/02)

1671  Apr 30, Peter Zrinyi (49), Hungarian banished to Croatia, was beheaded.
 (MC, 4/30/02)

1671  May 9, Colonel Thomas Blood (1618-1680), Irish adventurer, attempted to steal the Crown Jewels from the Tower of London.
 (MC, 5/9/02)(Reuters, 8/24/01)

1671  Jun 6 (OS), Stenka, Stepan Razin, Russian Cossack, was killed. [see Jun 16]
 (MC, 6/6/02)

1671  Jun 8, Tomaso Albinoni, Italian composer (Adagio in G-minor), was born.
 (MC, 6/8/02)

1671  Jun 16 (NS), Stenka Razin, Cossack rebel leader, was tortured & executed in Moscow. [see Jun 6]
 (MC, 6/16/02)

1671  Nov 6, Colley Cibber, England, dramatist, poet laureate (Love's Last Shift), was born.
 (MC, 11/6/01)

1671  Dec 1, Francesco Stradivari, Italian violin maker and son of Antonius, was born.
 (MC, 12/1/01)

1671  Vermeer painted his "Allegory of Faith." [see Vermeer, 1632-1675]
 (WSJ, 11/15/95, p.A-20)

1671  Moliere wrote his farce "Les Fourberies de Scapin" (The Wiles of Scapin or Scapin the Cheat).
 (WSJ, 1/10/97, p.A9)(SFC, 6/15/98, p.D3)

1671  Rice arrived in South Carolina from Madagascar but nobody knew how to husk it for food.
 (Hem., 12/96, p.82)

1671  In Germany Gottfried Wilhelm Leibnitz devised a mechanical calculator to add, subtract, multiply and divide.
 (WSJ, 1/11/99, p.R14)

1671-1729 John Law, Scotsman and financier for France. He controlled France's foreign trade, mints, revenue, national debt and the Louisiana territory. [see 1694]
 (WSJ, 1/11/99, p.R8)

1672  Jan 1, The beginning of the current Dionysian Period, named for the monk Dionysius Exiguous who, in the AD 500s, introduced the present custom of reckoning time by counting the years from the birth of Christ.
 (CFA, '96, p.22)

1672  Feb 8, Isaac Newton read his 1st optics paper before Royal Society in London.
 (MC, 2/8/02)

1672  Mar 15, England’s King Charles II enacted Declaration of Indulgence.
 (MC, 3/15/02)

1672  Apr 6, Andre Ardinal Destouches, composer, was born.
 (MC, 4/6/02)

1672  Apr 29, King Louis XIV of France invaded the Netherlands.
 (HN, 4/29/99)

1672  May 1, Joseph Addison (d.1719), English essayist (Spectator) and poet, was born. "We are always doing, says he, something for posterity, but I would fain see posterity do something for us." "A man must be both stupid and uncharitable who believes there is no virtue or truth but on his own side."
 (AHD, 1971, p.14)(AP, 11/21/97)(AP, 7/14/98)(MC, 5/1/02)

1672  May 15, 1st copyright law was enacted by Massachusetts.
 (MC, 5/15/02)

1672  May 17, Frontenac became governor of New France (Canada).
 (MC, 5/17/02)

1672    May 30, Peter I (the Great) Romanov, great czar (tsar) of Russia (1682-1725), was born. [see Jun 9]
 (HN, 5/30/98)(MC, 5/30/02)

1672  Jun 9, Peter I (d.1725), "The Great," was born. He grew to be almost 7 feet tall and was the Russian Czar from 1682 to 1725 and modernized Russia with sweeping reforms. He moved the Russian capital to the new city he built, St. Petersburg. [see May 30]
 (CFA, '96, p.48)(WUD, 1994, p.1077)(HN, 6/9/99)(SFC, 12/25/99, p.C3)

1672  Jun 15, The Sluices were opened in Holland to save Amsterdam from the French.
 (HT, 6/15/00)

1672  Jun 25, 1st recorded monthly Quaker meeting in US was held at Sandwich, Mass.
 (MC, 6/25/02)

1672  Jul 4, States of Holland declared "Eternal Edict" void.
 (Maggio)

1672  Nov 1, Heinrich Schutz (87), composer, died. [see Nov 6]
 (MC, 11/1/01)

1672  Nov 6, Heinrich Schutz (87), German composer (Weihnachtsoratorium), died. [see Nov 1]
 (MC, 11/6/01)

1672  Dec 10, Gov. Lovelace announced monthly mail service between NY and Boston.
 (MC, 12/10/01)

1672  Christian Huygens of Holland discovered white polar caps on Mars.
 (SFC, 11/29/96, p.A16)

1672  The Royal African Co. was granted a charter to expand the slave trade and its stockholders included philosopher John Locke. The operation supplied English sugar colonies with 3,000 slaves annually.
 (SFC, 10/19/98, p.D3)(WSJ, 1/11/99, p.R49)

1672  Peter Stuyvesant died on his farm in NY. In 1959 Henry H. Kessler and Eugene Rachlis authored "Peter Stuyvesant and his New York." In 1970 Adele de Leeuw authored "Peter Stuyvesant."
 (ON, 4/00, p.3)

1673  Feb 17, Moliere, [Jean Baptiste Poquelin], French author (Tartuffe, Le Malade Imaginaire), died.
 (MC, 2/17/02)

1673  Feb 20, The 1st recorded wine auction was held in London.
 (MC, 2/20/02)

1673  Mar 28, Adam Pijnacker (51), Dutch landscape painter, etcher, was buried.
 (MC, 3/28/02)

1673  Mar 29, English king Charles II accepted the Test Act in which Roman Catholics were excluded from public functions.
 (MC, 3/29/02)

1673  Apr 5, Francois Caron (~72), admiral, governor (Formosa), drowned.
 (MC, 4/5/02)

1673  May 17, Louis Joliet and Jacques Marquette began exploring the Mississippi.
 (MC, 5/17/02)

1673  May 29, Cornelis van Bijnkershoek, lawyer, president of High Council, was born.
 (SC, 5/29/02)

1673  Sep 21, James Needham returned to Virginia after exploring the land to the west, which would become Tennessee.
 (HN, 9/21/98)

1673  Dec 28, Joan Blaeu (77), Dutch cartographer, publisher (Atlas Major), died.
 (MC, 12/28/01)

1673  The French Blue Diamond was recut to a 67 carat stone.
 (EB, 1993, V6 p.51)

1673  Scientific research began in Cuba.
 (SFC, 3/17/99, p.A14)

1674  Feb 9, English reconquered NY from Netherlands.
 (MC, 2/9/02)

1674  Feb 19, Netherlands and England signed the Peace of Westminster. NYC became English.
 (MC, 2/19/02)

1674  Feb 21, Johann Augustin Kobelius, composer, was born.
 (MC, 2/21/02)

1674  Mar 6, Johann Paul Schor (58), German baroque painter, died.
 (MC, 3/6/02)

1674  May 20, John Sobieski became Poland’s first King. [see May 11, 1573]
 (HN, 5/20/98)

1674  May 21, Gen. Jan Sobieski was chosen King of Poland. [see May 20]
 (MC, 5/21/02)

1674  Jun 6, Sivaji crowned himself King of India.
 (HN, 6/6/98)

1674  Jun 20, Nicholas Rowe, poet laureate of England, was born.
 (HN, 6/20/98)

1674  Jul 17, Isaac Watts, English minister and hymn writer, was born.
 (HN, 7/17/01)

1674  Oct 15, Robert Herrick, British poet (Together), was born in Mass.
 (MC, 10/15/01)

1674  Nov 8, John Milton (65), English poet (Paradise Lost), died.  His work included "Paradise Lost," Paradise Regained," and "Samson Agonistes." Milton lost one eye at 36 and the other when he was 44. In 1952 Prof. Sensabaugh (d.2002 at 95) authored "In That Grand Whig, Milton," an examination of Milton’s political tracts. In 1996 Paul West wrote a novel: "Sporting with Amaryllis," that begins in 1626 and gives a fictional account of his life. In 1997 Peter Levy wrote a biography of Milton titled: "Eden Renewed."
 (WUD, '94, p.911)(WSJ, 5/6/97, p.A20)(AP, 12/9/97)(MC, 11/8/01)(SFC, 2/28/02, p.A20)

1674  Nov 10, Dutch formally ceded New Netherlands (NY) to English.
 (MC, 11/10/01)

1674  Nov 24, Franciscus van Enden (72), Flemish Jesuit and free thinker, was executed.
 (MC, 11/24/01)

1674  Dec 4, Father Marquette built the 1st dwelling at what is now Chicago.
 (MC, 12/4/01)

1675  Jan 31, Cornelia Dina Olfaarts was found not guilty of witchcraft.
 (MC, 1/31/02)

1675  Mar 2, Prince William III was installed as Governor of Overijssel.
 (SC, 3/2/02)

1675  Mar 4, John Flamsteed was appointed 1st Astronomer Royal of England.
 (SC, 3/4/02)

1675  May 18, Jacques Marquette (37), Jesuit, missionary in Chicago, died.
 (SC, 5/18/02)

1675  Jun 11, France and Poland formed an alliance.
 (AP, 6/11/03)

1675  Jun 20, Abenaki, Massachusetts, Mohegan & Wampanoag Indians formed an anti English front. Wampanoag warriors attacked livestock and looted farms.
 (MC, 6/20/02)(AH, 6/02, p.46)

1675  Jun 21, Sir Christopher Wren began to rebuild St Paul’s Cathedral in London, replacing the old building which had been destroyed by the Great fire.
 (HN, 6/21/01)

1675  Jun 22, Royal Greenwich Observatory was established in England by Charles II.
 (YarraNet, 6/22/00)

1675  Jun 23, An English youth shot a Marauding Wampanoag warrior.
 (AH, 6/02, p.46)

1675  Jun 24, King Philip’s War began when Indians--retaliating for the execution of three of their people who had been charged with murder by the English--massacred colonists at Swansee, Plymouth colony.
 (HN, 6/24/98)(AH, 6/02, p.47)

1675  Jun 28, Frederick William of Brandenburg crushed the Swedes.
 (HN, 6/28/98)

1675  Sep 9, New England colonial authorities officially declared war on the Wampanoag Indians. The war soon spread to include the Abenaki, Norwottock, Pocumtuck and Agawam warriors.
 (MC, 9/9/01)(AH, 6/02, p.47)

1675  Oct 4, Christian Huygens patented a pocket watch.
 (MC, 10/4/01)

1675  Nov 22, English king Charles II adjourned parliament.
 (MC, 11/22/01)

1675  Dec 19, Some 1,000 colonial troops attacked the Narragansett winter village in Rhode Island. The Great Swamp Fight ended with some 80 English killed and 600 Indians dead, mostly women and children. Wakefield, Rhode Island, USA, The Great Swamp Memorial marks the site where 4,000 Indians died in defense of a secret fort.
 (Postcard, Wakefield Chamber of Commerce)(AH, 6/02, p.48)

1675  Lely painted a portrait of Nell Gwynn, the favorite mistress of Charles II. It is now in the London National Gallery. Charles II acknowledged 14 illegitimate children and historians identified 13 mistresses.
 (SFEC, 2/1/98, p.T8)(SFC, 7/22/00, p.E4)

1675  In France Lully composed "Thesee." The librettist was Philippe Quinault. This work established the tragedie lyrique operatic form.
 (WSJ, 7/5/01, p.A10)

1675  The 9th Sikh guru was executed in Delhi, India. His son, Gobind Rai, took up arms and organized a new fraternity called the Khalsa (the pure), and gave them the common surname Singh (lion), and changed his own name to Gobind Singh.
 (WSJ, 10/12/01, p.W17)

1675  Johannes Vermeer (b.1632), Dutch painter, died in poverty. In 2001 Anthony Bailey authored "Vermeer: A View of Delft."
 (WSJ, 11/15/95, p.A-20)(SSFC, 3/25/01, BR p.5)

1675-1710 In London Old St. Paul’s Cathedral was replaced with a new design by Sir Christopher Wren.
 (AM, Mar/Apr 97 p.14)

c1675-1741 Antonio Vivaldi, Italian violinist and composer. [see 1678]
 (WUD, 1994, p.1598)

1675-1900 McDade's Annals of Murder is an annotated bibliography that provides a list and description of individual items and identifies multiple accounts of the same crimes over this time period by career FBI man McDade.
 (LSA., Fall 1995, p.17)

1676  Feb 10, In King Philip’s War Narragansett and Nipmuck Indians raided Lancaster, Mass. Over 35 villagers were killed and 24 were taken captive including Mary Rowlandson and her 3 children. Rowlandson was freed after 11 weeks and an account of her captivity was published posthumously in 1682.
 (AH, 6/02, p.48)(MC, 2/10/02)

1676  Feb, Mohawk Indians attacked and killed all but 40 Wampanoag Indians under Philip. NY Gov. Edmund Andros had urged the Mohawks to attack the Wampanoags.
 (AH, 6/02, p.48)

1676  Mar 29, Wampanoag allies destroyed Providence, Rhode Island.
 (AH, 6/02, p.48)

1676  Apr 14, Ernst Chreistian Hesse, composer, was born.
 (MC, 4/14/02)

1676  Apr 17, Frederick I, king of Sweden, was born.
 (HN, 4/17/98)

1676  Apr 18, Sudbury, Massachusetts was attacked by Indians.
 (HN, 4/18/98)

1676  Apr 29, Michiel A. de Ruyter (69), Dutch rear-admiral, (Newport), was killed.
 (MC, 4/29/02)

1676  Canonchet, the Narragansett sachem, was executed.
 (AH, 6/02, p.48)

1676  May 10, Bacon's Rebellion began. It pitted frontiersmen against the government. Bacon’s Rebellion in Virginia involved an attack on a local Indian community and the sacking of the colonial capital in Jamestown. It is described by Catherine McNicol Stock in her 1997 book "Rural Radicals; Righteous Rage in the American Grain."
 (SFEC, 2/2/97, BR. p.8)(HN, 5/10/98)

1676  Aug 12, Indian chief King Philip, also known as Metacom, was killed by  a Pocasset Indian named Alderman in the swamps of Rhode Island. This ended the King Philip’s War. Benjamin Church, a Plymouth volunteer, ordered that Philip be beheaded and quartered. [see Aug 28]
 (AH, 6/02, p.50)

1676  Aug 28, Indian chief King Philip, also known as Metacom, was killed by English soldiers, ending the war between Indians and colonists. [see Aug 12]
 (HN, 8/28/98)

1676  Sep 1, Nathaniel Bacon led an uprising against English Governor William Berkeley at Jamestown, Virginia, resulting in the settlement being burned to the ground. Bacon's Rebellion came in response to the governor's repeated refusal to defend the colonists against the Indians. [see May 10, Sep 19]
 (HN, 9/1/99)

1676  Sep 19, Rebels under Nathaniel Bacon set Jamestown, Va., on fire. [see Sep 1]
 (MC, 9/19/01)

1676  Sep 21, Benedetto Odescalchi was elected as Pope Innocent XI.
 (MC, 9/21/01)

1676  Oct 18, Nathaniel Bacon, who rallied against Virginian government, was killed at 29.
 (MC, 10/18/01)

1676  Nov 16, 1st colonial prison was organized at Nantucket Mass.
 (MC, 11/16/01)

1676  Sir Robert Walpole (d.1745), the first and longest serving prime minister of England, was born. He was not then called the prime minister as the king held all honors. He collected a large number of paintings by old masters at his Houghton Hall home in Norfolk.
 (WSJ, 3/3/97, p.A16)

1676  Lully composed his tragic opera "Atys."
 (SFEC, 1/18/98, DB p.33)

1676  Ole Christensen Roemer, Danish astronomer, discovered that light travels at a finite, but very high speed. His calculation estimated the speed at 140,000 miles per second.
 (BHT, Hawking, p.19)

1676  Geminiamo Montanari, Italian astronomer, documented a meteor with a sound "like the rattling of a great Cart running over Stones." It was later understood that meteors can detectable generate radio waves.
 (NH, 7/02, p.38)

1676-1759 Chong Son, Korean painter. His work included "Pine Tree at Sajik Altar" and "Landscape."
 (SFC, 7/26/97, p.E1)

1677  Feb 15, King Charles II reported an anti-French covenant with Netherlands.
 (MC, 2/15/02)

1677  Feb 16, Earl of Shaftesbury was arrested and confined to the London Tower. [see Oct 24, 1681]
 (MC, 2/16/02)

1677  Feb 21, [Benedictus] Baruch Spinoza (b.1632), Dutch philosopher, died. In 2003 Antonio Damasio authored "Looking for Spinoza," a look at contemporary neurological research in contrast with the opposing philosophical views of Spinoza and Descartes.
 (WUD, 1994 p.1371)(MC, 2/21/02)(SSFC, 2/2/03, p.M4)

1677  Mar 13, Massachusetts gained title to Maine for $6,000.
 (MC, 3/13/02)

1677  Apr 27, Colonel Jeffreys became the governor of Virginia.
 (HN, 4/27/98)

1677  May 29, King Charles II and 12 Virginia Indian chiefs signed a treaty that established a 3-mile non-encroachment zone around Indian land. The Mattaponi Indians in 1997 invoked this treaty to protect against encroachment.
 (SFC, 6/2/97, p.A3)

1677  Sep 21, John and Nicolaas van der Heyden patented a fire extinguisher.
 (MC, 9/21/01)

1677  Nov 4, William and Mary were married in England on William's birthday. William of Orange married his cousin Mary (daughter to James, Duke of York and the same James II who fled in 1688).
 (HNQ, 12/28/00)(HN, 11/4/02)

1677  Racine wrote his drama Phèdre. It was based on the tragic Greek tale of Phaedra’s love for her stepson Hippolytus, son of Theseus.
 (WSJ, 5/21/97, p.A12)

1677  Pope Innocent XII confirmed the imperial foundation of the Univ. of Innsbruck in a papal bull that emphasized the Catholic character of the Univ. and decreed that the important chairs of the Faculty of Theology be filled by members of the Jesuit order.
 (StuAus, April '95, p.97)

1677  The Episcopal Parish called St. Michaels was established on the east coast of the Chesapeake Bay. The town of St. Michaels derives its name after the parish.
 (SMBA, 1996)

1677  Christopher Wren redesigned the burned Church of St. Mary the Virgin in Aldermanbury, England. His monument at St. Paul’s Cathedral in London reads: Si monumentum requires circumspice- If you seek his monument, look around you.
 (SFC, 3/30/97, p.T5)(WSJ, 5/21/97, p.A15)

1678  Feb 18, John Bunyan's "Pilgrim's Progress" was published. [see Sep 28]
 (MC, 2/18/02)

1678  Mar 4, Antonio Vivaldi (d.1741), Italian Baroque composer (4 Seasons) and violinist, was born in Venice. [see 1675]
 (HN, 3/4/01)(SC, 3/4/02)

1678  May 31, The Godiva procession, commemorating Lady Godiva's legendary ride while naked, became part of the Coventry Fair.
 (HN, 5/31/01)

1678  Jun 17, Giacomo Torelli (69), composer, died.
 (MC, 6/17/02)

1678  Sep 28, "Pilgrim's Progress" by John Bunyan (b.1628) was published. [see Feb 18]
 (MC, 9/28/01)

1678  Nov 18, Giovanni Maria Bononcini (36), composer, died.
 (MC, 11/18/01)

1678  Nov 28, England's King Charles II accused his wife, Catherine of Braganza, of treason. Her crime? She had yet to bear him children.
 (DTnet, 11/28/97)

1678  Nov 30, Roman Catholics were  banned from English parliament.
 (MC, 11/30/01)

1678  Dec 3, Edmund Halley received an MA from Queen's College, Oxford.
 (MC, 12/3/01)

1678  Louis XIV claimed the region of Alsace from Germany.
 (SFEC, 1/31/99, p.T4)

1678-1707 Georg Farquhar, Anglo-Irish dramatist.
 (WSJ, 10/3/96, p.A12)
1678-1707 Aurangzeb was the 1st Muslim ruler to fire his cannon at the giant Buddhas at Bamiyan, Afghanistan.
 (WSJ, 11/16/01, p.W12)

1679  Jan 24, King Charles II disbanded the English parliament.
 (MC, 1/24/02)

1679  Jan 31, Jean-Baptiste Lully's opera "Bellerophon" premiered in Paris.
 (MC, 1/31/02)

1679  Apr 3, Edmund Halley met Johannes Hevelius in Danzig.
 (MC, 4/3/02)

1679  Apr 17, John van Kessel (53), Flemish painter, died.
 (MC, 4/17/02)

1679  May 12, Giovanni Antonio Ricieri, composer, was born.
 (MC, 5/12/02)

1679  May 14, Peder [Nielsen] Horrebow, Danish astronomer, was born.
 (MC, 5/14/02)

1679  May 27, Habeas Corpus Act (have the body), to prevent false arrest and imprisonment, passed in UK.
 (WUD, 1994 p.634)(MC, 5/27/02)

1679  Jun 1, Battle at Bothwell Bridge on Clyde: Duke of Monmouth beat the Scottish.
(MC, 6/1/02)

1679  Jul 10, The British crown claimed New Hampshire as a royal colony.
 (HN, 7/10/98)

1679  Sep 18, New Hampshire became a county Massachusetts Bay Colony.
 (MC, 9/18/01)

1679  Oct 16, Jan Dismas Zelenka, composer, was born.
 (MC, 10/16/01)

1679  Oct 23, The Meal Tub Plot took place against James II of England.
 (MC, 10/23/01)

1679  Nov 3, A great panic occurred in Europe over the close approach of a comet.
 (MC, 11/3/01)

1679  Dec 17, Don Juan, ruler of Spain, died.
 (MC, 12/17/01)

1679-1947 Some 8,500 vessels have been lost in Lake Michigan over this period.
 (Hem., 7/96, p.25)

1680  May 5, Giuseppe Porsile, composer, was born.
 (MC, 5/5/02)

1680  May 29, Abraham Megerle (73), composer, died.
 (SC, 5/29/02)

1680  Aug 13, War started when the Spanish were expelled from Santa Fe, New Mexico, by Indians under Chief Pope.
 (HN, 8/13/98)

1680  Aug 21, Pueblo Indians took possession of Santa Fe, N.M., after driving out the Spanish. They destroyed almost all of the Spanish churches in Taos and Santa Fe.
 (AP, 8/21/97)(SFEC, 6/21/98, Z1 p.8)

1680  Aug 24, Colonel Thomas Blood, Irish adventurer who stole the Crown Jewels from the Tower of London in 1671, died. Captured after the theft, he insisted on seeing King Charles II, who pardoned him.
 (Reuters, 8/24/01)

1680  Sep 25, Samuel Butler (b.1612), poet and satirist, died.
 (MC, 9/25/01)

1680  Oct 13, Daniel Elsevier, book publisher and publisher, died at 54.
 (MC, 10/13/01)

1680  Nov 18, Jean-Baptiste Loeillet, composer, was born.
 (MC, 11/18/01)

1680  Nov 27, Athanasius Kircher, German Jesuit and inventor of a lantern, died.
 (MC, 11/27/01)

1680  Nov 28 Giovanni "Gian" Lorenzo Bernini (b.Dec 7,1598), Sculptor, Painter, Architect, Italian, the greatest sculptor of the 17th century, died.
 (DTnet, 11/28/97)

1680  Pierre Puget made his bronze sculpture of Herakles (Hercules) struggling in the burning tunic. Sophocles around 440-420 composed his tragedy "The Trachinian Women." It described what happened when Hercules put on the robe woven by his wife Deianeira.
 (AM, Mar/Apr 97 p.55)

1680  John Locke completed two works requested by the Earl of Shaftsbury. "The First Treatise on Civil Government" was written to counter Robert Filmer’s old book "Patriarcha." "The Second Treatise on Civil Government" was a more general approach. It concerns the interconnection of three great ideas: property, government, and revolution. Government comes into existence, said Locke, because of property. If there is no property, then government is not needed to protect it. For Locke the question revolved around whether property was legitimate.
 (V.D.-H.K.p.219)

1680  Benedetto Ferrari composed his oratorio "Il Sansone," (Samson). It was later discovered that he wrote the text and probably the music for "Pur to miro," the final duet for Monteverdi’s "L’Incoronazione di Poppea."
 (SFC, 1/20/98, p.E1)(SFC, 6/9/98, p.D1)

1680  In Hamburg, Germany, a cymbal was used for the 1st time in an orchestra.
 (SFC, 9/18/99, p.B3)

1680   The original parish of the Nuestra Senora de la Purisima Concepcion church in Socorro, Texas, also known as San Miguel because it contains a statue of the archangel Michael, was founded.
 (AWAM, Dec. 94, p.65)

1680  Maryland colonists ran out of supplies and survived starvation by eating oysters.
 (SFC, 9/18/99, p.B3)

c1680  The first American tall case clock, later called a "grandfather clock," was built.
 (SFC,10/22/97, Z1 p.7)

1680  Chief Justice William Scroggs was impeached for, among other things, browbeating witnesses, cursing and drinking to excess.
 (WSJ, 1/25/99, p.A19)

1680  An eclipse of the sun occurred in this year. The oral tradition of one African culture speaks of a strange darkness during chief Bo Kama Bomenchala’s reign.
 (ATC, p.147)

c1680  A supernova of the star Cassiopeia A occurred about this time and a remnant was observed by the Chandra X-ray Observatory in 1999.
 (USAT, 8/27/99, p.14A)

1680  Kateri Tekakwitha, a Mohawk Indian, died. She became the first Native American to be beatified by the Catholic Church in 1980.
 (SFEC, 9/14/97, p.A18)

1680  Leavened bread was developed in Egypt.
 (SFC, 9/18/99, p.B3)

1680  Hykos tribesmen wore sandals and successfully overcame barefoot Egyptians.
 (SFC, 9/18/99, p.B3)

c1680-1685 Simon Pietesz, Verelst, painted a portrait of "Nell Gwyn," Protestant mistress to Charles II.
 (WSJ, 3/7/02, p.A22)

1680-1786 On Senegal it was estimated that over 2 million slaves passed through Goree Island on their way to the American colonies.
 (SFC, 4/3/98, p.B3)

1681  Jan 6, 1st recorded boxing match was between the Duke of Albemarle's butler and his butcher.
 (MC, 1/6/02)

1681  Jan 8, The treaty of Radzin ended a five year war between the Turks and the allied countries of Russia and Poland.
 (HN, 1/8/99)

1681  Mar 4, England's King Charles II granted a charter to William Penn (37) for 48,000 square miles that later became Pennsylvania. Penn’s father had bequeathed him a claim of £15,000 against the king. Penn later laid out the city of Philadelphia as a gridiron about 2 miles long, east to west, and a mile wide.
 (PCh, 1992, p.259)(AP, 3/4/98)(SFEC, 8/16/98, p.T1)

1681  Mar 10, English Quaker William Penn received a charter from Charles II, making him sole proprietor of colonial American territory of Pennsylvania. [see Mar 4]
 (MC, 3/10/02)

1681  Mar 14, Georg Philipp Telemann, late baroque composer, was born in Magdeburg, Germany.
 (MC, 3/14/02)

1681  Apr 11, Anne Danican Philidor, composer, was born.
 (MC, 4/11/02)

1681  May 17, Louis XIV sent an expedition to aid James II in Ireland. As a result, England declared war on France.
 (HN, 5/17/99)

1681  May 25, Caldéron de la Barca (b.1600), Spanish dramatist & poet, died.
 (WUD, 1994 p.210)(SC, 5/25/02)

1681  Oct 24, Earl of Shaftesbury (d.1683) was accused of high treason in London. The Earl of Shaftsbury had challenged the king on the question of succession. The king dissolved Parliament and threw Shaftsbury into the Tower of London and charged him with treason. Shaftsbury was acquitted and went to Holland with John Locke.
 (V.D.-H.K.p.220)(MC, 10/24/01)(PCh, 1992, p.260)

1681  Nov 9, Hungarian parliament promised Protestants freedom of religion.
 (MC, 11/9/01)

1681  Fa Jo-chen, Chinese artist, created a 45-foot-long handscroll of a winding river with the land on both sides rolled up in round, furry lumps.
 (WSJ, 5/15/02, p.AD7)

1681  Nehemiah Grew, the first scientist to call sloths by their common English name, described the animal in his catalog of specimens owned by the Royal Society of London.
 (Nat. Hist., 4/96, p.20-21)

1681  The dodo bird was last seen on Mauritius. The dodo bird became extinct on Mauritius.
 (SFC, 7/7/96, BR p.5)(NH, 11/96, p.24)(SFEC, 6/21/98, Z1 p.8)

1681-1764 Johann Mattheson, German composer, friend of Handel.
 (LGC-HCS, p.38)

1682  Feb 13, Giovanni Piazzetta, painter, was born.
 (HN, 2/13/98)

1682  Apr 3, Esteban Murillo (b.1617), Spanish painter, died. Some of his mid-century work in Seville portrayed the effects of the Plague that killed 50% of the population in 4 months.
 (WSJ, 4/9/02, p.D19)(MC, 4/3/02)

1682  Apr 9, The French explorer Rene Robert Cavelier, Sieur de La Salle, reached the Mississippi River. La Salle returned to France after having discovered the mouth of the Mississippi River. La Salle claimed lower Mississippi River and all lands that touched it for France.
 (AP, 4/9/97)(SFC, 11/30/96, p.A7)(HN, 4/9/98)

1682  Apr 11, Jean-Joseph Mouret, composer, was born.
 (MC, 4/11/02)

1682  May 6, King Louis XIV moved his court to Versailles, France.
 (HN, 5/6/98)

1682  Jun 10, The first tornado of record in colonial America hit New Haven, Conn.
 (SFEC, 7/4/99, Z1 p.8)

1682  Jun 27, Charles XII (d.1718), King of Sweden (1697-1718), was born.
 (WUD, 1994, p.249)(SFC, 8/17/96, p.E5)(HN, 6/27/98)

1682  Aug 30, William Penn left England to sail to New World. He took along an insurance policy.
 (MC, 8/30/01)

1682  Sep 4, English astronomer Edmund Halley saw his namesake comet.
 (MC, 9/4/01)

1682  Oct 26, William Penn accepted the area around Delaware River from Duke of York.
 (MC, 10/26/01)

1682  Oct 29, The founder of Pennsylvania, William Penn, landed at what is now Chester, Pa. William Penn founded Philadelphia. Penn founded Pennsylvania as a "Holy Experiment" based on Quaker principles.
 (AP, 10/29/97)(SFEC, 6/21/98, Z1 p.8)(SSFC, 8/5/01, p.C10)

1682  Thomas Otway wrote his Restoration tragedy "Venice Preserv’d."
 (WSJ, 2/6/97, p.A12)

1682  John Playford organized the Musick’s Recreation on the Viol.
 (EMN, 1/96, p.4)

1682  Wren’s Royal Hospital Chelsea was founded by Charles II as a hostel for old soldiers.
 (WSJ, 3/11/02, p.A16)

1682  Nicholas Wise founded Norfolk, Va.
 (SFEC, 7/4/99, Z1 p.8)

1682  Pere Lachaise, a French Jesuit priest, was confessor to Louis XIV. His order built a house on the future site of the Paris cemetery named after him.
 (SFC, 6/16/96, T-6)

1682  In Russia a rebellion by government Streltsy regiments killed the grandfather, aunts and other relatives of Peter the Great. The Monastery of Peter the Metropolitan was reconstructed and as served as the family necropolis.
 (AM, Jul/Aug ‘97 p.38)

1682  Claude Lorrain (b.1604), French painter (also known as Claude Gelée), died.
 (WSJ, 11/6/02, p.D8)

1682-1725 The rule of Peter the Great. The original stone cathedral of the Monastery of the Epiphany in Moscow was built during this time. It was built over the remnants of an earlier wooden church.
 (AM, Jul/Aug ‘97 p.37)

1683  Feb 12, A Christian Army, led by Charles, the Duke of Lorraine and King John Sobieski of Poland, routed a huge Ottoman army surrounding Vienna.
 (HN, 2/12/99)

1683  Feb 20, Philip V, first Bourbon King of Spain, was born. [see Dec 19]
 (HN, 2/20/01)

1683  Jun 23, William Penn signed a friendship treaty with Lenni Lenape Indians in Pennsylvania. It became the only treaty "not sworn to, nor broken."
 (HN, 6/23/98)(MC, 6/23/02)

1683  Jul 3, Edward Young, English poet, dramatist and literary critic, was born. He wrote "Night Thoughts."
 (HN, 7/3/99)

1683  Sep 3, Turkish troops broke through the defense of Vienna.
 (MC, 9/3/01)

1683  Sep 9, Algernon Sidney, English Whig politician and plotter, was beheaded.
 (MC, 9/9/01)

1683  Sep 12, A combined Austrian and Polish army defeated the Ottoman Turks at Kahlenberg and lifted the siege on Vienna, Austria. The severed head of Kara Mustapha, Turkish grand vizier, was preserved by Austria as a souvenir of the siege of Vienna.
 (WSJ, 3/27/96, p.A-16)(HN, 9/12/98)(SFEC, 2/6/00, p.A1)
1683  Sep 12, Prince Eugene of Savoy repelled an invasion of Vienna, Austria, by Turkish forces.
 (Hem., Dec. '95, p.69)(WSJ, 3/27/96, p.A-16)
1683  Sep 12, Marco d'Aviano, sent by Pope Innocent XI to unite the outnumbered Christian troops, spurred them to victory. The Turks left behind sacks of coffee which the Christians found too bitter, so they sweetened it with honey and milk and named the drink cappuccino after the Capuchin order of monks to which d'Aviano belonged. An Austrian baker created a crescent-shaped roll, the Kipfel, to celebrate the victory. Empress Maria Theresa later took it to France where it became the croissant.
 (Reuters, 4/28/03)(WSJ, 6/3/03, p.D5)

1683  Sep 15, Germantown, Pa., was founded by 13 immigrant families. [see Oct 6]
 (MC, 9/15/01)

1683  Sep 17, Antonie van Leeuwenhoek reported the existence of bacteria.
 (MC, 9/17/01)

1683  Sep 24, King Louis XIV expelled all Jews from French possessions in America.
 (MC, 9/24/01)

1683  Sep 25, Jean-Philippe Rameau, composer, was born in Dijon, France.
 (MC, 9/25/01)

1683  Sep 29, A small armada sailed from the Mexican mainland across the Sea of Cortez to the Baha Peninsula. Hostile natives had forced them back to the mainland on a first landing and a storm forced them back on a 2nd attempt.
 (SFEC, 5/18/97, p.T5)(WSJ, 12/26/97, p.A9)

1683  Oct 6, 13 Mennonite families from Krefeld, Germany, arrived in present-day Philadelphia to begin Germantown, one of America's oldest settlements. They were encouraged by William Penn's offer of 5,000 acres of land in the colony of Pennsylvania and the freedom to practice their religion. [see Sep 15]
 (AP, 10/6/97)(MC, 10/6/01)
1683  Oct 6, The small armada from the Mexican mainland landed on their 3rd attempt at crossing to the Baha peninsula and settled at the mouth of a river that they named San Bruno. The site was abandoned after 2 years. Spanish settlement on the Baha was later described by Father James Donald Francez in "The Lost Treasures of Baha California."
 (SFEC, 5/18/97, p.T5)(WSJ, 12/26/97, p.A9)

1683  Oct 30, George II, King of Great Britain (1727-60), was born. [see Oct 30]
 (MC, 10/30/01)

1683  Nov 10, George II, king of England (1727-60), was born. [see Nov 10]
 (MC, 11/10/01)

1683  Nov 22, Purcell's "Welcome to All the Pleasures," premiered in London.
 (MC, 11/22/01)

1683  Dec 19, Philip V, King of Spain (1700-24, 24-46), was born in Versailles, France. [see Feb 20]
 (MC, 12/19/01)

1683  Giovanni Battista Foggini created his sculpture "The Mass of Saint Andrea Corsini."
 (WSJ, 1/29/02, p.A18)

1683  In England the Ashmolean Museum was built in Oxford to house natural-history artifacts. It was the first such public museum.
 (WSJ, 1/11/99, p.R34)

1683  Alessandro Scarlatti (father of Domenico Scarlatti) wrote the score for his opera "L’Aldimiro." The only know score extant was found in a library in Berkeley, Ca., in 1989.
 (SFC, 5/26/96, DB p.26)

1684  Feb 24, Catherine I, Empress of Russia (1725-27), was born in Dorpat, Estonia. [see Apr 15]
 (MC, 2/24/02)

1684  Apr 15, Catherine I, empress of Russia (1725-1727), was born. [see Feb 24]
 (HN, 4/15/98)(MC, 4/15/02)

1684  Apr 25, A patent was granted for the thimble.
 (SS, 4/25/02)

1684  Jun 21, King Charles II revoked the 1629 Massachusetts Bay Colony charter. [see 1691]
 (HNQ, 11/23/00)(MC, 6/21/02)

1684  Jun 22, Francesco Onofrio Manfredini, composer, was born.
 (MC, 6/22/02)

1684  Oct 1, Pierre Corneille, French lawyer and dramatist (El Cid, Polyeucte), died at 42.
 (MC, 10/1/01)

1684  Oct 10, Jean Antoine Watteau (d.1721), French rococo painter, was born.
 (WUD, 1994 p.1614)(AAP, 1964)(MC, 10/10/01)

1684  Dec 3, Ludvig Baron Holberg, founder of Danish & Norwegian literature, was born.
 (MC, 12/3/01)

1684  For one year Paris was the world’s biggest city.
 (SFEC, 2/22/98, Z1 p.8)

1684  French explorer Rene Robert Cavelier, Sieur de La Salle, set sail for what is now Louisiana with 4 ships commissioned from King Louis XIV. On the way one ship was lost to pirates, another broke apart on a sand bar and a third returned home. The 4th was sunk in a storm in 1686.
 (SFC, 11/30/96, p.A7)

1685  Jan, French explorer Rene Robert Cavelier, Sieur de La Salle, landed at Matagorda Bay, Texas. He thought that he was at the mouth of the Mississippi River but soon realized his mistake and went of looking for the river.
 (SFC, 11/9/96, p.A12)(SFC, 11/30/96, p.A7)

1685  Feb 2, Charles II (54), King of England, Scotland, Ireland (1660-85), died. He had earlier ordered Christopher Wren to build an observatory and maritime college at Greenwich. In 2000 Stephen Coote authored the biography: "Royal Survivor."
 (SFEC, 1/30/00, p.T6)(WSJ, 2/28/00, p.A36)(MC, 2/2/02)

1685  Feb 11, David Teniers III (46), Flemish painter, died.
 (MC, 2/11/02)

1685  Feb 23, George Frideric Handel (d.1759), composer and musician, was born in Halle, Germany.
 (LGC-HCS, p.37)(AP, 2/23/98)(HN, 2/23/98)

1685  Mar 21 [Mar 22], Composer Johann Sebastian Bach (d.1750) was born in Eisenach, Germany, the youngest of eight children. 2nd source says Mar 21. He composed cantatas, sonatas, preludes, fugues and chorale preludes, and whose works included "Brandenburg Concerto" and "Well-Tempered Clavier."
 (CFA, '96,Vol 179,  p.42)(AP, 3/21/97)(LGC-HCS.p.17) (HN, 3/21/98) (HN, 3/21/99)

1685  May 28, Pieter de la Court (~67), economist, historian, died.
 (MC, 5/28/02)

1685  Jun 11, Duke of Monmouth's rebellion broke out in England.
 (AP, 6/11/03)

1685  Jun 30, John Gay, playwright, was born. He wrote the Beggars' Opera which attacked the court of George II,
 (HN, 6/30/99)
1685  Jun 30, Dominikus Zimmermann, German architect, painter (Liebfrauenkirche), was born.
 (MC, 6/30/02)
1685  Jun 30, Archibald Campbell (~55), Scottish politician, was beheaded.
 (MC, 6/30/02)

1685  Jul 6, James II defeated James, the Duke of Monmouth, at the Battle of Sedgemoor, the last major battle to be fought on English soil.
 (HN, 7/6/98)

1685  Jul 15, James Scott, the Duke of Monmouth and illegitimate son of Charles II, was executed on Tower Hill in England, after his army was defeated at Sedgemoor.
 (HN, 7/15/98)(MC, 7/15/02)

1685  Oct 18, Louis XIV revoked the Edict of Nantes and outlawed Protestantism. The edict, signed at Nantes, France, by King Henry IV in 1598, gave the Huguenots religious liberty, civil rights and security. By revoking the Edict of Nantes, Louis XIV abrogated their religious liberties. He declared France entirely Catholic again.
 (AP, 10/18/97)(AP, 4/13/98)(HN, 4/13/98)(HN, 10/18/98)(MC, 10/18/01)

1685  Oct 26, Domenico Scarlatti (d.1757, composer and harpsichordist was born in Naples, Italy. Scarlatti, son of Alessandro, composed over 550 short, keyboard sonatas or exercises.
 (WUD, 1994 p.1275)(LGC-HCS, p.38)(MC, 10/26/01)

1685  Nov 8, Fredrick William of Brandenburg issued the Edict of Potsdam, offering Huguenots refuge.
 (HN, 11/6/98)

1685  Dec 3, Charles II barred Jews from settling in Stockholm, Sweden.
 (MC, 12/3/01)

1685  Dec 12, Lodovico Giustini, composer, was born.
 (MC, 12/12/01)

1685  Sylvestre Dufour published "Traitez Nuveaux et Curieux de Cafe, du The, et du Chocolat."
 (WSJ, 7/7/98, p.A14)

1685  Dutch mapmaker, Johannes van Keulen, produced a map of New York and Long Island. He charted the Hudson and Connecticut rivers with greater accuracy than ever before. Long Island was labeled on the map as "Lange Eyland."
 (WSJ, 11/24/95, p.B-8)

1685  In Canada there was a shortage of currency and playing cards were assigned monetary values for use as money.
 (WSJ, 1/11/99, p.R42)

1685  The Venetians returned to the Peloponnesus.
 (AM, May/Jun 97 p.56)

1685-1712 Celia Fiennes’ journal about her travels throughout England have provided historians with valuable insight into the social conditions of the country in the late 1600s. Celia Fiennes, an enterprising young, single woman, rode side-saddle through every county in England. She traveled alone except for two servants, and the journal she kept, later published as "The Journeys of Celia Fiennes 1685-c.1712," is the only evidence we have of her travels.
 (HNQ, 4/22/01)

c1685-1753 George Berkeley, Irish bishop and philosopher. He argued that the things we see around us exist only as ideas. This was in opposition to naive realism which held that we perceive objects as they really are.
 (WUD, 1994, p.140)(WSJ, 8/21/98, p.W13)

1685-1768 Hakuin Ekaku, Japanese Zen painter. His work included "Side View of Daruma."
 (SSFC, 9/23/01, DB p.48)

1686  Jan, A storm arose and sank the ship, La Belle, of French explorer Rene Robert Cavelier, Sieur de La Salle, in Matagorda Bay, Texas. La Salle was off searching for the Mississippi River. The wreck was discovered in 1995 and in 1996 a skeleton was bound onboard.
 (SFC, 11/9/96, p.A12)(SFC, 11/30/96, p.A7)

1686  Feb 15, Jean Baptiste Lully's opera "Armide," premiered in Paris.
 (MC, 2/15/02)

1686  Apr 4, English king James II published a Declaration of Indulgence.
 (MC, 4/4/02)

1686  Apr 28, The first volume of Isaac Newton's "Philosophiae naturalis principia mathematica" ("Mathematical Principles of Natural Philosophy") was published in Latin. His invention of differential and integral calculus is here presented. Here also are stated Newton’s laws of motion, that obliterated the Aristotelian concept of inertia.
 1) Every physical body continues in its state of rest, unless it is compelled to change that state by a force or forces impressed upon it.
 2) A change of motion is proportional to the force impressed upon the body and is made in the direction of the straight line in which the force is impressed.
 3) To every action there is always opposed an equal reaction.
 Book Three of the Principia opens with two pages headed "Rules of Reasoning in Philosophy." There are four rules as follows:
 1) We are to admit no more causes of natural things than such as are both true and sufficient to explain the appearances. [A restatement of Ockham’s Razor: "What can be done with fewer is done in vain with more."]
 2) Therefore to the same natural effects we must, as far as possible, assign the same causes.
 3) The qualities of bodies which are found to belong to all bodies within the reach of our experiments, are to be esteemed the universal qualities of bodies whatsoever.
 4) In experimental philosophy we are to look upon propositions inferred by general induction from phenomena as accurately or very nearly true notwithstanding any contrary hypothesis that may be imagined, till such time as other phenomena occur, by which they may either be made more accurate, or liable to exceptions.
 (V.D.-H.K.p.207-10)(HN, 4/28/98)

1686  May 14, Gabriel Daniel Fahrenheit German physicist and instrument maker, was born. He invented the thermometer. [see May 24]
 (HN, 5/14/98)

1686  May 24, Gabriel Daniel Fahrenheit (d.1736), German physicist, was born. He devised a temperature scale and introduced the use of mercury in thermometers. He assigned the number 32 for the melting point of ice, 96 to the temperature of blood and 212 to the steam point.[see May 14]
 (WUD, 1994, p.510)(SFEC, 3/22/98, Par. p.8)(HN, 5/24/98)

1686  Jul 8, The Austrians took Budapest, Hungary, from the Turks and annexed the country.
 (HN, 7/8/01)

1686  Jul 22, Albany, New York, began operating under an official charter.
 (SFEC, 4/2/00, Z1 p.2)

1686  Dec 19, Robinson Crusoe left his island after 28 years (as per Defoe).
 (MC, 12/19/01)

1686  Two Mohican Indians signed a mortgage for their land in Schaghticoke, New York, with simple markings. It was notarized by Robert Livingston, whose family became one of the greatest agricultural landlords and int'l. merchants in the colony of New York.
 (WSJ, 11/19/99, p.W10)

1687  Feb 19, Johann Adam Birkenstock, composer and sandal designer, was born.
 (MC, 2/19/02)

1687  Feb 22, Jean-Baptiste Lully, composer, died in Paris. Lully, Paris Opera director, had stabbed himself in the foot with a baton and died of blood poisoning.
 (SFC, 8/21/99, p.B3)(MC, 2/22/02)

1687  Mar 19, French explorer Robert Cavelier (43), Sieur de La Salle, the first European to navigate the length of the Mississippi River, was murdered by mutineers while searching for the mouth of the Mississippi, along the coast of the Gulf of Mexico in present-day Texas.
 (SFC, 11/9/96, p.A12)(AP, 3/19/97)(HN, 3/19/99)(MC, 3/19/02)

1687  Mar 28, Constantine Huygens (90), diplomat, poet, composer (Bluebottles), died.
 (MC, 3/28/02)

1687  Apr 4, King James II ordered his declaration of indulgence read in church.
 (MC, 4/4/02)

1687  Aug 12, At the Battle of Mohacs, Hungary, Charles of Lorraine defeated the Turks.
 (HN, 8/12/98)

1687  Sep 26, The Venetian army attacked the Acropolis in Athens while trying to eject Turks. Marauding Venetians sent a mortar through a gable window of the Parthenon and ignited a Turkish store of gunpowder. This damaged the northern colonnade of the Parthenon. The Parthenon was destroyed in the war between Turks and Venetians.
 (SFEC, 6/6/99, p.A26)(MC, 9/26/01)

1687  Sep 28, Venetians took Athens from the Turks.
 (MC, 9/28/01)

1687  Nov 13, Nell [Eleanor] Gwyn (37), mistress of Charles II of England, died.
 (MC, 11/13/01)

1687  Dec 5, Francesco Xaverio Geminiani, composer, was born.
 (MC, 12/5/01)

1687  Giovanni Battista Foggini created a portrait bust of "Cosimo III de’ Medici."
 (WSJ, 1/29/02, p.A18)

1687  Newton declared that time is absolute... "It flows equably without relation to anything external." This view was held until Einstein’s relativity in 1905.
 (NG, March 1990, J. Boslough p. 118)

1687  Clocks began to be made with 2 hands for the first time
 (SFEC, 9/7/97, Z1 p.5)

1687  James II, a Roman Catholic, supported unpopular policies that, by 1687, led to many English subjects urging William to intervene. With the birth of a son to James in 1688, fears of a Roman Catholic succession led to opponents sending an invitation to William in July.
 (HNQ, 12/28 /00)

1687-1691 Suleiman II succeeded Mehmed IV in the Ottoman House of Osman.
 (Ot, 1993, xvii)

1688  Feb 18, Quakers in Germantown, Pa. adopted the fist formal antislavery resolution in America. At a Mennonite meeting in Germantown, Pennsylvania, a memorandum was penned stating a profound opposition to Negro slavery.
 (V.D.-H.K.p.276)(HN, 2/18/99)

1688  Apr 15, Johann Friedrich Fasch, composer, was born.
 (MC, 4/15/02)

1688  May 21, Alexander Pope (d.1744), England, poet (Rape of the Lock), was born. His "Essay on Criticism" contains the line: "A little learning is a dangerous thing..."
 (NH, 9/97, p.24)(MC, 5/21/02)

1688  May 25, Christian August Jacobi, composer, was born.
 (SC, 5/25/02)

1688  Aug 31, John Bunyan, preacher, novelist (Pilgrim's Progress), died.
 (MC, 8/31/01)

1688  Sep 6, Imperial troops defeated the Turks and took Belgrade, Serbia.
 (HN, 9/6/98)

1688  Oct 1, Prince William III accepted an invitation for the English crown.
 (MC, 10/1/01)

1688  Oct 27, King James II fired premier Robert Spencer.
 (MC, 10/27/01)

1688  Nov 24, General strategist John Churchill met William III.
 (MC, 11/24/01)

1688  Nov 25, Princess Anne fled from London to Nottingham.
 (MC, 11/25/01)

1688  Nov 26, King James II escaped back to London.
 (MC, 11/26/01)
1688  Nov 26, Louis XIV declared war on the Netherlands.
 (HN, 11/26/98)

1688  Nov, William and his forces landed in England and marched nearly unopposed to London.
 (HNQ, 12/28/00)

1688  Dec 4, General strategist John Churchill (later Duke of Marlborough) joined with William III.
 (MC, 12/4/01)

1688  Dec 9, King James II's wife and son fled England for France.
 (MC, 12/9/01)

1688  Dec 10, King James II fled London as "Glorious Revolution" replaced him with King William (of Orange) and Queen Mary. [see Dec 11]
 (MC, 12/10/01)

1688  Dec 11, James II abdicated the throne because of William of Orange landing in England.
 (HN, 12/11/98)

1688  Dec 20, Prince William III's troops pulled into London.
 (MC, 12/20/01)

1688  Dec 23, English King James II fled to France.
 (MC, 12/23/01)
1688  Dec 23, Jean-Louis Lully (21), composer, died.
 (MC, 12/23/01)

1688  Dec 25, English king James II landed in Ambleteuse, France.
 (MC, 12/25/01)

1688  Dec 28, William of Orange made a triumphant march into London as James II fled in the "Glorious Revolution." William of Orange—son of William II, Prince of Orange and Mary, daughter of Charles I of England—was fourth in line to the English throne.
 (HN, 12/28/98)(HNQ, 12/28/00)(WSJ, 2/6/02, p.A16)

1688  Joseph de la Vega published his work "Confusion de Confusiones." It offered trading strategies to speculators and was built around a conversation between a merchant, a philosopher, and a shareholder. The book was republished in 1996.
 (WSJ, 3/5/96, p. A-12)

1688  In England Edward Lloyd opened a London coffee shop where shipping insurance was bought and sold.
 (WSJ, 1/11/99, p.R42)

1688  In France a blind Benedictine monk named Dom Perignon discovered the fermentation process that led to champagne. [see 1662] He later devised a cork stopper to hold the bubbles.
 (WSJ, 10/16/98, p.W13)(Hem., 10/97, p.103)(WSJ, 1/11/99, p.R34)

1688  In northern Ireland the gates of Londonderry were shut in the face of Catholic forces. The event was later celebrated by the Protestant Apprentice Boys as the Lundy’s Day demonstration.
 (SFEC,12/14/97, p.A26)

1688  Persecuted Huguenots, French Protestants, arrived in South Africa and improved the quality of wine production.
 (SSFC, 12/3/00, p.T6)

1688-1689 James II was replaced by the Dutch King William. This process was masterminded by the group of seven, which included the Earl of Devonshire, who was then promoted to Duke in reward. William of Orange was a good Dutch Protestant and Mary was his queen. From this point on the king was but a figurehead and Parliament ruled England.
 (NG, Nov. 1985, M. Girouard, p.671), (V.D.-H.K.p.222,300)

1688-1763 Pierre Marivaux, French playwright and master of super-subtle dialogue.
 (WSJ, 10/20/95, p. A-12)

1689  Jan 18, Charles Louis de Montesquieu (d.1755), French philosopher and writer (Letters Persanes), was born. "In most things success depends on knowing how long it takes to succeed." He authored "The Spirit of the Laws," the 1st great comparative study of civilizations.
 (AP, 4/13/99)(WSJ, 11/1/00, p.A24)(MC, 1/18/02)

1689  Jan 22, England's "Bloodless Revolution" reached its climax when parliament invited William and Mary to become joint sovereigns.
 (HN, 1/22/99)

1689  Feb 13, British Parliament adopted the Bill of Rights.
 (MT, Dec. '95, p.16)(HN, 2/13/98)

1689  Feb 14, English parliament placed Mary Stuart and Prince William III on the throne.
 (MC, 2/14/02)

1689  Feb 23, Dutch prince William III was proclaimed King of England.
 (MC, 2/23/02)

1689  Mar 12, Former English King James II landed in Ireland.
 (MC, 3/12/02)

1689  Apr 11, William III and Mary II were crowned as joint sovereigns of Britain.
 (AP, 4/11/97)

1689  Apr 15, French king Louis XIV declared war on Spain.
 (MC, 4/15/02)

1689  Apr 18, George Jeffreys, 1st Baron Jeffreys of Wem, infamous judge, died.
 (MC, 4/18/02)

1689  Apr 19, Residents of Boston ousted their governor, Edmond Andros.
 (HN, 4/19/97)
1689  Apr 19, Christina, Queen of Sweden (1644-54), died.
 (MC, 4/19/02)

1689  Apr 21, William III and Mary II were crowned joint king and queen of England, Scotland and Ireland.
 (HN, 4/21/98)

1689  May 9, English King William III declared war on France.
 (MC, 5/9/02)

1689  May 11, The French and English naval battle took place at Bantry Bay.
 (HN, 5/11/98)

1689  May 24, English Parliament passed the Act of Toleration, protecting Protestants. Roman Catholics were specifically excluded from exemption.
 (HN, 5/24/99)

1689  May 26, Mary Wortley Montagu, English essayist, feminist, eccentric, was born.
 (MC, 5/26/02)

1689  Jul 27, Government forces defeated the Scottish Jacobites at the Battle of Killiecrankie.
 (HN, 7/27/98)

1689  Aug 1, James II's 15-week siege of Londonderry, Ireland, ended in failure. The Catholic Army of King James II besieged Londonderry where 13 Protestant apprentices stood in defense. The Protestants were victorious and the event led to the annual Apprentice Boy’s March.
 (SFEC, 8/11/96, p.A13)(HN, 8/1/98)

1689  Aug 25, Battle at Charleroi: Spanish and English armies chased the French.
 (MC, 8/25/02)
1689  Aug 25, The Iroquois took Montreal.
 (MC, 8/25/02)

1689  Sep 1, Russia began taxing men's beards.
 (MC, 9/1/02)

1689  Oct 11, Peter the Great became tsar of Russia.
 (MC, 10/11/01)

1689  Dec 16, English Parliament adopted a Bill of Rights after Glorious Revolution. The Bill of Rights included a right to bear arms.
 (MC, 12/16/01)(WSJ, 8/6/02, p.D6)

1689  Dec 30, Henry Purcell's opera "Dido and Aeneas," premiered in Chelsea.
 (MC, 12/30/01)

1689  "Memorable Providences, Related to Witchcrafts and Possessions," published by Cotton Mather, contributed to the hysteria that led to the Salem           witch trials of 1692. Mather was a Puritan clergyman and the eldest son of Increase Mather. While Cotton Mather advised witch trial judges that executions would not be necessary, during the mass executions he remained uncritical. In his 1693 Wonders of the Invisible World Mather defended the verdicts of various trials.
 (HNQ, 10/31/98)

1689  John Locke returned to England with his two Treatises which were published late in the same year. He also published his letter on Toleration, in opposition to the strong religious intolerance then prevalent.
 (V.D.-H.K.p.165,222)

1689  Racine wrote a drama based on the Book of Esther. It tells the biblical story of how Esther, the Jewish daughter of Mordecai, is persuaded by her father to intervene on behalf of the Jews to her husband, King Ahaseurus of Persia, who has been persuaded by his lieutenant, Haman, to have all the Jews killed
 (WSJ, 5/12/98, p.A20)

1689  Purcell composed his musical tragedy "Dido and Aeneas."
 (SFC, 9/23/00, p.B10)

1689  The White Hart Inn at Ware put up 26 butchers and their wives in one bed, the "Great Bed of Ware," in a marketing ploy to attract customers.
 (WSJ, 12/6/01, p.A19)

1689-1697 The Abnaki War [Abenaki] of in North America is better known as King William's War. It was the first of the intercolonial wars between France and England in North America, pitting the English and their Iroquois allies against the French and their Abnaki allies. The Abnakis were a powerful Algonquian tribe from Maine. King William’s War was a component of the European War of the League of Augsburg and was based in part on the growing rivalry between France and England over the control of North America.
 (HNQ, 8/26/99)

1690  Jan 14, The clarinet was invented in Germany.
 (MC, 1/14/02)

1690  Feb 3, The first paper money in America was issued by the colony of Massachusetts. The currency was used to pay soldiers fighting a war against Quebec.
 (SFC, 4/30/97, p.B3)(AP, 2/3/97)

1690  Feb 8, French and Indian troops set Schenectady, NY, settlement on fire.
 (MC, 2/8/02)

1690  Feb 21, Christoph Stoltzenberg, composer, was born.
 (MC, 2/21/02)

1690  Feb 22, Charles Le Brun (70), classical painter (Academie de Peinture), died.
 (MC, 2/22/02)

1690  Mar 16, French king Louis XIV sent troops to Ireland.
 (MC, 3/16/02)

1690  May 11, In the first major engagement of King William’s War, British troops from Massachusetts seized Port Royal in Acadia (Nova Scotia and New Brunswick) from the French, their objective was to take Quebec.
 (HN, 5/11/99)

1690  May 20, England passed the Act of Grace, forgiving followers of James II.
 (HN, 5/20/98)

1690  Jun 24, King William III's army landed at Carrickfergus, Ireland.
 (MC, 6/24/02)

1690  Jul 1, England's Protestant King William III of Orange was victorious over his father-in-law, the Catholic King James II (from Scot) in Battle of Boyne (in Ireland). This touched off three centuries of religious bloodshed. Protestants took over the Irish Parliament. This marked the beginning of the annual Drumcree parade, held by the Loyal Orange Lodge on the first Sunday of July.
 (PC, 1992, p.265)(WSJ, 7/11/96, p.A1)(SFEC, 12/22/96, zone1 p.6)(SFEC, 7/4/99, p.A18)
1690  Jul 1, Led by Marshall Luxembourg, the French defeated the forces of the Grand Alliance at Fleurus in the Netherlands.
 (HN, 7/1/98)

1690  Sep 6, King William III escaped back to England.
 (MC, 9/6/01)

 1690  Sep 25, One of the earliest American newspapers, "Publick Occurrences," published its first—and last—edition in Boston.
 (AP, 9/25/00)

1690  Oct 7, The English attacked Quebec under Louis de Buade.
 (MC, 10/7/01)

1690  Oct 8, Belgrade was retaken by the Turks.
 (HN, 10/8/98)

1690  Oct 23, There was a revolt in Haarlem, Holland, after a public ban on smoking.
 (MC, 10/23/01)

1690  Nov 11, Gerhard Hoffmann, composer, was born.
 (MC, 11/11/01)

1690  Nov 24, Charles Theodore Pachelbel, composer, was born.
 (MC, 11/24/01)

c1690  "The Narrow Road" by Basho Matsuo (1644?-1694) was written during a 1,500 mile journey through the Japanese countryside. It was a 64-page collection of prose and haiku poems and became a Japanese classic. A manuscript of the work was found in 1996.
 (SFC, 11/28/96, p.C16)(WUD, 1994, p.124)

1690  In Puebla, Mexico, the ornate Capilla del Rosario, Chapel of the Rosary, was consecrated.
 (SFEC,11/9/97, p.T5)(SFEC, 11/8/98, p.T8)

1690s  Giuseppe Ghezzi found the Codex Leicester, a notebook of Leonardo da Vinci in Rome. It was primarily a treatise on the nature of water in all its properties, manifestations and uses.
 (NH, 5/97, p.11,60)

1690s  Henry Laurens landed 40% of the slaves sold at Sullivan Island. He was the ancestor to the Ball family that settled in South Carolina.
 (SFEC, 2/22/98, BR p.1,8)

1690-1700 Particularly severe weather hit Germany and prompted vintners use more wine sweeteners.
 (NH, 7/96, p.51)

1691  Jan 13, George Fox (66), founder of Quakers, died.
 (MC, 1/13/02)

1691  Feb 8, Carlo di Girolamo Rainaldi (79), Italian architect, composer, died.
 (MC, 2/8/02)

1691  Feb 17, Thomas Neale was granted a British patent for American postal service.
 (MC, 2/17/02)

1691  May 16, Jacob Leisler, 1st American colonist, was hanged for treason.
 (MC, 5/16/02)

1691  May 26, Jacob Leiser, leader of the popular uprising in support of William and Mary’s accession to the thrown, was executed for treason.
 (HN, 5/26/99)

1691  May 29, Cornelis Tromp (61), Admiral-General, son of Maarten Tromp, died.
 (SC, 5/29/02)

1691  Jul 12, William III defeated the allied Irish and French armies at the Battle of Aughrim, Ireland.
 (HN, 7/12/98)

1691  Sep 17, The Massachusetts Bay Colony received a new charter. [see Oct 17]
 (MC, 9/17/01)

1691  Oct 3, English and Dutch armies occupied Limerick, Ireland.
 (MC, 10/3/01)

1691  Oct 17, The Massachusetts Bay Company along with Plymouth colony and Maine was incorporated into the Massachusetts Bay Colony.
 (HN, 10/17/98)(HNQ, 11/23/00)

1691  Father Eusebio Kino founded the Tumacacori mission 45 miles south of Tuscon, Arizona.
 (SSFC, 3/29/02, p.C6)

1691-1695 Ahmed II succeeded Suleiman II in the Ottoman House of Osman.
 (Ot, 1993, xvii)

1691-1765 Giovanni Paolo Panini, Italian artist. He was later known for his portrayals of Rome.
 (WSJ, 9/8/00, p.W2)

1692  Feb 13, In the Glen Coe highlands of Scotland, thirty-eight members of the MacDonald clan, the smallest of the Clan Donald sects, were murdered by soldiers of the neighboring Campbell clan for not pledging allegiance to William of Orange. Ironically the pledge had been made but not communicated to the clans. The event is remembered as the Massacre of Glencoe.
 (HN, 2/13/99)(HNQ, 8/18/01)

1692  Feb 28, The Salem witch hunts began.
 (MC, 2/28/02)

1692  Feb 29, Sarah Goode and Tituba were accused of witchcraft in Salem, Massachusetts, sparking the hysteria that started the Salem Witch Trials.
 (HN, 2/29/00)

1692   Mar 1, Sarah Goode, Sarah Osborne and Tituba were arrested for the supposed practice of witchcraft in Salem, Mass.
 (HN, 3/1/98)

1692  Mar 14, Peter Musschenbroek, Dutch physician, physicist (Leyden jar), was born.
 (MC, 3/14/02)

1692  Mar 18, William Penn was deprived of his governing powers.
 (HN, 3/18/98)

1692  Mar 26, King Maximilian was installed as land guardian of South Netherlands.
 (SS, 3/26/02)

1692  Apr 8, Giuseppe Tartini, Italy, violinist, composer (Trillo del Diavolo), was born.
 (MC, 4/8/02)

1692  Apr 12, Giuseppe Tartini, composer (Istria), was born.
 (MC, 4/12/02)

1692  Apr 22, Edward Bishop was jailed for proposing flogging as cure for witchcraft.
 (MC, 4/22/02)

1692  May 18, Joseph Butler Wantage Berkshire, theologian, was born.
 (SC, 5/18/02)
1692  May 18, Elias Ashmole, antiquary, died.
 (SC, 5/18/02)

1692  May 29, Royal Hospital Founders Day was 1st celebrated.
 (SC, 5/29/02)
1692  May 29, Battle at La Hogue: An English & Dutch fleet beat France.
 (SC, 5/29/02)

1692  Jun 7, Porte Royale, Jamaica, slid into harbor after earthquake.
 (SC, 6/7/02)

1692  Jun 10, Bridget Bishop was hanged in Salem, Mass., for witchcraft.
 (HN, 6/10/01)

1692  Jun 24, Kingston, Jamaica, was founded.
 (MC, 6/24/02)

1692  Aug 3, French forces under Marshal Luxembourg defeated the English at the Battle of Steenkerke in the Netherlands.
 (HN, 8/3/98)

1692  Aug 19, Five women were hanged in Salem, Massachusetts after being convicted of the crime of witchcraft. Fourteen more people were executed that year and 150 others are imprisoned.
 (HN, 8/19/00)

1692  Sep 19, Giles Corey was pressed to death for standing mute and refusing to answer charges of witchcraft brought against him. He is the only person in America to have suffered this punishment.
 (HN, 9/19/98)

1692  Sep 21, Two men and seven women were executed for witchcraft in Salem, Massachusetts.
 (MC, 9/21/01)

1692  Sep 22, The last person was hanged for witchcraft in Salem, Mass.
 (MC, 9/22/01)

1692  Oct 12, Massachusetts Bay discontinued witch trials. Twenty people had died in the Salem witch trials.
 (NG, March 1990, p. 117)(MC, 10/12/01)
1692  Oct 12, Giovanni Battista Vitali, composer, died at 60.
 (MC, 10/12/01)

1692  Oct 25, Elisabeth Farnese, princess of Parma and queen of Spain, was born.
 (MC, 10/25/01)

1692  Nov 7, Johannes G. Schnabel, German author and surgeon (Insel Felsenburg), was born.
 (MC, 11/7/01)

1692  Nov 21, Carlo Fragoni, Italian poet, was born.
 (MC, 11/21/01)

1692  In Portugal Taylor’s restaurant and lodge was founded in Porto.
 (SFEC, 7/12/98, p.T10)

1692  In Russia Peter the Great granted the Stroganoff family their lands in perpetuity.
 (WSJ, 9/7/00, p.A24)

1693  Jan 11, Sicily’s Mt. Etna erupted.
 (MC, 1/11/02)

1693  Jan 28, Anna "Ivanovna", Tsarina of Russia, was born. [see Feb 7]
 (HN, 1/28/99)

1693  Feb 7, Anna Ivanova Romanova, empress of Russia (1730-40) [NS], was born. [see Jan 28]
 (MC, 2/7/02)

1693  Feb 8, A charter was granted for the College of William and Mary in Williamsburg, Va.
 (AP, 2/8/99)

1693  Feb 13, The College of William and Mary opened in Virginia.
 (MC, 2/13/02)

1693  Mar 31, John Harrison, Englishman who invented the chronometer, was born.
 (HN, 3/31/99)

1693  Jun 27, The 1st woman's magazine "The Ladies' Mercury" was published in London.
 (SC, 6/27/02)

1693  Jul 4, Battle at Boussu-lez-Walcourt: French-English vs. Dutch army.
 (Maggio)

1693  Jul 29, The Army of the Grand Alliance was destroyed by the French at the Battle of Neerwinden in the Netherlands.
 (HN, 7/29/98)

1693  English naturalist John Ray noted that whales had more in common with 4-legged mammals than with fish.
 (PacDis, Winter/’96, p.14)

1693  Heidelberg was torched by the troops of Louis XIV in a dispute over a royal title.
 (SFEC, 9/26/99, p.T8)

1693  The French explorer Francois Leguat spent several months on Mauritius and looked hard for a dodo bird, but found none.
 (NH, 11/96, p.26)

1694  Jul 5, Composer Louis-Claude Daquin was born.
 (DataDragon)

1694  Jul 27, The Bank of England received a royal charter as a commercial institution.
 (SFC, 5/7/97, p.C2)(AP, 7/27/97)

1694  Sep 22, Philip Dormer Stanhope, Lord Chesterfield, statesman of letters whose writings provide a classic portrayal of an ideal 18th-century gentleman, was born. He introduced the Gregorian calendar in 1752.
 (HN, 9/22/98)(MC, 9/22/01)

1694  Oct 23, American colonial forces led by Sir William Phips, failed in their attempt to seize Quebec.
 (HN, 10/23/98)

1694  Nov 21, Francois Marie Arouet Voltaire (d.1778), French philosopher, historian, dramatist and essayist, was born. Born to middle class parents, he later attended the Jesuit college of Louis-le-Grand in Paris. The environment exposed him to the world of society and the arts. After the success of his tragedy "Oedipe" in 1718, he was pronounced the successor to the great dramatist Racine. He adopted the pen name Voltaire, though its exact origins and meaning are uncertain. The author of "Candide" (1759) and the "Philosophical Dictionary" (1764), Voltaire's works often attacked injustice and intolerance and epitomized the Age of Enlightenment. He wrote that "Self-love resembles the instrument by which we perpetuate the species. It is necessary, it is dear to us, it gives us pleasure and it has to be concealed." "All styles are good except the tiresome sort." "Love truth, but pardon error." "The great errors of the past are useful in many ways. One cannot remind oneself too often of crimes and disasters. These, no matter what people say, can be forestalled." S.G. Tellentyre said on Voltaire: "I disapprove of what you say, but I will defend to the death your right to say it."
 (WUD, 1994, p.1600) (G&M, 2/1/96, p.A-22)(AP, 7/17/97)(SFEC, 1/4/98, Z1p.8)(HNQ, 10/1/98)(SFEC, 10/11/98, Z1 p.8)(HN, 11/21/98)(HNQ, 11/8/00)

1694  Dec 28, George I of England got divorced. [He was crowned in 1714]
 (HN, 12/28/98)
1694  Dec 28, Queen Mary II (32) of England died after five years of joint rule with her husband, King William III. [see Jan 7, 1695]
 (AP, 12/28/97)

1694  John Law, Scotsman, fled England after killing rival Edward Wilson in a duel. He traveled in Europe,  played the casinos and studied finance. He set up a bank in France and issued paper money and established the Mississippi Company to exploit the French-controlled territories in America. [see 1720] In 2000 Janet Gleeson authored "Millionaire," a pseudo-biography of Law.
 (WSJ, 1/11/99, p.R8)(WSJ, 6/30/00, p.W9)

1694-1696 An outbreak of colic struck the region around Ulm, Germany. Eberhard Gockel, the city physician, was able to trace the cause to a wine sweetener that used a white oxide of lead.
 (NH, 7/96, p.48)

1694-1773  Lord Chesterfield, English author and statesman: "In scandal, as in robbery, the receiver is always as bad as the thief."
 (AP, 2/21/98)

1695  Jan 6, Giuseppe Sammartini, composer, was born.
 (MC, 1/6/02)

1695  Jan 7, Mary II Stuart 32), queen of England, died [OS=Dec 28 1694].
 (MC, 1/7/02)

1695  Jan 27, Mustafa II became the Ottoman sultan in Istanbul on the death of Amhed II. Mustafa ruled to 1703.
 (HN, 1/27/99)(Ot, 1993, xvii)

1695  Apr 13-14, Jean de la Fontaine (73), French poet (Fables), died.
 (MC, 4/13/02)(MC, 4/14/02)

1695  Apr 20, Georg Caspar Weckler (63), composer, died.
 (MC, 4/20/02)

1695  Apr 30, William Congreve's "Love for Love," premiered in London.
 (MC, 4/30/02)

1695  Sep 11, Imperial troops under Eugene of Savoy defeated the Turks at the Battle of Zenta.
 (HN, 9/11/98)

1695  Sep 12, NY Jews petitioned governor Dongan for religious liberties.
 (MC, 9/12/01)

1695  Nov 20, Zumbi dos Palmares, Brazilian leader of a hundred-year-old rebel slave group, was killed in an ambush. He was later honored by a National Day of Black Consciousness.
 (HN, 11/20/98)(SFC, 8/16/01, p.A8)

1695  Nov 21, Henry Purcell (36), English composer (Indian Queen), died.
 (MC, 11/21/01)

1695  Nov 28, Giovanni Paulo Colonna (58), composer, died.
 (MC, 11/28/01)

c1695  Orazio Gentileschi, painted "St. Francis and the Angel."
 (WSJ, 4/28/98, p.A16)

1695  The Comediens Italiens were expelled from Paris for indiscretion in their opera parodies. The fair theaters took up where they left off with the use of vaudevilles and comedia dell’arte characters.
 (PNM, 1/25/98, p.4)

1695  Portugal established colonial rule in the eastern half of Timor Island. The western side was incorporated into the Dutch East Indies.
 (SFC, 5/18/02, p.A15)

1696  Jan 31, An uprising of undertakers took place after funeral reforms in Amsterdam.
 (MC, 1/31/02)

1696  Mar 5, Giambattista Giovanni Battista Tiepolo (d.1770), Venetian Rococo painter (Isaac's Sacrifice), was born. He painted for the Dolfin family in the 1720s. His work included: "The Annunciation" (c1765-1770), "Apelles Painting a Portrait of Campaspe," "Martyrdom of St. Agatha," "Sacrifice of Isaac," "The Finding of Moses," "Nobility and Virtue" (1743), "Satyress with a Putto," "Satyress With Two Putti and a Tambourine," and "Halberdier in a Landscape." His contemporaries included Francesco Fontebasso, Allesandro Longhi, and Louis-Joseph Le Lorrain. [see Apr 4]
 (AAP, 1964)(WUD, 1994, p.1483)(WSJ, 10/14/96, p.A14)(SFC, 3/25/97, p.E3)(MC, 3/5/02)

1696  Mar 7, English King William III departed Netherlands.
 (MC, 3/7/02)

1696  Apr 4, Giovanni Battista Tiepolo (d.1770), painter, was born. [see Mar 5]
 (MC, 4/4/02)

1696  Jun 17, Jan Sobieski (72), King of Lithuania and Poland (1674-96), died.
 (MC, 6/17/02)(LHC, 5/21/03)

1696  Sep 23, A squall drove the ship Reformation aground on the east coast of Florida. Quaker merchant Jonathan Dickinson along with his family, 11 slaves, 8 seamen and Capt. Joseph Kirle were on route to Philadelphia from Jamaica.
 (ON, 9/00, p.3)

1696  Sep 27, Alfonsus M. de' Liguori, Italian theologian, bishop, and religious order founder, was born.
 (MC, 9/27/01)

1696  cSep 30, The Reformation castaways encountered a 2nd Indian tribe after paddling north for 2 days in a canoe provided by Indians at their initial landing. They were taken to a village, near present-day Vero Beach, and encountered castaways from the bark Nantwich, which had sailed from Port Royal in the same convoy.
 (ON, 9/00, p.5)

1696  Oct 6, Savoy Germany withdrew from the Grand Alliance.
 (HN, 10/6/98)

1696  Nov 2, In Florida a Spanish company of soldiers took the Dickinson and Nantwich party into custody and escorted them north to St. Augustine. They arrive on Nov 19 after 5 people died from exposure enroute.
 (ON, 9/00, p.5)

1696  Nov 11, Andrea Zani, composer, was born.
 (MC, 11/11/01)

1696  Nov 19, Louis Tocque, French painter, was born.
 (MC, 11/19/01)

1696  Dec 22, James Oglethorpe, England, General, author, colonizer of Georgia, was born.
 (MC, 12/22/01)

1696  William Hogarth, British artist, was born. He believed that visual art could have a morally improving effect on viewers, and that individual betterment led to social improvement.
 (SFEC, 1/25/98, DB p.7)(SFC, 1/28/98, p.E1)

1696  The Chinese painter Bada Shanren created his work: "Ducks and Lotuses."
 (WSJ, 2/19/98, p.A20)

1696  New York sea captain William Kidd reluctantly became a privateer for England and was expected to fight pirates on the open sea, seize their cargoes, and provide a hefty share of the spoils to the Crown. According to his British accusers, Kidd turned to piracy himself as the deadline for reporting to his employers in New York approached and he had not taken enough booty to fulfill his commission. Kidd himself did not know he was a wanted man until he dropped anchor in the West Indies in April 1699. He chose to surrender to the authorities and submit to a London trial, believing to the end that he could clear his name. After a trial in which important evidence in his favor was suppressed, William Kidd was found guilty of piracy and hanged.
 (HNPD, 8/27/00)

1696  Duke Eberhard Ludwig of Wurttenburg, Germany, learned of Eberhard Gockel’s findings on lead poisoning in wine and banned all lead-based wine additives.
 (NH, 7/96, p.49)

1696  The Hotel Elephant was founded in Weimar, the capital of the German state of Thuringia.
 (SFC, 8/3/99, p.A8)

1697  Mar 9, Czar Peter the Great began tour of West Europe. [see Mar 21]
 (MC, 3/9/02)

1697  Mar 21, Czar Peter the Great began a tour through West Europe. [see Mar 9]
 (MC, 3/21/02)

1697  Apr 1, Abbe Prevost, French novelist, journalist (Manon Lescaut), was born.
 (MC, 4/1/02)

1697  Apr 16, Johann Gottlieb Gorner, composer, was born.
 (MC, 4/16/02)

1697  May 10, Jean Marie I'aine Leclair, composer, was born.
 (MC, 5/10/02)

1697  May 12, The fall of the Venetian Republic.
 (SFC, 5/10/97, p.A10)

1697  Sep 30, Under the Treaty of Ryswick, France recognized William III as King of England. The signees included France, England, Spain and Holland.
 (WUD, 1994, p. 1675)

1697  Oct 19, Settlers from Mexico sailed across the Sea of Cortez to build a new settlement.
 (SFEC, 5/18/97, p.T5)

1697  Oct 25, Settlers from Mexico founded the town of Loreto in honor of the Virgin Nuestra Senoro de Loreto, on the Baha Peninsula. It served as the capital of Baha California for the next 132 years.
 (SFEC, 5/18/97, p.T5)

1697  Oct 30, The Treaty of Ryswick ended the war between France and the Grand Alliance.
 (HN, 10/30/98)

1697  Nov 2, Constantine Huygens Jr, poet, painter and cartoonist, was buried.
 (MC, 11/2/01)

1697  Nov 10, William Hogarth, English caricaturist, was born.
 (HN, 11/10/00)

1697  Dec 2, St. Paul's Cathedral opened in London.
 (MC, 12/2/01)

1697  Eberhard Gockel published: "A Remarkable Account of the Previously Unknown Wine Disease."
 (NH, 7/96, p.49)

1697  Charles Perrault first penned "La Petit Chaperon Rouge" (Little Red Riding Hood) as a sexual morality tale for the loose ladies of Louis XIV’s court. In 2002 Catherine Orenstein authored "Little Red Riding Hood Uncloaked: Sex, Morality and the Evolution of a Fairy Tale."
 (WSJ, 8/7/02, p.D14)(NW, 8/26/02, p.57)

1697  The play "Le Distrait" by Regnard was written and later accompanied by the music of Joseph Haydn.
 (WSJ, 7/31/97, p.A16)

1697  Hannah Duston in what is now New Hampshire was attacked and captured by 12 Indians who killed her daughter. She managed to kill 10 of them with a knife and took home their scalps for the bounty money. She was the first woman in the US to have a statue erected in her honor.
 (SFEC, 11/17/96, zone 1 p.2)

1697  John Aubrey (71), author of "Monumenta Britanica," died. In 1948 Anthony Powell authored the biography "John Aubrey."
 (ON, 4/02, p.12)

1697-1718 Charles XII (1682-1718) was king of Sweden.
 (WUD, 1994, p.249)(SFC, 8/17/96, p.E5)

1697-1798 Antonio Canal, Italian topographical view painter. He was the uncle to Bernardo Belotto.
 (WSJ, 9/13/01, p.A18)

1697-1773 Johann Quantz, flutist-composer.
 (LGC-HCS, p.44)

1698  Jan 1, The Abenaki  [Abnaki] Indians and the Massachusetts colonists signed a treaty ending the conflict in New England.
 (HN, 1/1/99)

1698  Apr 5, Georg Gottfried Wagner, composer, was born.
 (MC, 4/5/02)

1698  Aug 18, After invading Denmark and capturing Sweden, Charles XII of Sweden forced Frederick IV of Denmark to sign the Peace of Travendal.
 (HN, 8/18/98)

1698  Aug 25, Czar Peter the Great returned to Moscow after his trip through West-Europe.
 (MC, 8/25/02)

1698  Sep 5, Russia's Peter the Great imposed a tax on beards.
 (AP, 9/5/97)

1698  Oct 23, Ange-Jacques Gabriel, French court architect (Place de la Concorde), was born.
 (MC, 10/23/01)

1698  Missionary John St. Cosme celebrated the first Mass in what became St. Louis, Mo.
 (SFC, 1/28/99, p.A3)

1698  English engineer Thomas Savery devised a way to pump water out of mines by the use of condensed steam.
 (HNQ, 1/18/01)

1698  Elias "Red Cap " Ball sailed from England to claim his inheritance, a plantation called Comingtee on the banks of the Cooper River in South Carolina. The Ball family kept a history and in 1998 descendant Edward Ball published "Slaves in the Family."
 (SFEC, 2/22/98, BR p.1,8)(SFEC, 4/19/98, p.A22)

1698-1701 The Portuguese built the Old Fort in Stone Town on Zanzibar to defend against the sultan of Oman.
 (SFEC, 4/23/00, p.T6)

1699  Jan 14, Massachusetts held a day of fasting for wrongly persecuting "witches."
 (MC, 1/14/02)

1699  Jan 26, The Treaty of Karlowitz ended the war between Austria and the Turks.
 (HN, 1/26/99)

1699  Feb 4, Czar Peter the Great executed 350 rebellious Streltsi in Moscow.
 (MC, 2/4/02)

1699  Mar 4, Jews were expelled from Lubeck, Germany.
 (SC, 3/4/02)

1699  Mar 23, John Bartram, naturalist, explorer, father of American botany, was born.
 (SS, 3/23/02)

1699  Apr 17, Robert Blair, Scottish poet (Grave), was born.
 (MC, 4/17/02)

1699  Apr 21, Jean Racine (59), French playwright (Phèdre), died.
 (MC, 4/21/02)

1699  Dec 20, Peter the Great ordered Russian New Year changed from Sept 1 to Jan 1.
 (MC, 12/20/01)

1699  Jonathan Dickinson, after resuming his mercantile business in Philadelphia, authored "God’s Protecting Providence," a journal of his Florida ordeal.
 (ON, 9/00, p.5)

1699  A wooden wall on the northern edge of New Amsterdam (later NYC), built for protection from the Indians, was destroyed by the British.
 (WSJ, 1/11/99, p.R43)

1699  The Sikhs were founded by a series of 10 prophets or gurus and believe in one God but many paths to heaven. In 1999 some 20,000 thousands of Sikhs gathered to march in SF on the 300th anniversary of their religion. [see Nanak c1500, 1519]
 (SFEC, 4/25/99, p.C1)

1699  The British established a rule over the colonies that all wool trade must be with England, and violations were punishable by stiff fines.
 (NG, 5.1988, pp. 583)

1699  The Republic of Lucca promulgated the first regulations designed to prevent the spread of tuberculosis.
 (WP, 1952, p.29)

1699  References from the Ching dynasty of China refer to the Diaoyu Island located between Taiwan and Okinawa.
 (SFEC, 10/8/96, A8)

1699  The King of Spain, due to competition, banned the production of wine in the Americas, except for that made by the church.
 (SFEC, 11/7/99, p.T8)

1699-1780 Williamsburg served as the capital of the British colony of Virginia.
 (SSFC, 12/17/00, p.T7)

1699-1783 Johann Adolph Hasse, popular composer of now-forgotten operas.
 (LGC-HCS, p.32)

1699-1799 Jean Baptiste Simeon Chardin, French painter.
 (WSJ, 7/6/00, p.A24)

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