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1790  Jan 4, President Washington delivered the 1st "State of the Union" address.
 (MC, 1/4/02)

1790  Jan 6, Johann Trier (73), composer, died.
 (MC, 1/6/02)

1790  Jan 21, Joseph Guillotine proposed a new, more humane method of execution: a machine designed to cut off the condemned person's head as painlessly as possible.
 (HN, 1/21/99)

1790  Jan 26, Mozart's opera "Cosi Fan Tutte" premiered in Vienna. [see Jan 2]
 (MC, 1/26/02)

1790  Feb 1, The US Supreme Court convened for 1st time in New York's Royal Exchange Building.
 (www.supremecourthistory.org)

1790  Feb 6, The last stone of the Bastille, torn down by order of the French revolutionary leaders, was presented to the National Assembly.
 (ON, 4/01, p.3)

1790  Feb 11, The first petition to Congress for emancipation of the slaves was made by the Society of Friends.
 (HNQ, 1/11/99)

1790  Feb 20, Holy Roman Emperor Joseph II (48) died.
 (AP, 2/20/98)(MC, 2/20/02)

1790  Feb 26, As a result of the Revolution, France was divided into 83 departments.
 (HN, 2/26/99)

1790  Mar 1, Congress authorized the first U.S. census. The Connecticut Compromise was a proposal for two houses in the legislature-one based on equal representation for each state, the other for population-based representation-that resolved the dispute between large and small states at the Constitutional Convention. Connecticut delegate Roger Sherman's proposal led to the first nationwide census in 1790. The population was determined to be 3,929,625, which included 697,624 slaves and 59,557 free blacks. The most populous state was Virginia, with 747,610 people and the most populous city was Philadelphia with 42,444 inhabitants.
 (AP, 3/1/98)(HNQ, 9/17/98)(HNQ, 7/13/01)
 
1790  Mar 8, George Washington delivered the first State of the Union address.
 (HN, 3/8/98)

1790  Mar 21, Thomas Jefferson reported to President Washington in New York as the new secretary of state.
 (AP, 3/21/97)

1790  Mar 22, Thomas Jefferson became the first U.S. Secretary of State.
 (HN, 3/22/97)

1790  Mar 26, US Congress passed a Naturalization Act. It required a 2-year residency.
 (SS, 3/26/02)

1790  Mar 27, The shoelace was invented.
 (MC, 3/27/02)

1790  Mar 29, John Tyler, the 10th president of the United States (1841-1845), was born in Charles City County, Va. He was also the first vice-president to succeed to office on the death of a president.
 (AP, 3/29/97)(HN, 3/29/99)(MC, 3/29/02)

1790  Mar 31, In Paris, France, Maximilien Robespierre was elected president of the Jacobin Club.
 (HN, 3/31/99)

1790  Apr 3, Revenue Marine Service (US Coast Guard) was created.
 (MC, 4/3/02)

1790  Apr 10, U.S. patent system was established. The Patent Board was made up of the Secretary of State, Secretary of War and the Attorney General and was responsible for granting patents on "useful and important" inventions. In the first three years, 47 patents were granted.
 (HN, 4/10/98)(HNQ, 8/6/99)

1790  Apr 17, Benjamin Franklin (born 1706), American statesman, died in Philadelphia at age 84. He mechanized the process of making sounds from tuned glass with his glass armonica. In 2000 H.W. Brands authored his Franklin biography: "The First American." In 2003 Walter Isaacson authored "Benjamin Franklin: An American Life."
 (AP, 4/17/97)(SFEC,12/28/97, DB p.17)(WSJ, 9/20/00, p.A24)(WSJ, 7/3/03, p.D8)

1790  May 21, Paris was divided into 48 zones.
 (HN, 5/21/98)

1790  May 26, Territory South of River Ohio was created by Congress.
 (HN, 5/26/98)

1790  May 29, Rhode Island became the last of the 13 original colonies to ratify the United States Constitution. They held out for an amendment securing religious freedom. The state was largely founded by Baptists fleeing persecution in Massachusetts.
 (SFC, 6/24/96, p.A19)(AP, 5/29/97)(HN, 5/29/98)

1790  May 31, The US copyright law was enacted.
 (MC, 5/31/02)

1790  Jun 9, The "Philadelphia Spelling Book" was the first US work to be copyrighted.
 (WSJ, 6/14/00, p.A1)(MC, 6/9/02)
1790  Jun 9, Civil war broke out in Martinique.
 (HN 6/9/98)

1790  Jul 3, In Paris, the Marquis of Condorcet proposed granting civil rights to women.
 (HN, 7/3/98)

1790  Jul 9, The Swedish navy captured one third of the Russian fleet at the naval battle of Svensksund in the Baltic Sea.
 (HN, 7/9/98)

1790  Jul 12, The French Assembly approved a Civil Constitution providing for the election of priests and bishops.
 (HN, 7/12/98)

1790  Jul 16, The District of Columbia was established as the seat of the United States government.
 (AP, 7/16/97)

1790  Jul 26, US passed the Assumption bill making it responsible for state debts.
 (MC, 7/26/02)
1790  Jul 26, An attempt at a counter-revolution in France was put down by the National Guard at Lyons.
 (HN, 7/26/98)

1790  Jul 31, The U.S. Patent Office opened with the first patent granted to Samuel Hopkins of Vermont, developer of a new method the manufacture of pot and pearl ash, potash.
 (HN, 7/31/98)(HNQ, 8/6/99)

1790  Aug 1, The first enumeration by the U.S. Census Bureau was completed. It showed a population of 3,939,326 located in 16 states and the Ohio territory with 697,624 slaves. Virginia was the most populous state with 747,610 inhabitants. The census compilation cost $44,377.
 (HN, 8/1/01)(MC, 8/1/02)

1790  Aug 4, US Treasury Secretary Alexander Hamilton urged that ten boats for the collection of revenue be built. This was to stop smuggling, especially of coffee, which was hampering trade. The Coast Guard was born as the Revenue Cutter Service. The Coast Guard was empowered to board and inspect any vessel in US waters and any US boat anywhere in the world.
 (Smith., 8/95, p.25)(HFA, '96, p.36)(SFC, 5/20/96, p.A-16)(AP, 8/4/00)

1790  Aug 9, The Columbia returned to Boston Harbor after a three-year voyage, becoming the first ship to carry the American flag around the world.
 (AP, 8/9/97)

1790  Sep 4, Jacques Necker was forced to resign as finance minister in France.
 (HN, 9/4/98)

1790  Oct 3, John Ross, Chief of the United Cherokee Nation from 1839 to 1866, was born near Lookout Mountain, Tennessee. Although his father was Scottish and his mother only part Cherokee, Ross was named Tsan-Usdi (Little John) and raised in the Cherokee tradition. A settled people with successful farms, strong schools, and a representative government, the Cherokee resided on 43,000 square miles of land they had held for centuries.
 (LCTH, 10/3/99)

1790  Oct 21, Alphonse-Marie Louis de Lamartine, writer (Rene), was born in Macon, France.
 (MC, 10/21/01)
1790  Oct 21, The Tricolor was chosen as the official flag of France.
 (HN, 10/21/98)

1790  Oct 23, Slaves revolted in Haiti.
 (MC, 10/23/01)

1790  Oct 28, NY gave up claims to Vermont for $30,000.
 (MC, 10/28/01)

1790  Nov 11, Chrysanthemums were introduced into England from China.
 (MC, 11/11/01)

1790  Nov 17, August Ferdinand Mobius, mathematician, inventor (Mobius strip), was born.
 (MC, 11/17/01)

1790  Dec 6, Congress moved from New York City to Philadelphia, where Washington served out his two terms. He is the only president who never resided in the White House.
 (AP, 12/6/97)(HNPD, 12/22/98)

1790  Dec 17, An Aztec calendar stone was discovered in Mexico City.
 (HFA, '96, p.44)(MC, 12/17/01)

1790  Dec 19, Sir William Parry, England, Arctic explorer, was born.
 (HN, 12/19/98)

1790  Dec 20, In Pawtucket, Rhode Island, 23-year-old British subject Samuel Slater began production of the first American spinning mill. The British jealously guarded their technological superiority in the early stages of the Industrial Revolution, making it illegal for machinery, plans and even the men who built and repaired them to leave the country. After serving a 7-year mill apprenticeship in England, Slater recognized the potential offered in America. He memorized the plans for intricate machine specifications, disguised himself as a farm worker and sailed to a new life across the Atlantic. Slater entered into a partnership with Rhode Island merchant Moses Brown and built a small spinning mill--the equivalent of 72 spinning wheels. At first, Slater's Mill employed only a handful of children between the ages of 7 and 12, but by 1800, he had more than 100 employees. By the time of Slater's death in 1835, he owned or had an interest in 13 textile mills and left an estate of almost $700,000. From this small beginning, America's own Industrial Revolution grew. [see Dec 21]
 (AP, 12/20/97)(HNPD, 12/20/98)

1790  Dec 21, Samuel Slater opened the first cotton mill in the United States in Rhode Island. [see Dec 20]
 (HN, 12/21/98)

1790  Dec 23, Jean François Champollion, French founder of Egyptology, was born. He deciphered the Rosetta Stone.
 (HN, 12/23/99)

c1790  Henry Fuseli painted his famous work "The Nightmare" wherein a sleeping woman has a glowing demon on her chest and a lantern-eyed stallion parting the curtains behind. He also painted "Woman Standing at a Dressing Table or Spinet" about this time.
 (SFC, 10/31/96, p.E1)(WSJ, 4/1/99, p.A20)

1790  Thomas Rowlandson, English artist, painted "The Lock-Up."
 (WSJ, 4/1/99, p.A20)

1790  Goethe’s "Faust: Ein Fragment," first appeared.
 (V.D.-H.K.p.239)

1790  Alexander Hamilton published his "Report on the Public Credit."
 (WSJ, 12/3/01, p.A17)

1790  Emmanuel Kant published his "Critique of Judgement." His analysis of the nature of art and aesthetic experience proved to be a major influence on modern ideas. These ideas were later revisited by Murdoch in her 1998 work "Existentialists and Mystics." [see 1781]
 (WSJ, 2/17/98, p.A20)

1790  Beethoven composed his "Cantata on the Death of Emperor Joseph II."
 (WSJ, 8/17/00, p.A20)

1790  The opera "The Philosopher’s Stone" was composed and first performed. A 1997 score showed that a number of composers wrote various sections. Mozart’s name was associated with the 2nd act finale and a duet. It was a singspiel based on fairytales with a libretto by Emanuel Schikaneder. Other composers included Johann Baptist Henneberg, Benedikt Schack, Franz Haver Gerl and Emanuel Schikaneder.
 (SFC, 6/13/97, p.C11)(WSJ, 11/4/98, p.A20)

1790  The Episcopal Church was founded.
 (SFC, 5/16/96, p.A-11)

1790  The US government issued $80 million in bonds to cover Revolutionary War debts and their trade established the financial activity on Wall Street.
 (WSJ, 10/9/97, p.A16)

1790  The US Trade and Intercourse Act prohibited states from acquiring land from Indians without federal approval.
 (SFC, 1/13/99, p.A9)

1790  The US Patent and Trademark Office was founded. Until 1888 miniature models of the device to be patented were required.
 (Cont, 12/97, p.22)

1790  US Minister to France, Gouverneur Morris, said that the French "have taken Genius instead of Reason for their Guide, adopted Experiment instead of Experience, and wander in the Dark because they prefer Lightning to Light." In 2000 Susan Dunn published "Sister Revolutions: French Lightning, American Light."
 (SFEC, 5/7/00, Par p.28)

1790  The celerifere bicycle appeared in Paris about this time and was a two-wheeled, un-steerable vehicle that the rider propelled by striking his feet on the ground. This was improved upon with a bar to steer the front wheel in 1816 by Baron von Drais of Germany, and was called a draisine. The ordinary, which had a high front wheel, wire-spoked wheels and solid rubber tires, was developed in the 1870s.
 (HNQ, 10/29/99)

1790  The US census categorized the population as "free white person, all other free persons except Indians, and slaves."
 (SFC,12/26/97, p.A21)

1790  The US population was 20% African and numbered about 760,000.
 (SFC, 12/18/96, p.A25)

1790  Fletcher Christian landed at Pitcairn Island.
 (SFC, 6/13/97, p.A14)

1790  Economist Adam Smith (b.1723) died. In 2001 Emma Rothschild authored "Economic Sentiments: Adam Smith, Condorcet, and the Enlightenment." In 2002 Peter J. Dougherty authored "Who’s Afraid of Adam Smith."
 (WSJ, 6/21/01, p.A16)(WSJ, 11/13/02, p.D10)

1790  In Australia Pemulway, an Aboriginal warrior, speared and killed the governor’s gamekeeper at Botany Bay and waged war against the British for 12 years. His head was later sent to England. Eric Willmot later authored "Pemulway, the Rainbow Warrior."
 (SFEC, 9/10/00, p.T4)

1790  In the Sandwich Islands [Hawaii] King Kamehameha built the Puukohola Heiau temple on the Big Island near the village of Kawaihau. It was built to the war god Ku-Ka’ili-moku. The king’s armies soon swept over all the Hawaiian islands and united the people for the first time.
 (SFEC, 9/7/97, p.T8)

1790  Pineapples were introduced to the Sandwich Islands later called Hawaii.
 (SFEC,11/9/97, Z1 p.2)

1790  The Haleakala Volcano on Maui erupted.
 (SFEC, 8/27/00, p.T8)

1790   A bronze Buddha was cast in Japan. In 1945 it was donated by the Gump family to the city of San Francisco. It resides in the Japanese Tea Garden and was in need of $81,000 worth of repairs.
 (SFC, 12/30/96, p.A11)

1790  In Porto, Portugal, the House of Sandeman winery was found by the Scot, George Sandeman.
 (SFEC, 7/12/98, p.T8)

1790s  Denmark became the 1st country to abolish slavery.
 (WSJ, 2/26/02, p.A22)

1790s  Floreana Island in the Galapagos began serving as a mail drop for whalers and seal hunters.
 (SFEC, 11/19/00, p.T8)

c1790s   King Kamehameha slaughtered virtually everyone on the island of Lanai (which means day of conquest) after being thwarted in his bid to conquer Maui.
 (SSFC, 8/26/01, p.T10)

1790-1848 Nicola Vaccai, Italian composer. He composed a version of "I Capuletti ed I Montecchi," that was also done by Bellini.
 (WSJ, 11/10/98, p.A20)

1790-1869 Alphonse Marie Louis de Prat de Lamartine, French poet, historian and statesman.
 (WUD, 1994, p.803)

1790s  Tadeusz Kosciusko returned to Poland and united the country in the battle against Prussian and Russian domination.
 (SFEC, 11/24/96, T7)

1790s  The solitaire of Rodrigues, a flightless pigeon, was last seen.
 (NH, 11/96, p.24)

1791  Jan 14, Calvin Phillips, shortest known adult male (67 cm; 2' 2"), was born.
 (MC, 1/14/02)

1791  Feb 12, Peter Cooper, industrialist, philanthropist (Cooper Union), was born.
 (MC, 2/12/02)

1791  Feb 20, Carl Czerny, pianist, composer (Schule der Virtuosen), was born in Vienna, Austria.
 (MC, 2/20/02)

1791  Feb 25, President George Washington signed a bill creating the Bank of the United States.
 (HN, 2/25/99)

1791  Mar 3, Congress established the U.S. Mint.
 (HN, 3/3/99)
1791  Mar 3, The 1st Internal Revenue Act taxed distilled spirits and carriages.
 (SC, 3/3/02)

1791  Mar 4, President Washington called the US Senate into its 1st special session.
 (SC, 3/4/02)
1791  Mar 4, Vermont was admitted as the 14th state. It was the first addition to the original 13 colonies.
 (HN, 3/4/98)(AP, 3/4/98)
1791  Mar 4, 1st Jewish member of US Congress, Israel Jacobs (Pennsylvania), took office.
 (SC, 3/4/02)

1791  Mar 6, Anna Claypoole Peale, painted miniatures, was born.
 (MC, 3/6/02)

1791  Mar 10, John Stone of Concord, Mass, patented a pile driver.
 (MC, 3/10/02)
1791  Mar 10, Pope condemned France's Civil Constitution of the clergy.
 (MC, 3/10/02)

1791  Mar 11, Samuel Mulliken of Philadelphia was the 1st to obtain more than 1 US patent.
 (MC, 3/12/02)

1791  Mar 21, Captain Hopley Yeaton of New Hampshire became the first commissioned officer of the U.S. Navy.
 (HN, 3/21/98)

1791  Mar 23, Etta Palm, a Dutch champion of woman's rights, set up a group of women's clubs called the Confederation of the Friends of Truth.
 (HN, 3/23/99)

1791  Mar 4, Vermont was admitted as the 14th state. It was the first addition to the original 13 colonies.
 (HN, 3/4/98)(AP, 3/4/98)

1791  Apr 23, The 15th president of the United States, James Buchanan, was born in Franklin County, Pa.
 (AP, 4/23/97)

1791  Apr 12, Francis Preston Blair, Washington Globe newspaper editor, was born.
 (HN, 4/12/98)

1791  Apr 15, Surveyor General Andrew Ellicott consecrated the southern tip of the triangular District of Columbia at Jones Point.
 (WSJ, 7/25/00, p.A20)

1791  Apr 18, National Guardsmen prevented Louis XVI and his family from leaving Paris.
 (HN, 4/18/98)

1791  Apr 23, James Buchanan, was born in Franklin County, Pa. He was the fifteenth U.S. president (1857-1861) and the only president not to marry.
 (AP, 4/23/97)(HN, 4/23/99)

1791  Apr 27, Samuel F.B. Morse, inventor, was born in Boston. He created the telegraph and the code which bears his name. Morse was a well-known painter who gained a wide reputation as a portrait artist. He graduated from Yale in 1810 and then studied painting in England for several years. Morse painted two notable portraits of Lafayette, was a founder of the National Academy of Design in 1826 and became professor of painting and sculpture at New York University in 1832-a position he held until his death in 1872. Morse invented the first practical recording telegraph in America and developed the Morse code, revolutionizing communication.
 (HN, 4/27/99)(HNQ, 2/26/00)

1791  May 9, Francis Hopkinson (53), US writer, music, lawyer, died.
 (MC, 5/9/02)

1791  May 28, Joseph Schmitt (57), composer, died.
 (MC, 5/28/02)

1791  May 29, Pietro Romani, composer, was born.
 (SC, 5/29/02)

1791  Jun 9, John Howard Payne, American playwright and actor, was born.
 (HN, 6/9/01)

1791  Jun 20, King Louis XVI of France attempted to flee the country in the so-called Flight to Varennes, but was caught.
 (AP, 6/20/97)

1791  Jun 21, King Louis XVI and the French royal family were arrested in Varennes. In 2003 Timothy Tackett authored "When the King Took Flight," an examination of the political culture during this period of transformation.
 (HN, 6/21/98)(SSFC, 5/18/03, p.M6)

1791  Jul 7, Benjamin Rush, Richard Allen and Absalom Jones founded the Non-denominational African Church.
 (HN, 7/7/98)

1791  Jul 13, The bones of the greatest French satirist, philosopher, and writer, Voltaire (Jean-Marie Arouet) were enshrined in the Pantheon in Paris.
 (MC, 7/13/02)

1791  Jul 16, Louis XVI was suspended from office until he agreed to ratify the constitution.
 (HN, 7/16/98)

1791  Jul 17, National Guard troops opened fire in Paris on a crowd of demonstrators calling for the deposition of the king.
 (HN, 7/17/99)

1791  Jul 24, Robespierre expelled all Jacobins opposed to the principles of the French Revolution.
 (HN, 7/24/98)

1791  Jul 26, Franz Xavier Wolfgang Mozart, 6th child of Austrian composer WAM, was born.
 (MC, 7/26/02)

1791  Aug 1, Robert Carter III, a Virginia plantation owner, freed all 500 of his slaves in the largest private emancipation in U.S. history.
 (HN, 8/1/98)

1791  Aug 4, The chief item in the Peace of Sistova agreement between the Austrian Empire and Turkey was the return of Belgrade to Turkey. The peace initiative resulted from the terms of the Convention of Reichenbach between Prussia and Austria. Belgrade had been taken in 1789 by the Holy Roman emperor Joseph II.
 (HNQ, 6/25/99)

1791  Aug 12, Black slaves on the island of Santo Domingo rose up against their white masters. In Haiti Toussaint L’Ouverture led a slave rebellion against plantation owners and later a colonial revolt against France.
 (SFEC, 1/26/97 BR, p.10)(HN, 8/12/98)

1791  Sep 1, Lydia Sigourney, US religious author (How to Be Happy), was born.
 (SC, 9/1/02)

1791  Sep 3, The French National Assembly passed a French Constitution passed.
 (MC, 9/3/01)

1791  Sep 5, Giacomo Meyerbeer, Vogelsdorf Germany, opera composer (Les Huguenots, Le Prophete), was born.
 (MC, 9/5/01)

1791  Sep 6, Mozart’s last opera "La Clemenza di Tito," premiered in Prague. It was composed for the coronation festivities of the King of Bohemia.
 (WSJ, 4/10/00, p.A44)(MC, 9/6/01)

1791  Sep 9, French Royalists took control of Arles and barricaded themselves inside the town.
 (HN, 9/9/98)

1791  Sep 13, France's King Louis XVI accepted a constitution.
 (MC, 9/13/01)

1791  Sep 14, Louis XVI solemnly swore his allegiance to the French constitution.
 (HN, 9/14/98)

1791  Sep 22, Michael Faraday (d.1867), English physicist, was born in London. He demonstrated that a magnetic field induces a current in a moving conductor. He invented the dynamo, the transformer and the electric motor.
 (V.D.-H.K.p.269)(HN, 9/22/00)

1791  Sep 26, J.L.A. Theodore Gericault, French painter, was born.
 (MC, 9/26/01)

1791  Sep 27, Jews in France were granted French citizenship. Jews were granted religious and civic rights in 1791.
 (HN, 9/27/98)(WSJ, 8/7/00, p.A13)

1791  Sep 30, Mozart's opera "The Magic Flute" premiered in Vienna, Austria.
 (AP, 9/30/97)

1791  Oct 1, In Paris, the National Legislative Assembly held its first meeting.
 (HN, 10/1/98)

1791  Nov 3, Battle at Wabash: Indians assaulted Gen. St. Clair and killed 637 soldiers. [see Nov 4]
 (MC, 11/3/01)

1791  Nov 4, General Arthur St. Clair, governor of Northwest Territory, was badly defeated by a large Indian army near Fort Wayne. Miami Indian Chief Little Turtle led the powerful force of Miami, Wyandot, Iroquois, Shawnee, Delaware, Ojibwa and Potawatomi that inflicted the greatest defeat ever suffered by the U.S. Army at the hands of North American Indians. Some 623 regulars led by General Arthur St. Clair were killed and 258 wounded on the banks of the Wabash River near present day Fort Wayne, Indiana. The staggering defeat moved Congress to authorize a larger army in 1792. [see Nov 3]
 (HNQ, 8/10/98)(HN, 11/4/98)

1791  Dec 4, Britain's Observer, oldest Sunday newspaper in world, was 1st published.
 (MC, 12/4/01)

1791  Dec 5, Austrian composer Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart died in Vienna, Austria, at age 35. His first opera was "Idomeneo." In 1991 Georg Knepler authored "Wolfang Amade Mozart," a Marxist view of Mozart in his times. In 1995 Maynard Solomon published a psychoanalytic biography of Mozart. In 1999 Peter Gay authored a Penguin short life of Mozart and Robert W. Gutman authored the comprehensive biography "Mozart."
 (WUD, 1994, p.937)(SFEC, 2/2/97, DB. p.54)(AP, 12/5/97)(WSJ, 12/2/99, p.A20)

1791  Dec 15, The US Bill of Rights, the first 10 amendments to the U.S. Constitution, took effect following ratification by Virginia. The First Amendment declared the separation of church and state.
 (HFA,'96, p.44)(SFC, 6/24/96, p.A19)(AP, 12/15/97)(WUD, 1994, p.1703)

1791  Dec 17, NYC traffic regulation created the 1st 1-way street.
 (MC, 12/17/01)

1791  Jose Cardero, a Spanish artist in California, painted "Vista del Presidio de Monterey."
 (SFC, 4/21/99, p.E6)

1791  James Boswell authored the celebrated "The Life of Samuel Johnson." In 2001 Adam Sisman authored "Boswell’s Presumptuous Task," an account of how Boswell came to write the Johnson biography.
 (WSJ, 8/24/01, p.W8)

1791  The opera "The Beneficent Dervish" was attributed to Emanuel
Schikaneder but a 1997 find indicated that Mozart wrote the work. Schikaneder was a Vienna theater impresario who had commissioned "The Magic Flute."
 (SFC, 6/13/97, p.C11)

1791  Pierre Charles L'Enfant, French engineer, designed the layout of Washington, D.C.
 (HN, 8/2/98)

1791  The Berlin Sing-Academie was established.
 (SFC, 8/6/99, p.C13)

1791  In Berlin, Germany, the Brandenburg Gate was completed. It stood 66 feet tall and 213 feet wide, and was topped by the copper Quadriga, a sculpture of a goddess riding into the city aboard a chariot. It was restored in 2002.
 (AP, 10/2/02)

1791  Maryland and Virginia ceded land to the federal government to form the District of Columbia. Chosen as the permanent site for the capital of the United States by Congress in 1790, President Washington was given the power by Congress to select the exact site—an area ten-miles square, made up of land given by Virginia and Maryland. Washington became the official federal capital in 1800.
 (HNQ, 8/13/00)

1791  James Madison opposed the plans of Alexander Hamilton for a National Bank. [see 1780-1792, Banning book on Madison]
 (WSJ, 12/20/95, p.A-12)

1791  Alexander Hamilton began his relationship with Maria Reynolds, the wife of James Reynolds. Mr. Reynolds threatened to expose Hamilton and received $1,000 in blackmail.
 (WSJ, 11/19/98, p.1,12)

1791  The US Providence Bank was later reported to have profited from traffic in slaves to the New World. The bank eventually became part of FleetBoston Financial Corp.
 (SFC, 3/10/00, p.D3)

1791  Legend says the Harel family began making Camembert cheese before this time. The family had given a priest refuge, who in gratitude gave them the recipe. In 2003 Pierre Boisard authored "Camembert: A National Myth."
 (SSFC, 7/27/03, p.M3)

1791  The Marquesas Islands were officially discovered. Over a 30 year period western diseases ravaged the populace and only about 2,000 of 100,000 people survived.
 (SFEC, 8/25/96, p.T6)

1791  The United Irishmen Society was formed. Inspired by the French Revolution many Catholics and Protestants took up the cause of Irish nationalism during the next decade.
 (SFEC, 12/22/96, zone1 p.6)

1791  Frantisek Koczwara, a Bohemian musician, died in a London brothel from auto-asphyxiation.
 (SSFC, 3/18/01, DB p.49)

1791  Grigory A. Potemkin (b.1739), Russian army officer, statesman, Catherine II's lover, died. In 2002 Simon Sebag Montefiore authored "Prince of Princes: The Life of Potemkin."
 (MC, 9/13/01)(WSJ, 2/14/02, p.A18)

1791  John Wesley (b.1703), English evangelist and theologian, died. He founded the Methodist movement.
 (WUD, 1994, p.1622)(WSJ, 6/13/03, p.W19)

1791-1824 Theodore Gericault, French painter. He painted "Mounted Officer of the Imperial Guard."
 (AAP, 1964)(WUD, 1994, p.593)

1792  Jan 17, One of the first US Treasury bonds was issued to Pres. George Washington and bears the earliest use of the dollar sign.
 (WSJ, 5/29/98, p.W9)

1792  Jan 28, Rebellious slaves in Santo Domingo launched an attack on the city of Cap.
 (HN, 1/28/99)

1792  Feb 7, Cimarosa's opera "Il Matrimonio Segreto," premiered in Vienna.
 (MC, 2/7/02)

1792  Feb 20, President Washington signed an act creating the U.S. Post Office. [see Feb 20, 1789, May 8, 1794]
 (HN, 2/20/98)(AP, 2/20/98)

1792  Feb 21, US Congress passed the Presidential Succession Act. [see Mar 1]
 (MC, 2/21/02)

1792  Feb 23, Joseph Haydn’s 94th Symphony in G premiered.
 (MC, 2/23/02)
1792  Feb 23, Humane Society of Massachusetts was incorporated. It erected life-saving stations for distressed mariners.
 (MC, 2/23/02)
1792  Feb 23, Joshua Reynolds (68), English portrait painter (Simplicity), died.
 (MC, 2/23/02)

1792  Feb 29, The composer Gioacchino Antonio Rossini (d.1868) was born in Pesaro, Italy. His work included the opera "La Donna del Lago," based on the Walter Scott romance "The lady of the Lake."
 (WUD, 1994, p.1246)(WSJ, 7/29/97, p.A12)(AP, 2/29/00)(HN, 2/29/00)

1792  Mar 1, US Presidential Succession Act was passed. [see Feb 21]
 (SC, 3/1/02)

1792  Mar 4, Oranges were introduced to Hawaii.
 (SC, 3/4/02)

1792  Mar 10, John Stuart (78), 3rd earl of Bute, English premier (1760-63), died.
 (MC, 3/10/02)

1792  Mar 16, The popular Swedish King Gustavus III was murdered by Count Ankarstrom at an opera. It became the inspiration for Giuseppe Verdi's Un Ballo in Maschera.
 (MC, 3/16/02)

1792  Mar 20, In Paris, the Legislative Assembly approved the use of the guillotine.
 (HN, 3/20/99)

1792  Mar 23, Franz Joseph Haydn’s "Symphony No. 94 in G Major," also known as the "Surprise Symphony," was performed publicly for the first time, in London.
 (AP, 3/23/97)

1792  Mar 29, Gustav III, King of Sweden (1771-92), died of wounds.
 (MC, 3/29/02)

1792  Mar/Apr, Speculator William Duer defaulted on Hamilton’s freshly exchanged "Stock in the Public Funds," and caused the first American stock market crash. Hamilton injected liquidity, asked the banks not to call in loans and allowed merchants to pay customs duties with short-term notes.
 (WSJ, 3/24/97, p.A16)(WSJ, 8/14/01, p.A12)

1792  Apr 1, Gronings feminist Etta Palm demanded women's right to divorce.
 (MC, 4/1/02)

1792  Apr 2, Congress passed the Coinage Act, which authorized establishment of the U.S. Mint. It established the US dollar defined in fixed weights of gold and silver. State chartered banks issued paper money convertible to gold or silver coins to ease business transactions. U.S. authorized $10 Eagle, $5 half-Eagle & 2.50 quarter-Eagle gold coins & silver dollar, dollar, quarter, dime & half-dime.
 (HFA, '96, p.28)(AP, 4/2/97)(WSJ, 1/13/98, p.A1)(HN, 4/2/98)

1792  Apr 4, American abolitionist Thaddeus Stevens, U.S. Radical Republican congressional leader, was born in Danville, Vt..
 (AP, 4/4/98)(HN, 4/4/98)

1792  Apr 5, George Washington cast the first presidential veto, rejecting a congressional measure for apportioning representatives among the states.
 (AP, 5/5/97)(HN, 5/5/97)

1792  Apr 20, France declared war on Austria, Prussia, and Sardinia, marking the start of the French Revolutionary wars.
 (AP, 4/20/97)(HN, 4/20/98)

1792  Apr 22, President Washington proclaimed American neutrality in the war in Europe.
 (HN, 4/22/98)

1792  Apr 24, Capt. Claude Joseph Rouget de Lisle, an officer stationed in Strasbourg, composed "La Marseillaise," which later became the national anthem of France.
 (AP, 4/24/97)(HN, 4/24/98)

1792  Apr 25, Highwayman Nicolas Jacques Pelletier became the first person under French law to be executed by guillotine.
 (AP, 4/25/97)(HN, 4/25/98)

1792  Apr 30, John Montague (73), 4th Earl of Sandwich, English Naval minister, died.
 (MC, 4/30/02)

1792  May 7, Capt. Robert Gray discovered Gray's  Harbor in Washington state.
 (MC, 5/7/02)

1792  May 8, US established a military draft.
 (MC, 5/8/02)
1792  May 8, British Capt. George Vancouver sighted and named Mt. Rainier, Wash.
 (MC, 5/8/02)

1792  May 11, The Columbia River was discovered and named by Captain Robert Gray.
 (HN, 5/11/98)(MC, 5/11/02)

1792  May 12, A toilet that flushed itself at regular intervals was patented.
 (MC, 5/12/02)

1792  May 13, Giovanni-Maria Mastaia-Ferretti, later Pope Pius IX, "Pio Nono" (1846-78), was born at Sinigaglia.
 (PTA, 1980, p.510)(MC, 5/13/02)

1792  May 16, Denmark abolished slave trade.
 (MC, 5/16/02)

1792  May 17, Stock traders gathered under a buttonwood tree not far from Wall Street in New York City and organized what later became the New York Stock Exchange at 70 Wall Street. 24 merchants formed the NY Stock Exchange at 70 Wall Street. They fixed rates on commissions on stocks and bonds. A prior market crash and almost total halt in credit, trading and liquidity prompted the Buttonwood Agreement under the influence of Alexander Hamilton.
 (Hem, 8/95, p.78)(WSJ, 3/24/97, p.A19)(HN, 5/17/98)(MC, 5/17/02)

1792  May 18, Russian troops invaded Poland.
 (HN, 5/18/98)

1792  May 19, The Russian army entered Poland.
 (DTnet 5/19/97)

1792   Jun 1, Kentucky became the 15th state of the union.
 (DTnet 6/1/97)

1792  Jun 4, Captain George Vancouver claimed Puget Sound for Britain. Englishman George Vancouver sailed into the SF Bay on his ship Discovery in this year and explored the Santa Clara Valley. Vancouver sailed the Inside Passage, the 1000-mile waterway between Puget Sound and Alaska.
 (SFEC, 3/1/98, p.W34)(HN, 6/4/98)(WSJ, 11/5/99, p.W12)
1792  Jun 4, John Burgoyne, soldier, playwright, died.
 (MC, 6/4/02)

1792  Jul 18, American naval hero John Paul Jones died in Paris at age 45. His body was preserved in rum in case the American government wished him back. In 1905 his body was transported to the US and placed in a crypt in Annapolis. In 2003 Evan Thomas authored "John Paul Jones: Sailor, Hero, Father of the American Navy."
 (AP, 7/18/97)(SSFC, 6/22/03, p.M3)

1792  Jul 30, The French national anthem "La Marseillaise" by Claude Joseph Rouget de Lisle, was first sung in Paris.
 (AP, 7/30/99)

1792  Aug 4, Percy Bysshe Shelley (d.1822), English poet and author who wrote "Prometheus Unbound," was born in Field Place, England. He married Mary Wollstonecraft Godwin, author of "Frankenstein." He wrote the poem "Adonais."
 (WUD, 1994, p.1314)(HN, 8/4/98)

1792  Aug 11, A revolutionary commune was formed in Paris, France.
 (HN, 8/10/98)

1792  Aug 18, Lord John Russel, Prime Minister of England from 1846 to 1852 and 1865 to 1866, was born.
 (HN, 8/18/98)

1792  Aug 29, The English warship Royal George capsized in Spithead and 900 people were killed.
 (MC, 8/29/01)

1792  Sep 2, Verdun, France, surrendered to the Prussian Army.
 (HN, 9/2/98)
1792  Sep 2, In the "September Massacres"- mobs removed nobles and clergymen from jails, slaughtering them.
 (MC, 9/2/01)

1792  Sep 5, Maximilien Robespierre was elected to the National Convention in France.
 (HN, 9/5/98)

1792  Sep 21, Collot D'Herbois proposed to abolish the monarchy in France. The French National Convention voted to abolish the monarchy. 1st French Republic formed
 (AP, 9/21/97)(MC, 9/21/01)

1792  Sep 22, The French Republic was proclaimed.
 (AP, 9/22/97)

1792  Sep 27, George Cruikshank, London, caricaturist (Oliver Twist), was born.
 (MC, 9/27/01)

1792  Oct 12, Columbus Day was 1st celebrated in the US.
 (MC, 10/12/01)

1792  Oct 13, The "Old Farmer's Almanac" was 1st published. [see Nov 25]
 (MC, 10/13/01)
1792  Oct 13, The cornerstone of the executive mansion, later known as the White House, was laid during a ceremony in the District of Columbia.
 (AP, 10/13/97)(HN, 10/13/98)

1792  Nov 6, Battle at Jemappes: French army beat the Austrians.
 (MC, 11/6/01)

1792  Nov 13, Edward John Trelawney, traveler and author (Adventure of a Younger Son), friend of Byron and Shelley, was born in England.
 (MC, 11/13/01)

1792  Nov 25, The Farmer's Almanac was 1st published. [see Oct 13]
 (MC, 11/25/01)

1792  Dec 5, George Washington was re-elected president; John Adams was re-elected vice president.
 (AP, 12/5/97)

1792  Dec 8, The 1st cremation in US: Henry Laurens.
 (MC, 12/8/01)

1792  Dec 11, France's King Louis XVI went before the Convention to face charges of treason. Louis was convicted and executed the following month.
 (AP, 12/11/97)

1792  Dec 12, In Vienna Ludwig Van Beethoven (22) received 1st lesson in music composition from Franz Joseph Haydn.
 (MC, 12/12/01)

1792  Dec 26, Charles Babbage, inventor of the calculating machine, was born.
 (HN, 12/26/98)

1792  Captain Bligh published "A Voyage to the South Sea" after his return from the Mutiny on the Bounty.
 (WSJ, 7/7/98, p.A14)

1792  James Madison published an essay in a newspaper on property and slaves. In this essay Madison extended the idea of property from material possessions to the property in his opinions, especially his religious beliefs.
 (V.D.-H.K.p.227)

1792  Mary Wollstonecraft (Godwin) wrote her essay "Vindication of the Rights of Women." She married Godwin in 1797 after learning that she was pregnant.
 (SFEM, 6/28/98, p.28)

1792  An edition of the Bible was first printed in New York.
 (WSJ, 8/7/98, p.W13)

1792  A US Militia Act was created.
 (SFC, 3/2/02, p.A21)

1792  Alexander Hamilton, Sec. of the Treasury, was accused of teaming with Mr. James Reynolds to speculate illegally in government securities. Hamilton then acknowledged to three lawmakers, including James Monroe, hush money payment to Mr. Reynolds to cover an affair.
 (WSJ, 11/19/98, p.A12)

1792  The dime coin "dismes" were first produced. Then came "half-dismes," or what we call nickels.
 (SFEC, 1/12/97, zone 3 p.4)

1792  Explorer Jose Longinos Martinez wrote in his diary about grizzly maulings that killed 2 Indians in California.
 (SFC, 8/18/96, p.A6)

1792  Archibald Menzies, Scottish doctor/surgeon, was the naturalist aboard the Discovery under Captain George Vancouver. He collected his first California poppy and classified it incorrectly as Celandine, an old world member of the same family (Papaveracae). [see 1794,1816,1825-1833]
 (NBJ, 2/96, p.12)

1792  Pierre Ordinaire, French chemist, invented absinthe as a digestive or all-purpose tonic. It quickly caught on as an apéritif. Ordinaire invented absinthe in 1797. It was popularized by Henri-Louis Pernod, who opened his first distillery in Switzerland before moving to Pontarlier, France, in 1805.
 (WSJ, 12/24/96, p.A1)(WSJ, 1/22/99, p.W8)(SFC, 3/24/00, p.A3)

1792  Three English sailors wandered from Vancouver’s supply ship Daedalus, anchored in Waimea Bay. They were captured and killed by native Hawaiians.
 (SFCM, 3/11/01, p.87)

1792  George Mason, Revolutionary statesman, died at Gunston Hall, Va.
 (HNQ, 2/18/99)

1792  Jose da Silva Xavier, considered by many to be Brazil's George Washington, was drawn and quartered by the Portuguese.
 (AP, 4/19/03)

1792  Niagara-on-the-Lake became the 1st capital of the Upper Canada (later Ontario). The Parliament met for 5 sessions before moving to York (Toronto).
 (WSJ, 7/25/02, p.D10)

1792  The Chinese poet Shih Tao-nan, shortly before succumbing to the plague noted: "Few days following the death of the rats, Men pass away like falling walls."
 (NG, 5/88, p.678)

1792  The crown jewels of France were stolen including the 67 carat Blue Diamond.
 (THC, 12/3/97)(EB, 1993, V6 p.51)

1792  The La Felecia opera house in Venice opened.
 (SFC, 6/27/96, p.D3)

1792  In Scotland gas lighting was developed.
 (SFC, 7/14/99, p.4)

1792-1793 Francisco Jose de Goya y Lucientes (1746-1828), Spanish painter, went deaf from an unexplained illness.
 (WSJ, 5/10/02, p.W8)(Econ, 10/18/03, p.81)

1792-1796 In St. Petersburg, Russia, Catherine the Great commissioned the building of the neoclassical rococo Alexander Palace for her eldest grandson, the future Alexander I.
 (WSJ, 9/9/97, p.A16)

1792-1867 Giovanni Pacing, Italian composer. His work included "Maria, Regina d’Inghilterra," based on Victor Hugo’s drama "Marie Tudor."
 (WSJ, 11/10/98, p.A20)

1792-1868 Gioacchino Antonio Rossini, Italian composer. His work included the opera "La Donna del Lago," based on the Walter Scott romance "The Lady of the Lake."
 (WUD, 1994, p.1246)(WSJ, 7/29/97, p.A12)

1793  Jan 3,  Lucretia Coffin Mott women’s rights activist, was born. She was a teacher, minister, antislavery leader and founder of the 1st Women’s Rights Convention.
 (440 Int'l. 1/3/99)(HN, 1/3/02)

1793  Jan 9, The first US manned balloon flight occurred. Frenchman Jean Pierre Blanchard, using a hot-air balloon, flew between Philadelphia and Woodbury, N.J. He set down at the "old Clement farm" in Deptford, New Jersey. [see Jun 23, 1784, Mar 9, 1793]
 (HFA, '96, p.22)(WSJ, 3/31/98, p.A1)(AP, 1/9/99)

1793  Jan 19, French King Louis XVI was sentenced to death. [see Jan 21]
 (MC, 1/19/02)

1793  Jan 21, Louis XVI (38), last of the French Bourbon dynasty, was executed on the guillotine. The vote in the National Convention for execution for treason won by a margin of one vote. The Great Terror followed his execution.
 (WUD, 1994, p.1677)(V.D.-H.K.p.231)(NH, 6/97, p.23)(AP, 1/21/98)

1793  Jan 23, Prussia and Russia signed an accord on the 2nd partition of Lithuania and Poland. The 2nd partition of Poland. Polish patriots had attempted to devise a new constitution which was recognized by Austria and Prussia, but Russia did not recognize it and invaded. Prussia in turn invaded and the two agreed to a partition that left only the central portion of Poland independent.
 (WUD, 1994, p.1677)(LHC, 1/23/03)

1793  Feb 1, Ralph Hodgson of Lansingburg, NY, patented one of the world’s greatest inventions this day: Oiled silk.
 (440 Int'l, 2/1/1999)
1793  Feb 1, France declared war on Britain and the Netherlands.
 (HN, 2/1/99)

1793  Feb 12, The US first fugitive slave law was passed. This gave slave holders the right to reclaim their human property in free states.
 (HN, 2/12/97)(WSJ, 1/30/03, p.D8)

1793  Feb 25, The department heads of the U.S. government met with President  Washington at his Mt. Vernon home for the first Cabinet meeting on record.
 (AP, 2/25/98)(MC, 2/25/02)

1793  Mar 2, Sam Houston, the first president of the Republic of Texas (1836-38, 1841-44), was born near Lexington, Va. He fought for Texas' independence from Mexico; President of Republic of Texas; U.S. Senator; Texas governor
 (AP, 3/2/98)(HC, Internet, 2/3/98)(SC, 3/2/02)

1793  Mar 3, Charles Sealsfield, writer (The Making of America), was born.
 (SC, 3/3/02)

1793  Mar 4, George Washington was inaugurated as President for the second time. His 2nd inauguration was the shortest with just 133 words. Since George Washington’s second term, Inauguration Day had been March 4 of the year following the election. That custom meant that defeated presidents and congressmen served four months after the election. In 1933, the so-called Lame Duck Amendment to the U.S. Constitution moved the inauguration of newly elected presidents and congressmen closer to Election Day. The 20th Amendment required the terms of the president and vice-president to begin at noon on January 20, while congressional terms begin on January 3.
 (HN, 3/4/98)(HNPD, 3/4/99)(SC, 3/4/02)
1793  Mar 4, French troops conquered Geertruidenberg, Netherlands.
 (SC, 3/4/02)

1793  Mar 5, Austrian troops crush the French and recapture Liege.
 (HN, 3/5/99)

1793  Mar 9, Jean Pierre Blanchard (d.1809) made the first US balloon flight from Philadelphia to New Jersey. President George Washington watched aeronaut Jean Pierre Blanchard make his 45th aerial voyage. [See Jan 9]
 (HN, 3/9/98)(HN, 5/15/98)

1793  Mar 13, Eli Whitney patented the cotton gin. [see Jun 20, 1793 & Mar 14, 1794]
 (HN, 3/13/98)

1793  Mar 18, The 2nd Battle at Neerwinden: Austria army beat France.
 (MC, 3/18/02)

1793  Mar 26, Pro-royalist uprising took place in Vendée region of France.
 (SS, 3/26/02)

1793  Apr 1,  The volcano Unsen on Japan erupted killing about 53,000.
 (OTD)

1793  Apr 14, A royalist rebellion in Santo Domingo was crushed by French republican troops.
 (HN, 4/14/99)

1793  Apr 17, The Battle of Warsaw was fought.
 (HN, 4/17/98)

1793  Apr 22, Pres. Washington attended the opening of Rickett's, the 1st circus in US.
 (MC, 4/22/02)

1793  May 7, Pietro Nardini (71), composer, died.
 (MC, 5/7/02)

1793  May 25, Father Stephen Theodore Badin became the 1st US Roman Catholic priest ordained.
 (SC, 5/25/02)

1793  Jun 2, Maximillian Robespierre, a member of France’s Committee on Public Safety, initiated the "Reign of Terror," a purge of those suspected of treason against the French Republic. Months of the Great Terror, followed the Revolution in France as thousands died beneath the guillotine.
 (V.D.-H.K.p.231)(HN, 6/2/98)

1793  Jun 20, Eli Whitney applied for a cotton gin patent. [see Mar 13, 1793, Mar 14, 1794]
 (HN, 6/20/98)

1793  Jun 24, The first republican constitution in France was adopted.
 (AP, 6/24/97)

1793  Jul 13, John Clare, English poet, was born.
 (HN, 7/13/01)
1793  Jul 13, Pierre Dupont de Nemours was ordered arrested in Paris on charges of plotting with rebels against the French Revolutionary National Assembly.
 (MC, 7/13/02)
1793  Jul 13, French revolutionary writer Jean Paul Marat was stabbed to death in his bath by Charlotte Corday, who was executed four days later. In 1970 Marie Cher authored "Charlotte Corday, and Certain Men of the Revolutionary Torment."
 (AP, 7/13/97)(ON, SC, p.8)

1793  Jul 23, Roger Sherman (b.1721) of Connecticut, signer of the Declaration of Independence, died. He was only man to sign the four most important documents that were most significant in the formation of the United States. Sherman signed the Association (the 1774 compact to boycott British goods), the Declaration of Independence, Articles of Confederation and Constitution. Sherman was among the first to declare that Parliament had no right to legislate for the colonies. He was a delegate to the Continental Congress, served in the first U.S.  House of Representatives and was a U.S.  senator.
 (HN, 4/19/97)(HNQ, 7/10/99)
1793  Jul 23, The French garrison at Mainz, Germany, fell to the Prussians.
 (HN, 7/23/98)

1793  Jul 24, France passed the 1st copyright law.
 (MC, 7/24/02)

1793  Jul 27, In France, Robespierre became a member of the Committee of Public Safety.
 (HN, 7/27/98)

1793  Aug 14, Republican troops in France laid siege to the city of Lyons.
 (HN, 8/14/98)

1793  Aug 27, Maximilien Robespierre was elected to the Committee of Public Safety in Paris, France.
 (HN, 8/27/98)

1793  Aug 28, Adam-Philippe Custine, Duke de Lauzun (French duke, general, fought in American Revolution, hero in both countries), was guillotined in Paris.
 (MC, 8/28/01)

1793  Aug 29, Slavery was abolished in the French colony of Santo Domingo (Haiti).
 (HN, 8/29/98)(MC, 8/29/01)

1793  Sep 5, In the French Revolution, terror was officially acknowledged as the National Convention instituted harsh measures to repress counterrevolutionary activities. One delegate, claiming that the middle class Girondist (moderates) leaders be sentenced to death cried, "It is time for equality to wield its scythe over all the heads. Very well, Legislator, place Terror on the agenda!" The delegates agreed to arrest all suspects and dissenters, try them swiftly in the kangaroo courts known as the Revolutionary Tribunals, and sentence them uniformly to death.
 (MC, 9/5/01)(AP, 9/4/03)

1793  Sep 6, French General Jean Houchard and his 40,000 men began a three-day battle against an Anglo-Hanoverian army at Hondschoote, southwest Belgium, in the wars of the French Revolution.
 (HN, 9/6/98)

1793  Sep 18, President George Washington laid the foundation stone for the U.S. Capitol on Jenkins Hill.
 (AP, 9/18/97)(SFC, 7/18/98, p.A15)(HN, 9/18/98)

1793  Oct 8, John Hancock, US merchant and signer (Declaration of Independence), died at 56.
 (MC, 10/8/01)

1793  Oct 10, The rebellious French city of Lyons surrendered to Revolutionary troops.
 (MC, 10/10/01)

1793  Oct 16, During the French Revolution, Marie Antoinette was beheaded. Prosecutors claimed she had sexually abused her son and financially abused the French Monarchy.  In mourning for her husband, Louis XVI, who had been guillotined the previous January, clad in rags, her once-dazzling locks shorn by the executioner's assistant, she even suffered the indignity of a crude sketch by the great French painter, Jacques Louis David. Antoinette bore herself with a regal indifference to her martyrdom. Madame Tussaud used her severed head as a model for her wax bust death mask. In 2001 Antonia Fraser authored "Marie Antoinette: The Journey."
 (HFA, '96, p.40)(SFEC, 11/17/96, p.T5)(AP, 10/16/97)(WSJ, 10/5/01, p.W13)(MC, 10/16/01)

1793  Oct 28, Eliphalet Remington, US gun maker, was born.
 (MC, 10/28/01)
1793  Oct 28, Eli Whitney applied for a patent on the cotton gin, a machine which cleaned the tight-clinging seeds from short-staple cotton easily and effectively--a job which was previously done by hand. The patent was granted the following March. [see Mar 13, Jun 20, 1793, Mar 14, 1794]
 (AP, 10/28/97)(HN, 10/28/98)

1793  Oct 31, Execution of 21 Girondins (moderates) in Paris, stepping up the Reign of Terror. Pierre V. Vergniaud (40), French politician and elegant, impassioned orator of Girondins, was guillotined.
 (MC, 10/31/01)

1793  Nov 3, Stephen Fuller Austin was born. He colonized Texas.
 (MC, 11/3/01)

1793  Nov 8, The Louvre opened in Paris as a museum. It was originally constructed as a fortress in the early thirteenth century.
 (HN, 11/6/98)(MC, 11/8/01)

1793  Nov 10, France outlawed the forced worship of God.
 (MC, 11/10/01)

1793  Nov 12, Jean-Sylvain Bailley (53), French astronomer and mayor of Paris, was guillotined.
 (MC, 11/12/01)

1793  Nov 19, The Jacobin Club was formed in Paris. Robespierre (1758-1794), Jacobin leader: "Terror is nothing but justice, prompt, severe and inflexible."
 (SSFC, 10/28/01, p.C5)(MC, 11/19/01)

1793  Nov 26, Republican calendar replaced the Gregorian calendar in France.
 (MC, 11/26/01)

1793  Nov, In France Philippe Aspairt, a hospital porter, ventured alone into the limestones quarries south of Paris, site of the new cemetery, and got lost. Workmen found his bones 11 years later.
 (Hem., 3/97, p.119)

1793  Dec 6, Marie Jeanne Becu, Comtesse du Barry, flamboyant mistress of Louis XV, was guillotined in Paris.
 (MC, 12/6/01)

1793  Dec 9, Noah Webster established NY's 1st daily newspaper, American Minerva.
 (MC, 12/9/01)

1793  Dec 19, French troops recaptured Toulon from the British.
 (HN, 12/19/98)

1793  Dec 20, Joseph Legros (54), composer, died.
 (MC, 12/20/01)

1793  Dec 23, Thomas Jefferson warned of slave revolts in West Indies.
 (MC, 12/23/01)

1793  Antonio Canova created his clay model for the sculpture "Penitent Magdalen." The final marble version was completed in 1809.
 (WSJ, 1/29/02, p.A18)

1793  Jacques-Louis David painted "Death of Marat."
 (SFEC, 3/21/99, BR p.5)

1793  Pierre-Paul Prud’hon (1758-1823), French artist, painted "Cupid Laughs at the Tears He Causes."
 (WSJ, 4/8/98, p.A20)

1793  William Blake produced his "Labors of the Artist, the Poet, and the Musician." He painted "Aged Ignorance."
 (LSA, Spring 1995, p.17)(NH, 4/97, p.6)

1793  The German Reformed Church was established in the US by Calvinist Puritans.
 (SFC, 7/21/97, p.A11)

1793  Capt. George Vancouver introduced cattle to the islands of Hawaii and wrested from King Kamehameha the concession that women as well as men be allowed to eat the meat. The king agreed if separate animals were used.
 (SFEM, 2/8/98, p.10)

1793  The US minted its first penny.
 (SFC, 9/11/96, p.A4)

1793  In Vermont Captain John Norton founded a stoneware pottery shop in Bennington. The wares were rarely marked until 1823. Various members of the family worked at the pottery until it closed shop in 1894.
 (SFC, 2/18/98, Z1 p.3)

1793  The Spanish Governor of Alta California made the first official notice of the fire problem in California. He warned military officers, missions and civil authorities of the problem.
 (SFC, 10/23/96, p.A8)

1793  There was a yellow fever epidemic in Philadelphia. Stephen Girard risked his life and fortune in stopping the epidemic.
 (WSJ, 1/2/97, p.6)

1793  Alexander Mackenzie, fur trader, crossed North America and reached the Pacific coast.
 (SFEC, 5/25/97, Z1 p.7)

1793  China’s Emperor Qianlong turned away the British fleet under Lord George Macartney with the declaration that China had all things in abundance and had no need of British friendship.
 (WSJ, 1/11/99, p.R51)

1793  The courthouse at the St. Maarten Island Dutch capital of Philipsburg was built.
 (SFEC,2/16/97, p.T7)

1793  Minton was established and stamped its porcelain dishware with this date.
 (SFC,11/5/97, Z.1 p.3)

1793-1795 The British engaged in the ill-fated Flanders Campaign.
 (SSFM, 4/1/01, p.42)

1793-1801  In Afghanistan Zaman Shah ruled. Constant internal revolts continued.
 (www.afghan, 5/25/98)

1793-1835 Felicia Dorothea Browne Hemans, English poet: "Though the past haunt me as a spirit, I do not ask to forget."
 (AP, 12/31/98)

1793-1860 Thomas Addison, English physician, discovered Addison’s disease, a usually fatal disease caused by the failure of the adrenal cortex to function and marked by a bronzelike skin pigmentation, anemia, and prostration.
 (AHD, 1971, p.15)

1793-1863 Sam Houston, US soldier and political leader. He was president of the Republic of Texas from 1836-1838.
 (WUD, 1994, p.689)

1794  Jan 13, President Washington approved a measure adding two stars and two stripes to the American flag, following the admission of Vermont and Kentucky to the union.
 (AP, 1/13/98)
1794  Jan 14, Dr. Jessee Bennet of Edom, Va., performed the 1st successful Cesarean section operation on his wife.
 (MC, 1/14/02)

1794  Feb 10, Joseph Haydn’s 99th Symphony in E, premiered.
 (MC, 2/10/02)

1794  Feb 11, A session of US Senate was 1st opened to the public.
 (MC, 2/11/02)

1794  Feb 14, 1st US textile machinery patent was granted, to James Davenport in Phila.
 (MC, 2/14/02)

1794  Feb 21, Antonio Lopez de Santa Anna, Mexican Revolutionary, was born.
 (HN, 2/21/98)

1794  Mar 3, 1st performance of Joseph Haydn’s 101st Symphony in D.
 (SC, 3/3/02)
1794  Mar 3, Richard Allen founded AME Church.
 (SC, 3/3/02)

1794  Mar 14, Eli Whitney received a patent for his cotton gin, an invention that revolutionized America's cotton industry. He paid substantial royalties to Catherine T. Greene and this makes his claim to the invention suspect. [see Mar 13, 1793; Jun 20, 1793; Oct 28, 1793]
 (AP, 3/14/97)(SFC, 10/4/97, p.E3)

1794  Mar 22, Congress passed laws prohibiting slave trade with foreign countries, although slavery remained legal in the United States. Congress banned US vessels from supplying slaves to other countries.
 (HN, 3/22/01)(MC, 3/22/02)

1794  Mar 23, Josiah Pierson patented a "cold-header" (rivet) machine.
 (SS, 3/23/02)
1794  Mar 23, Lieutenant-General Tadeusz Kosciusko returned to Poland.
 (SS, 3/23/02)

1794  Mar 24, In Cracow a revolutionary manifesto was proclaimed. The Lithuanian and Polish nobility under the leadership of Tadas Kasciuska revolted against Russian control.
 (H of L, 1931, p. 81-82)(LHC, 3/23/03)

1794  Mar 27, President Washington and Congress authorized creation of the U.S. Navy. [see 1775]
 (AP, 3/27/97)

1794  Mar 29, Marie-Joseph de Condorcet (50), mathematician (Theory of Comets) and philosopher, died as a fugitive from French Revolution Terrorists.
 (MC, 3/29/02)

1794  Apr 5, Georges-Jacques Danton (34), French revolutionary leader, was guillotined along with Marie Jean Herault de Sechelles, French author, politician, and Camille Desmoullins, popular journalist.
 (MC, 4/5/02)

1794  Apr 7, In Poland at the battle of Raclawice the revolutionary forces of Tadeusz Kosciusko defeated the imperial armies.
 (DrEE, 9/21/96, p.5)

1794  Apr 8, Marie-Jean-Antoine-Nicholas-Caritat, mathematician died.
 (MC, 4/8/02)

1794  Apr 19, Tadeusz Kosciusko forced Russians out of Warsaw.
 (HN, 4/19/97)

1794  Apr 10, Matthew Calbraith Perry, the American Navy Commodore who opened Japan, was born.
 (HN, 4/10/98)

1794  Apr 11, Edward Everett, governor of Massachusetts, statesman and orator, was born.
 (HN, 4/11/98)

1794  May 6, Haiti, under Toussaint L'Ouverture, revolted against France. This split the French Revolutionaries, who were in the midst of The Terror. Toussaint became a hero to certain factions and a villain to others.
 (MC, 5/6/02)
1794  May 6, Jean-Jacques Beauvarget-Charpentier (59), composer, died.
 (MC, 5/6/02)

1794  May 8, United States Post Office was established. [see Mar 12,1789, Feb 20, 1792]
 (HN, 5/8/98)
1794  May 8, Antoine-Laurent Lavoisier, the father of modern chemistry (identified oxygen), was executed on the guillotine during France's Reign of Terror.
 (AP, 5/8/97)(MC, 5/8/02)

1794  May 10, In France Elizabeth (30), the sister of King Louis XVI, was beheaded.
 (HN, 5/10/99)(MC, 5/10/02)

1794  May 18, The 2nd battle of Bouvines was between France and Austria.
 (SC, 5/18/02)

1794  May 27, Cornelius Vanderbilt (d.1877), owner of the B & O railroad, was born on Staten Island. He started running steamships in 1818 and shuttled passengers to the West coast across Nicaragua for the gold rush. At age 70 he entered the railroad business. He was never accepted into New York elite society and died with an estimated $105 million fortune.
 (HN, 5/27/98)(WSJ, 1/11/98, p.R18)

1794  Jun 1, English fleet under Richard Earl Howe defeated the French.
(MC, 6/1/02)

1794  Jun 4, Congress passed a Neutrality Act that banned Americans from serving in armed forces of foreign powers.
 (MC, 6/4/02)
1794  Jun 4, British troops captured Port-au-Prince, Haiti.
 (HN, 6/4/98)
1794  Jun 4, Robespierre was unanimously elected president of the Convention in the French Revolution.
 (MC, 6/4/02)

1794  Jun 5, Congress passed the Neutrality Act, which prohibited Americans from enlisting in the service of a foreign power.
 (AP, 6/5/99)(HN, 6/5/98)

1794  Jun 8, Maximilian Robespierre, French Revolutionary leader, worried about the influence of French atheists and philosophers, staged the "Festival of the Supreme Being" in Paris.
 (MC, 6/8/02)

1794  Jun 10, Bethel African Methodist Episcopal Church formed in Phila. [see Mar 28, 1796]
 (MC, 6/10/02)

1794  Jun 15, The Guillotine was moved to outskirts of Paris.
 (MC, 6/15/02)

1794  Jun 18, George Grote, British historian, was born.
 (MC, 6/18/02)

1794  Jun 23, Empress Catherine II granted Jews permission to settle in Kiev.
 (MC, 6/23/02)

1794  Jun 26, French defeated an Austrian army at the Battle of Fleurus.
 (HN, 6/26/98)

1794  Jul 5, Sylvester Graham, developed graham cracker, was born.
 (MC, 7/5/02)

1794  Jul 8, French troops captured Brussels, Belgium.
 (HN, 7/8/98)

1794  Jul 12, British Admiral Lord Nelson lost his right eye at the siege of Calvi, in Corsica.
 (HN, 7/12/98)

1794  Jul 13, Robespierre boycotted the Committee of Public Safety and the National convention after being denounced as a dictator.
 (MC, 7/13/02)

1794  Jul 23, Chaos and anarchy were averted temporarily when Robespierre joined conciliation talks in Paris.
 (MC, 7/23/02)

1794  Jul 26, After remaining uncharacteristically silent for several weeks, Robespierre demanded that the National Convention punish "traitors" without naming them.
 (MC, 7/26/02)
1794  Jul 26, The French defeated an Austrian army at the Battle of Fleurus in France.
 (HN, 7/26/98)

1794  Jul 27, French revolutionary leader Maximilien Robespierre was overthrown and placed under arrest; he was executed the following day.
 (AP, 7/27/00)

1794  Jul 28, Maximilien Robespierre, a leading figure of the French Revolution, was sent to the guillotine. Robespierre had dominated the Committee of Public Safety during the "Reign of Terror." He asserted the collective dictatorship of the revolutionary National Convention and attacked factions led by men such as Jacques-René Hébert which he felt threatened the government‘s power. Factions opposed to Robespierre gained momentum in the summer of 1794.  Declared an outlaw of the National Convention, Robespierre and many of his followers were captured and he—along with 22 of his supporters—were guillotined before cheering crowds.
 (AP, 7/28/97)(HN, 7/28/98)(HNQ, 11//00)

1794  Jul 29, Seventy of Robespierre's followers were guillotined.
 (MC, 7/29/02)

1794  Aug 1, The US Whiskey Rebellion began.
 (MC, 8/1/02)

1794  Aug 20, American General "Mad Anthony" Wayne defeated the Ohio Indians at the Battle of Fallen Timbers in the Northwest territory, ending Indian resistance in the area.
 (HN, 8/20/98)

1794  Aug 21, France surrendered the island of Corsica to the British.
 (HN, 8/21/98)
 
1794  Sep 10, America's first non-denominational college, Blount College (later the University of Tennessee), was chartered.
 (AP, 9/10/97)

1794  Sep 28, The Anglo-Russian-Austrian Alliance of St. Petersburg, which was directed against France, was signed.
 (HN, 9/28/98)

1794  Oct 10, The Russian Army under Gen’l. Alexander Suvorov took Warsaw and captured Tadeus Kosciusko at Maciejowice. T. Vavzeckis was became the new commander of the revolutionary forces.
 (Voruta #27-28, 7/1996, p.5)(HN, 10/10/98)

1794  Nov 3, William Cullen Bryant, poet and journalist, was born.
 (HN, 11/3/00)
1794  Nov 3, Thomas Paine was released from a Parisian jail with help from the American ambassador James Monroe. He was arrested for having offended the Robespierre faction.
 (HN, 11/3/99)

1794  Nov 16, Warsaw capitulated to the Russian Army and the revolution ended.
 (Voruta #27-28, 7/1996, p.5)

1794  Nov 19, The United States and Britain signed the Jay Treaty, which resolved some issues left over from the Revolutionary War. This was the 1st US extradition treaty.
 (AP, 11/19/97)(MC, 11/19/01)

1794  Nov 21, Honolulu Harbor was discovered.
 (MC, 11/21/01)

1794  Nov 22, Strasbourg, Alsace-Lorraine, prohibited circumcision and the wearing of beards.
 (MC, 11/22/01)

1794  Nov 28, Friedrich WLGA von Steuben (64), Prussian-US inspector-general of Washington’s army, died.
 (MC, 11/28/01)

1794  William Blake painted "The Ancient of Days." "He formed golden com-passes / And began to explore the Abyss." From the epic "The First Book of Urizen." Urizen is a pun and stands for "Your Reason." On display at the Whitworth Art Gallery, Manchester, England.
 (T&L, 10/1980, p.42)(WSJ, 4/2397, p.A16)

1794  "The Book of Thell" was printed by Blake in 14+ sets of 8 different designs.
 (LSA, Spring 1995, p.18)

1794  French Azilum near Towanda, Pa., was planned as an asylum for Marie-Antoinette, her children and other loyalists of the monarchy seeking refuge from the French Revolution. Loyalists who kept their heads did come and settle.
 (HT, 5/97, p.18)

1794  In the US Richard Allen was pulled from his knees one Sunday by a white usher while praying at St. George Methodist Episcopal Church in Philadelphia. He founded the African Methodist Episcopal (AME) Church in 1787.
 (SFC, 6/24/96, p.A19)(SFC, 7/12/00, p.A3)

1794  The St. Louis Cathedral in New Orleans was rebuilt. Two previous structures had burned down.
 (Hem., 1/97, p.63)

1794  George Washington established the first national armory at Springfield, Mass. He also authorized the arsenal at Harper's Ferry, Md., where the Shenandoah flows into the Potomac.
 (WSJ, 9/12/97, p.A20)(SFEC, 4/25/99, p.T7)

1794  The first American silver dollar was minted. Congress decided in 1785 that the country‘s monetary system would be based on a silver coin called a dollar, similar to that of the Spanish dollar.
 (HNQ, 1/5/00)

1794  In the US in western Pennsylvania, angry farmers protested a new federal tax on whiskey makers. The protest flared into the open warfare known as the Whiskey Rebellion between US marshals and whiskey farmers.
 (A&IP, ESM, p.16)(HNQ, 10/14/99)

1794  A French inventor mixed ground graphite with clay and water and fired it to make strong pencil leads. [see 1765]
 (WSJ, 11/24/00, p.A1)

1794  Archibald Menzies introduced the California poppy to England. The seed that he brought to Kew Gardens did not survive. [see 1792, 1816,1825-1833]
 (NBJ, 2/96, p.12)

1794  British Admiral Earl Howe defeated the French fleet.
 (SFEC,10/26/97, p.T4)

1794  Ernst Chladni, German scientist, proposed that meteorites were masses of iron-rich extraterrestrial rock, which occasionally penetrated the earth’s atmosphere to strike the surface.
 (ON, 7/02, p.5)

1794  Napoleon’s occupying army in Maastricht, Netherlands, took back to France a giant dinosaur head that was found in a dark recess of St. Peter’s mountain in 1780. It was named the Mosasaurus and roamed the seas some 70 million years ago. The head was lugged to the home of Theodorus Godding, a canon at the local church. The French say that he swapped it to Napoleon for 600 bottles of wine. Records however seem to indicate otherwise.
 (NYT, 6/7/96, p.A4)

1794  Scotland, parish of Kirkmichael, Banffshire, on the holy well of St. Michael. (Statistical Account of Scotland, vol. xii, p.464): Many a patient have its water restored to health and many more have attested the efficacies of their virtues. But as the presiding power is sometimes capricious and apt to desert his charge, it now lies neglected, choked with weeds, unhonoured, and unfrequented. In better days it was not so; for the winged guardian, under the semblance of a fly, was never absent from his duty... Every movement of the sympathetic fly was regarded in silent awe...
 (R.M.-P.H.C.p.93)

1794  The Russian Orthodox mission was founded in Alaska. It led to the Orthodox Church in America with 600,000 members.
 (WP, 6/29/96, p.B7)

1794  The Royal Bayreuth porcelain factory was founded. The factory stamped this date on dishes made after 1900.
 (SFC,11/5/97, Z.1 p.3)

1794-1815 An anthology of first hand reports on the naval war between France and Britain was edited by Dean King and John B. Hattendorf and published in 1997.
 (SFEC,11/2/97, Par p.10)

1794-1872 Julius Schnorr von Carolsfeld, German artist.
 (WSJ, 7/16/98, p.A16)

1794-1925 The Kajar Dynasty ruled over Iran. The Gulistan Palace (constructed in this era), contains the much disputed Peacock Throne.
 (NG, Sept. 1939, Baroness Ravensdale, p.326)

1795  Jan 3, The 3rd division of the Lithuanian Polish Republic was made between Russia and Austria.
 (Voruta #27-28, Jul 1996, p.5)
1795  Jan 3, Josiah Wedgwood (64), British, ceramic craftsman, woodworker, died.
 (MC, 1/3/02)

1795  Jan 26, Johann Christoph Friedrich Bach (62), composer, died.
 (MC, 1/26/02)

1795  Feb 2, Joseph Haydn’s 102nd Symphony in B premiered.
 (MC, 2/2/02)

1795  Feb 4, France abolished slavery in her territories and conferred slaves to citizens.
 (HN, 2/4/99)

1795  Feb 7, The 11th Amendment to US Constitution was ratified.
 (MC, 2/7/02)

1795  Feb 18, George Peabody, U.S. merchant and philanthropist, was born in South Danvers, Mass.
 (HN, 2/18/98)(MC, 2/18/02)

1795  Feb 21, Francisco Manuel da Silva, composer, was born.
 (MC, 2/21/02)
1795  Feb 21, Freedom of worship was established in France under constitution.
 (MC, 2/21/02)

1795  Mar 11, Battle at Kurdla,  India: Mahratten beat Moguls.
 (MC, 3/12/02)

1795  Mar 22, A Lithuanian delegation under L. Tiskevicius went to Jekaterina II in Petersburg and declared that Lithuania’s union with Poland was ended.
 (Voruta #27-28, Jul 1996, p.5)

1795  Mar 29, Beethoven (24) debuted as pianist in Vienna.
 (MC, 3/29/02)

1795  Apr 7, The National Convention of Revolutionary France put into effect a new calendar system, similar to that of ancient Egypt. The year began with the autumn equinox, and had 360 days divided into twelve months of thirty days. Five extra days were placed at the end of the year. The months were divided into three 10 day groups. The day was divided into 10 new hours, each hour into 100 minutes, and each minute into 100 seconds.
 (K.I.-365D, p.42)

1795  Apr 21, Vincenzo Pallotti, Italian saint, was born.
 (MC, 4/21/02)

1795  Apr 23, In Britain the trial to impeach Warren Hastings, governor-general of India (1773-1785), on 21 charges for high crimes and misdemeanors ended after 7 years. Hastings was acquitted on all charges.
 (SFEC, 11/1/98, BR p.11)(WSJ, 5/1/00, p.A24)(MC, 4/23/02)

1795  Apr 28, Charles Sturt (d.1869), explorer of Australia, was born in India. British explorer Charles Sturt is known as the "father of Australian exploration." He was the first to penetrate deep into Australia's interior from 1828 to 1845 during three hazardous expeditions. In 1828 he discovered the Darling River and in January 1830 the Murray River, which he followed until he reached present day Goolwa. His last expedition came to an end when his eyesight was impaired by exposure and illness. Scotsman John McDouall Stuart was part of Stuart's final expedition and went on to become a major explorer, crossing the continent from Adelaide to Port Darwin in 1862.
 (http://members.ozemail.com.au/~fliranre/home.htm)
 (HN, 4/28/98)(HNQ, 5/26/98)

1795  Spring, Some 300 Indians fled Mission Dolores in San Francisco following a year of food shortages and disease that killed over 200. They sought refuge in the East Bay hills and Napa.
 (SFC, 9/26/03, p.D15)

1795  May 4, Thousands of rioters entered jails in Lyons, France, and massacred 99 Jacobin prisoners.
 (HN, 5/4/99)

1795  May 6, Dr. Pierre-Joseph Dessault visited the incarcerated 10-year-old dauphin, the heir to the French throne. He found the dying child in abject misery. The boy died June 8.
 (WSJ, 10/18/02, p.W9)

1795  May 10, Jacques-Nicolas-Augustin Thierry, historian, was born.
 (MC, 5/10/02)

1795  May 13, Joshua Ratoon Sands (d.1883), Commander (Union Navy), was born.
 (MC, 5/13/02)

1795  May 15, Napoleon entered the Lombardian capital of Milan in triumph. After taking Milan he released his troops on the townspeople who became victims of an orgy of destroying, raping and killing. The events are described in the 1998 biography "Napoleon Bonaparte" by Alan Schom.
 (SFEC, 1/18/98, BR p.9)(HN, 5/15/98)

1795  May 19, Johns Hopkins, founder of Johns Hopkins University, was born.
 (HN, 5/19/98)

1795  May 20, Ignac Martinovics, Hungarian physicist, revolutionary, was beheaded.
 (MC, 5/20/02)

1795  May, Mungo Park, Scottish surgeon, sailed from England on behalf of the British African Association to search for the Niger River.
 (ON, 7/00, p.10)

1795  Jun 8, In France the Dauphin (Louis XVII), son and sole survivor of Louis XVI and Marie Antoinette, died at age 10 after succumbing to tuberculosis in the Temple prison. In 2002 Deborah Cadbury authored "The Lost King of France."
 (SFC, 4/20/00, p.A14)(WSJ, 10/18/02, p.W9)

1795  Jul 7, Thomas Paine defended the principal of universal suffrage at the Constitutional Convention in Paris.
 (HN, 7/7/98)

1795  Jul 9, James Swan paid off the $2,024,899 US national debt.
 (MC, 7/9/02)

1795  Jul 14, "La Marseillais" became the French national anthem.
 (MC, 7/14/02)

1795  Aug 3, A defeated Indian coalition met with Gen. Anthony Wayne in a treaty council at Greenville, Ohio. The event is the subject of a painting by Howard Chandler Christy. From a review of 500 Nations by Alvin M. Josephy Jr., published by Knopf in 1995 to accompany an 8-hour television documentary.
 (SFE Mag., 2/12/95, p. 18)

1795  Aug 31, Franxois-Andre Danican Philidor, composer, died at 68.
 (MC, 8/31/01)

1795  Sep 1, James Gordon Bennet was born. He later served as the editor of the New York Sun, the first tabloid-sized daily newspaper.
 (HN, 9/1/00)

1795  Sep 16, The Capitulation of Rustenburg: A Dutch garrison at the Cape of Good Hope surrendered to a British fleet under Adm. George Elphinstone.
 (EWH, 4th ed, p.884)

1795  Sep 17, Giuseppi Saverio Rafaele Mercadante, composer, was born.
 (MC, 9/17/01)

1795  Sep 23, A national plebiscite approved the new French constitution, but so many voters sustained that the results were suspect.
 (HN, 9/23/99)
1795  Sep 23, Conseil of the Cinq-Cents (Council of 500), formed in Paris.
 (MC, 9/23/01)

1795  Oct 4, General Napoleon Bonaparte led the rout of counterrevolutionaries in the streets of Paris, beginning his rise to power. France was in the midst of economic disaster—a factor that aided royalist counterrevolutionaries in their attempts to incite rebellion against the young republican government. Bonaparte, looking for a new command while on half pay in Paris, joined the defense of the Convention against overwhelming odds.
 (HN, 10/4/99)(HNQ, 10/26/00)

1795  Oct 5, The day after he routed counterrevolutionaries in Paris, Napoleon Bonaparte accepted their formal surrender. Napoleon takes charge.
 (HN, 10/5/99)

1795  Oct 11, In gratitude for putting down a rebellion in the streets of Paris, France's National Convention appointed Napoleon Bonaparte second in command of the Army of the Interior.
 (HN, 10/11/99)

1795  Oct 13, William Prescott, American Revolutionary soldier, died.
 (MC, 10/13/01)

1795  Oct 24, Russia, Austria and Prussia held a convention in Petersburg to finalize the 3rd division of the Polish-Lithuanian Republic. Most of Lithuania with Vilnius went to Russia, Warsaw and the left bank of the Nemunas River went to Prussia and Cracow went to Austria. King Stanislovas Augustas of Poland was forced from his capital and moved to Grodno (Gardinas).
 (Voruta #27-28, 7/1996, p.5)(MC, 10/24/01)

1795  Oct 26, Pinckney's Treaty between Spain and US was signed, establishing a southern boundary of US and giving Americans right to send goods down Mississippi. [see Oct 27]
 (MC, 10/26/01)
1795  Oct 26, Napoleon Bonaparte, second-in-command, became the army's commander when General Paul Barras resigned his commission as head of France's Army of the Interior to become head of the Directory.
 (HN, 10/26/99)

1795  Oct 27, The United States and Spain signed the Treaty of San Lorenzo (also known as Pinckney's Treaty), which provided for free navigation of the Mississippi River. [see Oct 26]
 (AP, 10/27/97)

1795  Oct 31, John Keats (d.1821), English poet, was born in London.
 (WUD, 1994, p.781)(AP, 10/31/97)(HN, 10/31/98)

1795  Nov 2, James Knox Polk, the 11th president of the United States, was born in Mecklenburg County, N.C.
 (AP, 11/2/97)(HN, 11/2/98)

1795  Nov 28, US paid $800,000 and a frigate as tribute to Algiers and Tunis.
 (MC, 11/28/01)

1795  Dec 3, Rowland Hill, introduced 1st adhesive postage stamp (1840), was born.
 (MC, 12/3/01)

1795  Dec 4, Thomas Carlyle (d.1881), English (Scot) essayist, critic and historian, friend of Ralph Waldo Emerson, was born. His work included "The French Revolution" and "Sartor Resartus." "A man doesn’t know what he knows, until he knows what he doesn’t know." "No great man lives in vain. The history of the world is but the biography of great men."
 (V.D.-H.K.p.400)(SFEC, 6/28/98, Z1 p.8)(AP, 7/2/98)(HN, 12/4/00)

1795  Dec 14, John Bloomfield Jarvis, civil engineer, was born.
 (HN, 12/14/00)

1795  William Blake painted his "Elohim Creating Adam."
 (SFC,1/21/97, p.A20)

c1795  Wilhelm von Kobell, German artist, made his watercolor "Staff Officers Listening to the Reading of the Day’s Orders."
 (WSJ, 7/16/98, p.A16)

1795  Charles Wilson Peale painted "The Staircase Group: Raphaelle and Titian Ramsay Peale." He also did a portrait of Martha Washington. [see 1853]
 (SFC, 1/25/97, p.E1)(SFEC, 7/27/97, DB p.35)

1795  Kitagawa Utamoro, Japanese artist, made his woodblock print "Oiran" about this time.
 (WSJ, 4/24/96, A-12)

1795  Hutton’s "Theory of the Earth" appeared in book form, but did not impact the reading public due to his stiff style.
 (RFH-MDHP, p.70)(DD-EVTT, p.17)

1795  Beethoven had a terrible bout of "continual diarrhea" while finishing his B-flat piano concerto.
 (WSJ, 5/29/96, p.A1)

1795  The oldest tomato ketchup recipe, according to Andrew F. Smith author of "Pure Ketchup: A History of America’s National Condiment," was written in Worcester, Mass.
 (SFC, 7/3/96, zz-1,p.3)

1795  Alexander Hamilton, US Sec. of Treasury, had a brief affair with a Mrs. Reynolds. He was then blackmailed by her husband and the affair was made public in 1797, when Hamilton publicly admitted his indiscretion. [see 1791]
 (WSJ, 10/12/98, p.A18)

1795  Jim Beam, US producer of fine Bourbon whiskey was founded.
 (Hem., Dec. '95, p.82)

1795  Lime juice was issued to all British sailors to aid in prevention of scurvy. Captain James Cook (d.1779) had prepared a paper detailing his groundbreaking work against scurvy. He was awarded the gold Copley Medal-one of the highest honors of England's Royal Society. Scurvy epidemics were once common among sailors on long voyages. Cook was the first to beat the problem, recognizing the need for an appropriate diet for his sailors.
 (HNQ, 7/21/98)

1795  The British won a battle against the local Garifuna on St. Vincent’s Island.
 (SFEC, 5/4/97, p.T11)

1795  The Prince of Wales, later George IV, married his German cousin, Caroline, to produce an heir and increase his income. On their wedding night the drunken bridegroom spent the night "under the grate, where he fell, and where I left him." The story is told by Flora Fraser in her book: "The Unruly Queen: The Life of Queen Caroline." Masterpiece Theater made a TV presentation in 1997.
 (SFC, 7/14/96, DB p.3)(WSJ, 1/9/97, p.A8)

1795  In China the end of the Qianlong period. [see 1736-1795]
 (WSJ, 8/28/97, p.A12)

1795  The Loyal Orange Institution was established in Portadown to proclaim Protestant ascendancy.
 (SFEC, 12/22/96, Z1 p.6)(SFC, 7/12/99, p.A19)

1795  The Persians invaded Khurasan (province) in Afghanistan.
 (www.afghan, 5/25/98)

1795  Stanislaus Augustus Poniatowski, the last king of Poland, was forced to abdicate.
 (WSJ, 2/15/00, p.A24)

1795  Poland and Lithuania were partitioned for the last time by Russia, Prussia, and Austria.
 (Compuserve, Online Encyclopedia)

1795  The South African Cape was first occupied by the British.
 (NG, Oct. 1988, p. 563)

1795  Franciscan priests first visited the site of San Ysabel in San Diego County.
 (SFE, 9/16/96, p.A15)

1795-1805 Elias Boudinot served as the director of the US mint.
 (WSJ, 8/7/98, p.W13)

1795-1818 The US flag had 15 stars and 15 stripes over this period.
 (SFC, 7/22/97, p.A11)

1795-1818 Carl Phillip Fohr, German artist.
 (WSJ, 7/16/98, p.A16)

1795-1825 Joshua Johnson, the first professional African-American portrait painter, plied his art in Baltimore.
 (SFC, 5/26/96, T-7)

1795-1840 New York state and local governments entered into 26 treaties and several purchase agreements with the Oneida Indians to acquire all but 32 of 270,000 acres. Almost none of the transactions were approved by Congress as required by a 1790 law.
 (SFC, 1/13/99, p.A9)

1795-1874 Peter Andreas Hansen, Danish astronomer.
 (WUD, 1994, p.644)

1795-1875 Christian Gottfried Ehlenberg, German naturalist, known especially for his studies of infusoria, i.e. microscopic organisms.
 (OAPOC-TH, p.71)

1795-1921 The state of Poland was gobbled up by Russia, the Austro-Hungarian Empire and Prussia.
 (SFC, 7/10/97, p.A7)

1796  Jan 5, Samuel Huntington (64), US judge (signed Declaration of Independence), died.
 (MC, 1/5/02)

1796  Jan 8, Jean-Marie Collot d'Herbois (46), French Revolution leader, died in exile. He was a member of the Committee of Public Safety that ruled during The Terror.
 (MC, 1/8/02)

1796  Feb 17, James Macpherson, poet, died.
 (MC, 2/17/02)
1796  Feb 17, Giovanni Pacini, composer, was born.
 (MC, 2/17/02)

1796  Mar 1, The 1st National Meeting was held in the Hague.
 (SC, 3/1/02)

1796  Mar 9, Napoleon Bonaparte (26) married Josephine Tascher de Beauharnais (32) in Paris.
 (AP, 3/9/98)(HN, 3/9/98)

1796  Mar 19, Stephen Storace (33), composer, died.
 (MC, 3/19/02)

1796  Mar 28, Bethel African Methodist Church of Philadelphia became the 1st US-African church. [see June 10, 1794, 1787]
 (MC, 3/28/02)

1796  Mar 31, Johann Wolfgang von Goethe's "Egmont," premiered in Weimar.
 (MC, 3/31/02)

1796  Apr 2, Haitian revolt leader Toussaint L’Ouverture commanded French forces at Santo Domingo.
 (AP, 4/2/99)

1796  Apr 3, The 1st elephant was shipped to the US from Bengal, India, by Broadway showman Jacob Croninshield.
 (SFC, 11/18/00, p.B3)

1796  Apr 13, The 1st elephant arrived in US from India.
 (MC, 4/13/02)
1796  Apr 13, Battle at Millesimo, Italy: Napoleon beat the Austrians.
 (MC, 4/13/02)

1796  Apr 22, Napoleon defeated the Piedmontese at Battle of Mondovi.
 (MC, 4/22/02)

1796  May 4, Horace Mann, "the father of American Public Education" educator and author, was born.
 (HN, 5/4/99)

1796  May 10, Napoleon Bonaparte won a brilliant victory against the Austrians at Lodi bridge in Italy.
 (HN, 5/10/99)

1796  May 14, English physician Edward Jenner administered the first vaccination against smallpox to his gardener's son, James Phipps (8). A single blister rose up on the spot, but James later demonstrated immunity to smallpox. Jenner actually used vaccinia, a close viral relation to smallpox. [see 1721]
 (AP, 5/14/97)(MC, 5/14/02)(Econ, 11/22/03, p.77)

1796  May 19, A game protection law was passed by Congress to restrict encroachment by whites on Indian hunting grounds.
 (DTnet 5/19/97)

1796  May 27, James S. McLean patented his piano.
 (MC, 5/27/02)

1796   Jun 1, Tennessee became the 16th state of the union.
 (Sp., 5/96, p.20)(DTnet 6/1/97)
1796   Jun 1, In accordance with the Jay Treaty, all British troops were withdrawn from U.S. soil.
 (DTnet 6/1/97)

1796  Jul 4, The 1st US Independence Day celebration was held.
 (Maggio)

1796  Jul 15, Thomas Bulfinch, historian and mythologist (The Age of Fable), was born.
 (HN, 7/15/01)

1796  Jul 16, Jean-Baptiste-Camille Corot (d.1875), French painter, was born. His work included "Madame Corot" (1833-1835) and "Interrupted Reading" (1870-1873). He led the way toward new forms of perspective and composition that was later mined by impressionism and photography.
 (SFC, 6/4/96, p.E5)(WSJ, 10/25/96, p.A15)(WSJ, 3/25/97, p.A16)(MC, 7/16/02)

1796  Jul 21, Robert Burns (37), Scottish poet (Auld Lang Syne), died.
 (MC, 7/21/02)

1796  Jul 22, Cleveland was founded by Gen. Moses Cleaveland. Moses Cleaveland came to where the city of Cleveland now sits and surveyed the land. After three months he returned to Connecticut. The city bears his name.
 (SFC, 6/2/96, T10)(AP, 7/22/97)

1796  Jul 23, Franz Adolf Berwald, Sweden, composer, was born.
 (MC, 7/23/02)

1796  Jul 26, George Catlin, American artist and author, was born.
 (HN, 7/26/01)

1796  Jul, Mungo Park, Scottish surgeon, reached the Niger River at Segou, (Mali). Mansong, the African chief at Segou, gave Park enough money to return to the coast. Park described his journey in his book: "Travels in the Interior Districts of Africa."
 (ON, 7/00, p.10)

1796  Sep 17, President George Washington delivered his "Farewell Address" to Congress before concluding his second term in office. Washington counseled the republic in his farewell address to avoid "entangling alliances" and involvement in the "ordinary vicissitudes, combinations, and collision of European politics." Also "we may safely trust to temporary alliances for extraordinary emergencies."
 (WSJ, 5/31/96, p.A10)(WSJ, 6/17/96, p.A15)(HN, 9/17/98)

1796  Sep 19, President Washington's farewell address was published. In it, America's first chief executive advised, "Observe good faith and justice toward all nations. Cultivate peace and harmony with all."
 (AP, 9/19/97)

1796  Nov 3, John Adams was elected president. [see Dec 7]
 (MC, 11/3/01)

1796  Nov 7, Catharina II (67), "the Great", tsarina of Russia (1762-96), died. [see Nov 17]
 (MC, 11/7/01)

1796  Nov 17, Napoleon Bonaparte defeated an Italian army near the Alpone River, Italy, in the Battle of Arcole.
 (HN, 11/17/98)(MC, 11/17/01)
1796  Nov 17, Catharine II (67), empress of Russia known as Catharine the Great (1762-96), died. Over her 69 years she had at least 12 lovers including Prince Potemkin. [see Nov 7]
 (MC, 11/17/01)(WSJ, 2/14/02, p.A18)

1796  Dec 7, Electors chose John Adams to be the second president of the United States. [see Nov 3]
 (AP, 12/7/97)

1796  Dec 18, The Baltimore Monitor appeared as the 1st US Sunday newspaper.
 (MC, 12/18/01)

1796  Dec 30, Jean-Baptiste Lamoyne (45), composer, died.
 (MC, 12/30/01)

1796  Pierre-Paul Prud’hon (1758-1823), French artist, painted "Marie-Anne-Celestine Pierre de Vellefrey," the portrait of a little girl.
 (WSJ, 4/8/98, p.A20)

1796  George Owen’s "History of Pembrokeshire" was published. It was written in 1570 and sets forth the principle of geological stratigraphy.
 (RFH-MDHP, p.7)

1796  Immanuel Kant wrote his "Perpetual Peace," advocating a world government.
 (V.D.-H.K.p.317)

1796  The White House and Congress engaged in its 1st struggle over background documents. Pres. Washington denied a House request for documents on the Jay Treaty. The documents had already been shared with the Senate.
 (WSJ, 2/26/02, p.A24)

1796  Supporters of John Adams in his victorious campaign against Thomas Jefferson, called Jefferson "an atheist, anarchist, demagogue, coward, mountebank, trickster, and Francomaniac."
 (WSJ, 10/8/96, p.A22)

1796  In [France] Michael Thonet was born in the Rhenish village of Boppard. He invented the classic bent wood chair.
 (WSJ, 12/4/97, p.A20)

c1796  Austrian numbered bank accounts originated during the Hapsburg era.
 (SFC, 6/13/96, p.C2)

1796  The British seized the island of Sri Lanka, then under the name of Ceylon.
 (SFC, 6/20/96, p.A8)

c1796  The Orange Order was founded to commemorate the King William of Orange Protestant victory over Catholic King James II.
 (SFC, 6/26/96, p.A8)

1796  Cuba exported Havana cigars to Britain.
 (WSJ, 1/11/99, p.R49)

c1796  In Lithuania Elijah ben Solomon Zalmen, the Gaon of Vilna, urged Jews to study grammar, astronomy and other disciplines as well as the Torah. His writings survived and in 1996 were being stored under controversy in a Roman Catholic Church in Vilnius as property of the Lithuanian National Library.
 (SFEC, 11/24/96, p.A15)

c1796  The Tutsi Banyamulenge arrived into Zaire.
 (SFC, 10/10/96, p.A14)

1796-1797 Napoleon conquered northern Italy.
 (SFEC, 1/18/98, BR p.9)

1796-1799 Brazilian Baroque sculptor Aleijadinho (Antonio Francisco Lisboa), completed his greatest work: the sculptures of Congonhas do Campo, 66 wooden images that include the 12 prophets.
 (USA Today, OW, 4/22/96, p.10)

1796-1865 Thomas Chandler Haliburton, Canadian jurist and humorist: "When a man is wrong and won't admit it, he always gets angry."
 (AP, 6/14/99)

1797  Jan 1, Albany became the capital of New York state, replacing New York City.
 (AP, 1/1/98)

1797  Jan 11, Francis Lightfoot Lee (62), US farmer and signer Declaration of Independence, died.
 (MC, 1/11/02)

1797  Jan 14, Napoleon Bonaparte defeated Austrians at Rivoli in northern Italy.
 (HN, 1/14/99)

1797    Jan 31, Franz Schubert, Austrian composer, was born in Lichtenthal, Austria. His works included the C Major Symphony and The Unfinished Symphony.
  (SFEC, 1/5/97, p.B11)(AP, 1/31/98)(HN, 1/31/99)(MC, 1/31/02)

1797  Feb 4, Earthquake in Quito, Ecuador, killed 41,000.
 (MC, 2/4/02)

1797  Feb 9, John Quincy Adams’ (Sr.) emerged victorious from America's first contested presidential election.
 (HN, 2/9/97)

1797  Feb 12, Haydn’s song "Gott erhalte Franz den Kaiser," (popularized years later as "Deutschland Uber Alles," by Nazis), premiered in Vienna.
 (MC, 2/12/02)

1797  Feb 14, The Spanish fleet was destroyed by the British under Admiral Jervis (with Nelson in support) at the battle of Cape St. Vincent, off Portugal.
 (HN, 2/14/99)

1797  Feb 15, Henry Steinway, piano maker, was born.
 (HN, 2/15/98)

1797  Feb 21, Trinidad, West Indies surrendered to the British.
 (HN, 2/21/98)

1797  Feb 23, Antoine d'Auvergne (83), French opera composer (Coquette), died.
 (MC, 2/23/02)

1797  Feb 26, Bank of England issued 1st £1-note.
 (SC, 2/26/02)

1797  Mar 2, The Directory of Great Britain authorized vessels of war to board and seize neutral vessels, particularly if the ships were American.
 (HN, 3/2/99)
1797  Mar 2, Horace [Horatio] Walpole (79), British horror writer, died.
 (SC, 3/2/02)

1797  Mar 4, Vice-President John Adams, elected President on December 7, to replace George Washington, was sworn in. Adams soon selected Timothy Pickering as his secretary of state. Pickering extended aid to Haitian slaves in their ongoing revolt against French colonists. This policy was reversed under Jefferson.
 (HN, 3/4/99)(SSFC, 11/2/03, p.M6)

1797  Mar 13, Cherubini's opera "Medee," premiered in Paris.
 (MC, 3/13/02)

1797  Mar 22, Kaiser Wilhelm I, German Emperor (1871-88), was born.
 (HN, 3/22/97)

1797  Mar 25, John Winebrenner, U.S. clergyman who founded the Church of God, was born.
 (HN, 3/24/98)

1797  Mar 26, James Hutton, geologist, died.
 (SS, 3/26/02)

1797  Mar 28, Nathaniel Briggs of New Hampshire patented a washing machine.
 (AP, 3/28/97)

1797  Apr 14, Adolphe Thiers, 1st president of 3rd French Republic (1871-77), was born. [see Apr 18]
 (MC, 4/14/02)

1797  Apr 18, Louis-Adolphe Thiers, president of France, was born. [see Apr 14]
 (MC, 4/18/02)
1797  Apr 18, France and Austria signed a cease fire.
 (MC, 4/18/02)

1797  Apr, A British armada of 68 vessels and 7,000 men under Scotsman Sir Ralph Abercromby attacked San Juan, Puerto Rico. The Spanish defenses held. A procession of women made up to look like soldiers caused the siege to be called off. An annual parade later commemorated this event.
 (HT, 4/97, p.34)(SFEC, 2/13/00, p.T1)

1797  May 2, A mutiny in the British navy spread from Spithead to the rest of the fleet.
 (HN, 5/2/99)

1797  May 10, The 1st American Navy ship, the "United States," was launched.
 (MC, 5/10/02)

1797  May 12, Johann Hermann Kufferath, composer, was born.
 (MC, 5/12/02)
1797  May 12, George Washington addressed the Delaware chiefs and stated: "It is the duty of all nations to acknowledge the providence of almighty God, to obey his will, to be grateful for his benefits, and to humbly implore his protection and favor."
 (WSJ, 6/26/01, p.A23)

1797  May 18, Frederik Augustus II, King of Saxon (1836-54), was born.
 (SC, 5/18/02)

1797  Jun 2, 1st ascent of "Great Mountain" (4,622') in Adirondack, NY, was by C. Broadhead.
 (SC, 6/2/02)

1797  Jun 11, Padre Fermin Francisco de Lasuen and a few Spanish soldiers established Mission San Jose on a little creek and grove of trees that they called Alameda. It was the 14th of 21 California missions. It was the end of a way of life for the local Ohlone Indians.
 (SFC, 6/12/97, p.A17)

1797  Jun 17, Aga Mohammed Khan, cruel ruler of Persia, was castrated and killed.
 (MC, 6/17/02)

1797  Jun 24, Mission San Juan Bautista, the 15th in California, was founded in the lands of the Mutsun Indians. Father Fermin de Lasuen blessed the future site of Mission San Juan Bautista in California.
 (SFC, 6/21/97, p.A16)(SJSVB, 6/24/96, p.41)(SFC, 9/3/97, p.A17)

1797  Jun, In London, England, Hatchards bookstore on Piccadilly was founded.
 (Hem., 5/97, p.99)

1797  Jul 7, The US House of Representatives exercised its constitutional power of impeachment, and voted to charge Senator William Blount of Tennessee with "a high misdemeanor, entirely inconsistent with his public duty and trust as a Senator." Blount had financial problems which led him to enter into a conspiracy with British officers to enlist frontiersmen and Cherokee Indians to assist the British in conquering parts of Spanish Florida and Louisiana.
 (MC, 7/7/02)

1797  Jul 9, Edmund Burke (68), Irish-British author, parliament leader (Reflections), died.
 (WUD, 1994 p.198)(MC, 7/9/02)

1797  Jul 10, 1st US frigate, the "United States," was launched in Philadelphia.
 (MC, 7/10/02)

1797  Jul 25, Presidente Fermin Francisco de Lasuen founded Mission San Miguel Archangel, the 16th California mission. He took possession of the land on behalf of Viceroy Branciforte. The mission facilitated travel between Mission San Luis Obispo and Mission San Antonio.
 (SB, 3/28/02)

1797  Aug 30, The creator of "Frankenstein," Mary Wollstonecraft (Godwin) Shelley (d.1851), was born in London.
 (AHD, p.1193)(AP, 8/30/97)

1797  Sep 6, William "Extra Billy" Smith, Confederacy (Confederate Army), was born.
 (MC, 9/6/01)

1797  Sep 20, The US frigate Constitution (Old Ironsides) was launched in Boston. [see Oct 21]
 (MC, 9/20/01)

1797  Oct 16, Lord Cardigan, leader of the famed Light Brigade which was decimated in the Crimean War, who eventually had a jacket named after him, was born.
 (HN, 10/16/98)

1797  Oct 21, The 44-gun 204-foot U.S. Navy frigate USS Constitution, also known as Old Ironsides, was launched in Boston's harbor. It was never defeated in 42 battles. 216 crew members set sail again in 1997 for its 200th birthday. [see Sep 20]
 (AP, 10/21/97)(SFC, 7/22/97, p.A1)(SFC,10/22/97, p.A6)

1797  Oct 22, French balloonist Andre-Jacques Garnerin made the first parachute descent, landing safely from a height of about 3,000 feet; at some 2,200 feet over Paris.
 (AP, 10/22/97)(HN, 10/22/98)

1797  Nov 19, Sojourner Truth (d.1883), abolitionist and women's rights advocate, was born. "Religion without humanity is a poor human stuff."
 (HN, 11/19/98)(AP, 10/29/00)

1797  Nov 29, Domenico Gaetano Maria Donizetti, composer (Lucia di Lamermoor, l'Elisir d'Amore), was born.
 (MC, 11/29/01)

1797  Dec 13, Heinrich Heine (d.1856), German lyric poet, critic, satirist and journalist, was born. His works included "Trip to the Hartz Mountains" and "Germany, a Winter Tale." "In these times we fight for ideas, and newspapers are our fortresses."
 (AHD, p.611)(AP, 7/18/97)(HN, 12/13/99)

1797  Dec 17, Joseph Henry, US scientist, inventor, pioneer of electromagnetism, was born. [see Dec 18]
 (MC, 12/17/01)

1797  Dec 18, Joseph Henry, inventor, scientist and the first director of the Smithsonian Inst., was born. [see Dec 17]
 (WSJ, 12/17/97, p.A20)

1797  Dec 26, John Wilkes (72), English journalist, politician, Lower house leader, died.
 (MC, 12/26/01)

1797  Franz Kruger (d.1857), German Biedermeier artist of cityscapes and rural genre scenes, was born.
 (SSFC, 1/27/02, p.C7)

1797  John Frere published his paper "The Beginnings of Paleolithic Archaeology." It described his finding in 1790 Acheulean hand axes associated with the large bones of unknown animals (actually elephants).
 (RFH-MDHP, p.81)

1797  The first recorded performance of an English-language drama , the tragedy Douglas, west of the Alleghenies took place here at Washington, Kentucky.
 (HNQ, 8/8/99)

1797  In San Jose the first Juzgado (courthouse) was constructed. The Spanish Commandante Lt. Jose Moraga built a 1-story, 3-room adobe structure to house the jail, assembly hall and seat of government for the Pueblo de San Jose de Guadalupe that served until 1850.
 (SFC, 7/14/97, p.A15,16)

1797  James T. Callender, journalist, published charges concerning the alleged financial misdeeds of Alexander Hamilton. The information came from letters that Hamilton provided to interrogators around 1792 concerning funds paid to James Reynolds to keep quiet an affair with Reynold’s wife. The letters were passed from James Monroe to Thomas Jefferson, who passed them to Callender. Hamilton published a 28,000-word defense that revealed his relationship with Maria Reynolds and his payment of hush money.
 (WSJ, 11/19/98, p.A12)

1797  John Anderson, a Scottish farm manager, convinced George Washington that distilling whiskey would make money. In a six-week season each spring, Washington’s men netted about a million shad and herring from the Potomac River. The catch was then salted, packed in barrels, and exported. His diversified farming was less successful, largely because of his long absences from Mount Vernon.
 (AM, 9/01, p.80)(HNQ, 8/30/02)

1797  A major fire in Savannah, Georgia destroyed two-thirds of the wood buildings from the pioneer period.
 (SFC, 6/25/95, p.T-7)

1797  Some 5,000 black Carib Indians, also known as Garifuna or Garinagu, were exiled from St. Vincent Island to Roatan Island off of Honduras. The Garifuna defined themselves not by country or territory but by language and culture.
 (SFEC, 5/4/97, p.T11)(SFC, 4/27/98, p.A6)

1797  French forces attacked Britain at the port of Fishguard. The event was depicted in the tapestry "The Last Invasion of Brittain."
 (SFEC, 5/25/97, p.T5)

1797  In France Henry-Louis Pernod began to manufacture absinthe. The drink was made with fennel and aniseed and the oil of wormwood which contained thujone, a poisonous ketone.
 (WSJ, 1/22/99, p.W8)

1797  The wine bottles of Chateau Lafite that date back to this year are recorked every 25 years to safeguard the wine and prevent deterioration caused by oxidation through decayed corks.
 (WSJ, 11/26/97, p.A12)

1797  There was a naval battle at Cape St. Vincent off the SW tip of Portugal.
 (WUD, 1994, p.1412)

1797  Venice, the city-state that liked to call itself La Serenissima, lost its independence and its empire. Ludovico Manin, the 120th doge of Venice, surrendered to Napoleon. A few months later Napoleon traded Venice to Austria which ruled it until 1866.
 (WSJ, 1/9/97, p.A8)(SFEC, 8/24/97, p.T1)(WSJ, 9/19/97, p.A13)

1797-1801 John Adams, 2nd president of the US was in office. It was during his term that France and Britain, engaged in war with each other, insisted on the right to seize American ships. When the US protested French diplomats demanded bribes and a loan of $10 mil to stop the acts of piracy. Adams published the letters of the diplomats with the letters X,Y,Z (hence the X,Y,Z Affair) for the names of the diplomats. This enraged the populace and the country braced for war and called Washington in from Mt. Vernon to lead the army against France. Captain Thomas Truxtom captured a French frigate and defeated another French frigate in a sea battle and the French backed down. It was under Adams that the Alien and Sedition Acts were passed. These acts allowed the President sole discretion to banish aliens from the country and jail editors for writing against the President or Congress. This was vehemently opposed by Jefferson who led the Southern Republicans to adopt a resolution declaring that a state had the right to nullify a law believed to be unconstitutional.
 (AHD, 1971, p.14)(A&IP, Miers, p.21)

1797-1815 Thomas Jefferson, the third president of the United States, served as president of the American Philosophical Society. A philosopher-statesman of the Enlightenment, Jefferson drafted the Declaration of Independence, was George Washington’s first Secretary of State and vice-president under John Adams. He was born in Virginia on April 13, 1743, and died on July 4, 1826.
 (HNQ, 9/24/99)

1797-1849  Mary Lyon, American educator: "There is nothing in the universe that I fear but that I shall not know all my duty, or shall fail to do it."
 (AP, 4/27/98)

1797-1851 Mary Wollstonecraft (Godwin) Shelley (d.1851), English novelist, author of Frankenstein. Her mother, also Mary Wollstonecraft, died in childbirth of puerperal fever. Her death prompted Godwin to publish her memoirs.
 (AHD, p.1193)(SFEM, 6/28/98, p.29)

1797-1856 Nicholas Marcellus Hentz, a pioneer collector of North American spiders. He was a skilled painter and has left some 90 intricately executed watercolors of spiders. He published descriptions in the Journal of the Boston Society of Natural History from 1842-1850.
 (NH, 7/96, p.74,75)

1797-1858 Utagawa Hiroshige, Japanese artist, made numerous color woodblock prints.
 (SFC, 12/26/98, p.C1)

1797-1863 Theophile Bra, French academic sculptor.
 (SFC, 12/19/98, p.C18)

1797-1875 Sir Charles Lyell, British geologist. He wrote the "Principles of Geology" (1830-33) and had a profound influence upon the thinking of Charles Darwin.
 (OAPOC-TH, p.71)

1798  Jan 8, The 11th Amendment, regarding judicial powers, was ratified.
 (MC, 1/8/02)

1798  Jan 22, Lewis Morris (71), US farmer (signed Declaration of Independence), died.
 (MC, 1/22/02)

1798  Jan 30, A brawl broke out in the House of Representatives in Philadelphia, as Matthew Lyon of Vermont spat in the face of Roger Griswold of Connecticut.
 (AP, 1/30/98)

1798  Feb 15, The first serious fist fight occurred in Congress.
 (HN, 2/15/98)

1798  Mar 4, Catholic women were force to do penance for kindling a Sabbath fire for Jews.
 (SC, 3/4/02)

1798  Mar 9, Dr. George Balfour became 1st naval surgeon in the US Navy.
 (MC, 3/9/02)

1798  Mar 13, Abigail Powers Fillmore, First Lady, was born.
 (HN, 3/13/98)

1798  Mar 29, Republic of Switzerland formed.
 (MC, 3/29/02)

1798  Apr 3, Charles B. Wilkes (d.1877), American rear admiral and explorer, was born. In Jan, 1840, Wilkes coasted along part of the Antarctic barrier from about 150 degrees east to 108 degrees east, the areas that was subsequently named Wilkes Land.
 (WUD, 1994, p.1634)(HNQ, 1/12/99)

1798  Apr 7, Territory of Mississippi was organized.
 (HN, 4/7/97)

1798  Apr 19, Franz Joseph Glaser, composer, was born.
 (MC, 4/19/02)

1798  Apr 26, Ferdinand Eugene Delacroix, French painter, lithograph, etcher (Journal), was born.
 (MC, 4/26/02)

1798  Apr 30, US Department of Navy formed.
 (MC, 4/30/02)

1798  May 2, The black General Toussaint L'Ouverture forced British troops to agree to evacuate the port of Santo Domingo.
 (HN, 5/2/99)

1798  May 10, George Vancouver (40), British explorer, (Voyage of Discovery), died.
 (MC, 5/10/02)

1798  May 24, Believing that a French invasion of Ireland was imminent, Irish nationalists rose up against the British occupation. It was put down by the Orange yeomanry who were enlisted by the government to restore peace. The slogan "Croppies lie down" originated here after some of the rebel Catholics had their hair cropped in the French revolutionary manner.
 (SFEC, 7/12/98, p.A15)(HN, 5/24/99)

1798  May 26, British killed about 500 Irish insurgents at the Battle of Tara.
 (MC, 5/26/02)

1798  Jun 4, Giovanni Jacopo Casanova (73), fabled Italian seducer, adventurer, spy, librarian, died of prostate cancer in Dux, Bohemia.
 (MC, 6/4/02)

1798  Jun 11, Napoleon Bonaparte took the island of Malta.
 (HN, 6/11/98)

1798  Jun 13, Mission San Luis Rey [in California] was founded.
 (HFA, '96, p.32)

1798  Jun 25, US passed the Alien Act allowing president to deport dangerous aliens.
 (MC, 6/25/02)

1798  Jul 1, Napoleon Bonaparte took Alexandria, Egypt. In 1962 J.C. Herold authored "Bonaparte in Egypt."
 (SFC, 9/11/97, p.E3)(HN, 7/1/98)(ON, 12/99, p.4)

1798  Jul 2, John Fitch, American inventor, clockmaker, died.
 (SC, 7/2/02)

1798  Jul 6, US law made aliens "liable to be apprehended, restrained, ...& removed as alien enemies."
 (MC, 7/6/02)

1798  Jul 7, Napoleon Bonaparte's army began its march towards Cairo, Egypt, from Alexandria.
 (HN, 7/7/98)

1798  Jul 11, The U.S. Marine Corps was created by an act of Congress. US Pres. John Adams signed act that officially established the U.S. Marine Corps and the US Marine Band, composed of 32 drummers and fifers. Continental marines had existed during the Revolutionary War, but had since been discontinued.
 (SFC, 5/20/96, p.A-3)(AP, 7/11/97)(HNQ, 8/1/99)

1798  Jul 13, English poet William Wordsworth visited the ruins of Tintern Abbey.
 (HN, 7/13/01)

1798  Jul 14, The Sedition Act--the last of four pieces of legislation known as the Alien and Sedition Acts--was passed by Congress, making it unlawful to write, publish, or utter false or malicious statements about the U.S. president and the U.S. government, among other things.
 (AP, 7/14/97)(HN, 7/14/98)
1798  Jul 14, 1st direct federal tax in US states took effect on dwellings, land and slaves.
 (MC, 7/14/02)

1798  Jul 16, US Public Health Service formed and a US Marine Hospital was authorized.
 (MC, 7/16/02)

1798  Jul 21, Napoleon Bonaparte defeated the Arab Mameluke warriors at the Battle of the Pyramids, becoming the master of Egypt.
 (HN, 7/21/98)

1798  Jul 22, Napoleon captured Cairo, Egypt.
 (PC, 1992, p.354)

1798  Aug 1, Admiral Horatio Nelson routed the French fleet in the Battle of the Nile at Aboukir Bay, Egypt.
 (HN, 8/1/98)

1798  Aug 21, Jules Michelet, French historian who wrote the 24-volume "Historie de France," was born.
 (HN, 8/21/98)

1798  Sep 2, The Maltese people revolted against the French occupation, forcing the French troops to take refuge in the citadel of Valetta in Malta.
 (HN, 9/2/98)

1798  Sep 11, Franz E Neumann, German mineralogist, mathematician and physicist, was born.
 (MC, 9/11/01)

1798  Oct 12, Friedrich von Schiller's "Wallenstein's Camp," premiered in Weimar.
 (MC, 10/12/01)

1798  Nov 1, Benjamin Lee Guinness, Irish brewer and Dublin mayor, was born.
 (HN, 11/1/00)(MC, 11/1/01)

1798  Nov 4, Congress agreed to pay a yearly tribute to Tripoli, considering it the only way to protect U.S. shipping.
 (HN, 11/4/98)

1798  Nov 16, Kentucky became the 1st state to nullify an act of Congress.
 (MC, 11/16/01)
1798  Nov 16, The British boarded the U.S. frigate Baltimore and impressed a number of crewmen as alleged deserters, a practice which contributed to the War of 1812.
 (HN, 11/16/98)

1798  Nov 19, Theobald Wolfe Tone, Irish nationalist (United Irishmen), died.
 (MC, 11/19/01)(WSJ, 9/12/02, p.D8)

1798  Nov 30, Friedrich Fleischmann (32), composer, died.
 (MC, 11/30/01)

1798  Dec 4, Luigi Galvani (61), Italian anatomist and physicist, died.
 (MC, 12/4/01)

1798  Dec 14, David Wilkinson of Rhode Island patented a nut and bolt machine.
 (MC, 12/14/01)

1798  Dec 17, The 1st impeachment trial against a US senator, William Blount of Ten., began.
 (MC, 12/17/01)

1798  Dec 24, Russia and England signed a Second anti-French Coalition.
 (MC, 12/24/01)

1798  Eugene Delacroix (d.1863), French artist, was born. His work included the "Baron Schwiter."
 (WUD, 1994, p.381)(WSJ, 7/1/96, p.A11)

1798  Judith Sargent Murray wrote "The Gleaner," a collection of essays pleading for changes in women’s education and alternatives to marriage.
 (SFEM, 6/28/98, p.29)

1798  Samuel Taylor Coleridge and William Wordsworth published "Lyrical Ballads."
 (WSJ, 4/15/99, p.A20)

1798  Beethoven completed his piano sonata, Op. 10, No 3, begun in 1796.
 (WSJ, 8/17/00, p.A20)

1798  Pres. John Adams stated: "Our constitution was made only for a moral and religious people. It is wholly inadequate to the government of any other.
 (WSJ, 6/26/01, p.A23)

1798  In the Kentucky Resolutions Thomas Jefferson protested the Alien and Sedition Acts and maintained that "free government is founded in jealousy, not in confidence; it is jealousy and not confidence which prescribes limited constitutions, to bind down those whom we are obliged to trust with power."
 (WSJ, 5/18/95, p.A-14)

1798  The US Supreme Court ruled in the Calder vs. Bull case that Congress and the states could not pass any "ex post facto law."
 (SFC, 5/2/00, p.A3)

1798  Matthew Lyon was convicted of sedition after he printed his honest opinion of Pres. John Adams. Kentucky re-elected Lyon to Congress while he served his jail time.
 (SFC, 3/24/00, p.B3)

1798  The first big US bank robbery was at the Philadelphia Carpenter's Hall, which was leased to the Bank of Philadelphia.
 (SFEC, 2/20/00, Z1 p.2)

c1798  The Peabody Essex Museum was founded in Marblehead, Mass., by 22 sea captains to preserve the exotic treasures they brought back from their voyages. It is the oldest museum in the US.
 (SFEC, 7/13/97, p.T9)

1798  Benjamin Thompson disproved the caloric theory of heat proposed by Antoine Lavoisier. Thompson went on to marry Lavoisier's widow.
 (WSJ, 12/10/99, p.W12)

1798  Edmund Fanning, an American explorer, 1st charted Tabuaeran coral atoll (part of the Gilbert Islands, Kiribati). Fanning Island Plantations Ltd. owned the island through the 1800s and exported coconuts.
 (SSFC, 4/21/02, p.C22)

c1798  In Germany Aloys Hirt, founder of the Berlin Academy of Art, laid plans for an art museum to present art in a systematic fashion. This led to the 1830 Altes Museum.
 (WSJ, 7/29/98, p.A13)

1798  Napoleon annexed Egypt.
 (SFC, 9/11/97, p.E3)

1798  Henri Jomini (d.1869), began his military career volunteering his services to the French Army. With the peace of Amiens, he left the army and wrote his "Treatise of Grand Military Operations." The book impressed Napoleon enough to have Jomini appointed a staff colonel in 1805, Jomini having volunteered again in 1804. Jomini rose to become chief of staff under Marshall Ney, but left the French army to fight for Russia in 1813 as a general and aide-de-camp of Alexander I.
 (HNQ, 9/1/00)

1798  Lord Edward Fitzgerald, an Irish rebel, was killed. He had fathered a daughter with Elizabeth Linley (d.1792), the wife of Richard Brinsley Sheridan.
 (WSJ, 11/20/98, p.W6)

1798  Napoleon expelled the Knights of Malta from their base in Malta. The Sovereign Military Hospitaller Order of St. John of Jerusalem (SMOM), without citizens or territory, became a permanent observer at the UN in 1994.
 (WSJ, 6/28/01, p.A1)

1798-1857 Auguste Comte, the French founder of the philosophical system of Positivism.
 (WUD, 1994, p.303)(WSJ, 6/22/99, p.A22)

1798-1868 Jacques Boucher Crevecoeur de Perthes, French customs official, collected bones and chipped implements at Abbeville and Amiens that he recognized as the remains of man’s handiwork.
 (RFH-MDHP, p.95)

1798-1993 Instances of use of US forces abroad, a report of 234 instances over this period other than peace time use.
 http://www.history.navy.mil/wars/foabroad.htm

1779  Jan 5, Stephen Decatur, U.S. naval hero during actions against the Barbary pirates and the War of 1812, was born.
 (HN, 1/5/99)

1799  Feb 9, The USS Constellation captured the French frigate Insurgente off the coast of Wisconsin.
 (HN, 2/9/97)

1799  Feb 10, Napoleon Bonaparte left Cairo, Egypt, for Syria, at the head of 13,000 men.
 (AP, 2/10/99)

1799  Jan 14, Eli Whitney received a government contract for 10,000 muskets.
 (MC, 1/14/02)

1799  Jan 25, Eliakim Spooner of Vermont received the 1st US patent for a seeding machine.
 (MC, 1/25/02)

1799  Feb 15, The 1st US printed ballots were authorized in Pennsylvania.
 (440 Int’l., 2/15/99)

1799  Mar 2, Congress standardized US weights and measures.
 (SC, 3/2/02)

1799  Mar 6, Napoleon captured Jaffa, Palestine.
 (MC, 3/6/02)

1799  Mar 7, In Palestine, Napoleon captured the Turkish citadel at Jaffa and his men massacred more than 2,000 Albanian prisoners. [see Mar 26] The prisoners were massacred because Napoleon claimed that he could not feed them. About this time bubonic plague broke out among his troops.
 (HN, 3/7/99)(ON, 12/99, p.2)

1799  Mar 8, Simon Cameron, political boss, was born.
 (HN, 3/8/01)

1799  Mar 12, Austria declared war on France.
 (MC, 3/12/02)

1799  Mar 17, Napoleon Bonaparte and his army reached the Mediterranean seaport of St. Jean d'Acra, only to find British warships ready to break his siege of the town.
 (HN, 3/17/00)

1799  Mar 19, Joseph Haydn’s "Die Schopfung," premiered in Vienna.
 (MC, 3/19/02)
1799  Mar 19, Napoleon Bonaparte began the siege of Acre ( later Akko, Israel), which was defended by Turks.
 (AP, 3/19/03)

1799  Mar 26, Napoleon Bonaparte captured Jaffa, Palestine. [see Mar 7]
 (HN, 3/26/99)

1799  Mar 28, NY state abolished slavery.
 (MC, 3/28/02)

1799  Mar, Napoleon moved on to the Turkish fortress at Acre. His 2 month siege was unsuccessful. In 1999 N. Schur authored Napoleon in the Holy Land."
 (ON, 12/99, p.2,4)

1799  Apr 1, Narciso Casanovas (52), composer, died.
 (MC, 4/1/02)

1799  Apr 14, Napoleon called for establishing Jerusalem for Jews.
 (MC, 4/14/02)

1799  Apr 20, Friedrich von Schiller's "Wallensteins Tod," premiered in Weimar.
 (MC, 4/20/02)

1799  Apr 28, Francois Giroust (62), composer, died.
 (MC, 4/28/02)

1799  May 17, Napoleon's army began its overland retreat from Acre. The march to Jaffa took one week.
 (ON, 12/99, p.4)

1799  May 18, Pierre de Beaumarchais, dramatist, died.
 (SC, 5/18/02)

1799  May 23, Thomas Hood (d.1845), English poet, composer (Song of the Shirt), was born. "I saw old Autumn in the misty morn Stand shadowless like silence, listening To silence."
 (AP, 9/23/98)(MC, 5/23/02)

1799  May 28, Napoleon ordered the retreat of all troops back to Egypt from Jaffa. The march lasted 17 days with one week  to cross the Sinai.
 (ON, 12/99, p.4)

1799  May 20, Honore de Balzac, French novelist, was born in Tours, France. He is considered the founder of the realistic school and wrote "The Human Comedy" and "Lost Illusions."
 (AP, 5/20/99)(HN, 5/20/99)
1799  May 20, Napoleon Bonaparte ordered a withdrawal from his siege of St. Jean d'Acre in Egypt. Plague had run through his besieging French forces, forcing a retreat.
 (HN, 5/20/00)

1799  May 26, Alexander Pushkin, Russian poet (d.1837), was born. His bicentennial in Russia was celebrated Jun 6,1999. [see Jun 6]
 (HFA, '96, p.30)(AHD, p.1062)(SFC, 6/3/99, p.C2)

1799  Jun 6, Patrick Henry, American orator, died in Charlotte County, Va. Henry urged the restoration of the property and rights of Loyalists after the Revolutionary War. He believed that Loyalists would make good citizens of the new republic. Henry also bitterly opposed the Constitution as a threat to the liberties of the people and rights of the states. He believed that once the war had been won, a central authority was no longer needed. In 1998 Henry Mayer (d.2000) authored a biography of Patrick Henry.
 (AP, 6/6/99)(SFC, 7/28/00, p.D5)(HN, 7/12/02)
1799  Jun 6, Alexander Pushkin (d.1837), Russian poet and the founder of modern Russian literature, was born. He was the descendant of an Abyssinian slave of royal blood who was given to Peter the Great as a gift. His works included "Boris Godunov," "Eugene Onegin," and "The Queen of Spades." [see May 26]
 (HFA, '96, p.30)(AHD, p.1062)(SFC, 6/3/99, p.C2)(HN, 6/6/99)(WSJ, 7/15/99, p.A16)

1799  Jun 17, Napoleon Bonaparte incorporated Italy into his empire.
 (HN, 6/17/98)

1799  Jul 11, An Anglo-Turkish armada bombarded Napoleon Bonaparte’s troops in Alexandria Egypt. The attack was ineffective.
 (HN, 7/11/00)

1799  Jul 15, (Mad Anthony) Wayne attacked Stony Point in 1799. [see 1745-1796]
 (HFA, '96, p.34)(AHD, 1971, p.1450)

1799  Jul 17, Ottoman forces, supported by the British, captured Aboukir, Egypt from the French.
 (HN, 7/17/99)

1799  Jul 25, On his way back from Syria, Napoleon Bonaparte defeated the Ottomans at Aboukir, Egypt.
 (HN, 7/25/98)

1799  Jul 30, The French garrison at Mantua, Italy surrendered to the Austrians.
 (HN, 7/30/98)

1779  Aug 10, Louis XVI of France freed the last remaining serfs on royal land.
 (HN, 8/10/98)

1799  Aug 22, Napoleon slipped through the British blockade of the Egyptian coast and returned to France.
 (ON, 12/99, p.4)

1799  Sep 1, Bank of Manhattan Company opened in NYC. It was the forerunner to Chase Manhattan.
 (MC, 9/1/02)

1799  Oct 7, Napoleon landed at Saint Raphael, 50 miles east of Toulon.
 (ON, 1/02, p.11)

1799  Oct 16, Napoleon arrived in Paris and met with government leaders.
 (ON, 1/02, p.11)

1799  Oct 24, Carl Ditters von Dittersdorf (59), Austrian composer, died.
 (MC, 10/24/01)

1799  Nov 9, Napoleon Bonaparte participated in a coup and declared himself dictator, 1st consul, of France.
 (HN, 11/9/98)(MC, 11/9/01)

1799  Nov 22, Baroness van Dorth, organist, was executed.
 (MC, 11/22/01)

1799  Nov 29, Amos Bronson Alcott, US educator and poet (Concord Days), was born.
 (MC, 11/29/01)

1799  Dec 10, The metric system was established in France.
 (MC, 12/10/01)

1799  Dec 12,  Two days before his death, George Washington composed his last letter, to Alexander Hamilton, his aide-de-camp during the Revolution and later his Secretary of the Treasury. In the letter he urged Hamilton to work for the establishment of a nationally military academy. Washington wrote that letter at the end of a long, cold day of snow, sleet and rain that he had spent out-of-doors. He remained outside for more than five hours, according to his secretary Tobias Lear, did not change out of his wet clothes or dry his hair when he returned home.
 (HNQ, 10/25/02)

1799  Dec 13, Washington awoke the following morning with a sore throat.
 (HNQ, 10/25/02)

1799  Dec 14, George Washington (66), the first president of the United States (1789-97), died at his Mount Vernon, Va., home at age 67. By 8 p.m. he was aware that he was dying, whispering, "I die hard, but I am not afraid to go." Washington died at approximately 10:30 p.m., December 14, 1799, at the age of 67. He died from the incompetence of physicians who bled him to death while fighting pneumonia. Richard Brookhiser authored "Founding Father: Rediscovering George Washington." The Washingtons at this time had 317 slaves. His 5 stills in Virginia turned out some 12,000 gallons of corn whiskey a year.
 (A&IP, ESM, p.16)(AP, 12/14/97)(WSJ, 11/6/98, p.W15)(SFEC, 5/2/99, Z1 p.8)(SFC, 12/11/99, p.B6)(MC, 12/14/01)

1799  Dec 18, George Washington's body was interred at Mount Vernon.
 (MC, 12/18/01)

1799  Dec, 21, William Wordsworth (29) and his sister, Dorothy, returned from a year in Germany to Grasmere in the Lake District. His Lyrical Ballads written jointly with Samuel Taylor Coleridge (27) had just been published. The ballads launched the Great Romantic Period in English literature.
 (Hem, Dec. 94, p.71)

1799  Dec 24, A Jacobin plot against Napoleon was uncovered.
 (MC, 12/24/01)

1799  Dec 25, Napoleon’s new constitution went into effect. It gave him, as First Consul, powers to promulgate laws, nominate senior officials, control finances and conduct negotiations with foreign powers.
 (ON, 1/02, p.12)
1799  Dec 25, Chevalier De Saint Georges (b.1739), violinist and composer, died in Paris, France.
 http://ChevalierDeSaintGeorges.Homestead.com/Page1.html

1799  Dec 26, The late George Washington was eulogized by Col. Henry Lee as "first in war, first in peace and first in the hearts of his countrymen."
 (AP, 12/26/97)

1799  Honore de Balzac (d..1850), French novelist, was born.
 (WUD, 1994, p.115)

1799  Goya (1746-1828) made his famous etching "The Sleep of Reason Produces Monsters," in which fluttering bats hover darkly above a man dozing at his desk.
 (WSJ, 11/3/95, p.A-12)

1799  In England Richard Sheridan wrote his play "Pizzaro." It implied an equivalence between persecuted Indians and the Irish.
 (WSJ, 11/20/98, p.W6)

1799  The Musun Indians built a chapel at the California Mission San Juan Bautista.
 (SFC, 9/3/97, p.A17)

1799  The first printed ballot in the US appeared in Pennsylvania.
 (BD emp. letter, 9/27/96)

1799  Lord Elgin was appointed British ambassador to Constantinople. He was responsible for taking down the Metopes, sculptured by Phidias, from the Parthenon, and transporting them to England.
 (RFH-MDHP, p.218)

1799  Pierre Bouchard [Boussart], an officer in Napoleon‘s army, discovered the Rosetta Stone in the city of Rosetta [Rashid], Egypt. The Rosetta Stone is a tablet with hieroglyphic translations into Greek. The stone is black basalt... and bears three texts: the uppermost is in early Egyptian hieroglyphic; the middle one in the Neo-Egyptian demotic script often used in writing papyri; and the lowermost text is Greek. Deciphering the stone, the work of English physicist Thomas Young and then French archaeologist Jean-Francois Champollion, led to an understanding of Egyptian hieroglyphic writing. Champollion published memoirs on the decipherment in 1822.
 (NG, May 1985, R. Caputo, p.584)(RFH-MDHP, p.182)(HN, 7/19/98)(HNQ, 7/7/00)

1799  A South African hunter shot the last blaauwboch, the blue antelope (Hippotragus leucophaeus). Its numbers had been severely reduced by the introduction of domestic sheep by native Africans as early as 400AD.
 (NH, 11/96, p.24)

1799  Jean Baptiste Simeon Chardin (b.1699), French painter, died.
 (WSJ, 7/6/00, p.A24)

c1799  In China at the close of the 18th century the White Lotus Movement led a violent uprising in northeastern China.
 (WSJ, 4/26/99, p.A6)

1799  The Dutch East India Company liquidated and the Dutch government took control over the islands of Indonesia.
 (SFC, 9/8/99, p.A17)

1799  In Naples, Italy, a massacre of innocents occurred that was blamed on British Admiral Horatio Nelson.
 (WSJ, 11/5/99, p.W12)

1799  The Russian-American Co. was chartered by Tsar Paul I. It expanded into Spanish California (see 1812) when sea otter populations declined in Alaska.
 (SFC, 6/15/01, WBb p.7)

1799  Some 70 ships were lost in the Scottish Firth of Tay.
 (SFEC, 10/3/99, BR p.3)

1799  Pope Pius VI died.
 (WSJ, 4/28/00, p.W8)

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