Return to shelbyjackman.com

1800  Jan 20, Carolina, the sister of Napoleon I, married King Joachim Murat of Naples.
 (MC, 1/20/02)

1800  Jan 23, Edward Rutledge (50), US attorney (signed Declaration of Independence), died.
 (MC, 1/23/02)

1800  Jan 24, Edwin Chadwick, British social reformer, was born.
 (MC, 1/24/02)

1800  Jan 30, US population was reported at 5,308,483; Black population 1,002,037 (18.9%).
 (MC, 1/30/02)

1800  Jan, Pierre Samuel du Pont de Nemours, his two sons and their families, arrived in Newport, Rhode Island, from France.
 (SFC, 7/10/00, p.A32)

1800  Jan, Lord Elgin established his British embassy in Constantinople. His orders were to open the borders for trade, obtain entry for British ships to the Black Sea and to secure an alliance against French military expeditions in the eastern Mediterranean.
 (ON, 11/99, p.2)

1800  Feb 11, William Henry Fox Talbot (d.1877), British inventor and pioneer in instantaneous photography, was born. He produced the first book with photographic illustrations, serialized as "The Pencil of Nature," from 1844-1846. He invented the negative-positive system now in use. He invented paper photography.
 (AHD, 1971, p. 1312)(V.D.-H.K.p.273)(WSJ, 3/24/98, p.A20)(HN, 2/11/01)(SFC, 12/26/02, p.E9)

1800  Mar 14, James Bogardus, US inventor, builder (made cast-iron buildings), was born.
 (MC, 3/14/02)

1800  Mar 17, English warship Queen Charlotte caught fire and 700 people died.
 (MC, 3/17/02)

1800  Mar 20, French army defeated Turks at Heliopolis, Turkey, and advanced to Cairo.
 (MC, 3/20/02)

1800  Apr 2, 1st performance of Ludwig van Beethoven's 1st Symphony in C.
 (MC, 4/2/02)

1800  Apr 15, Sir James Clark Ross, Scottish explorer, was born. He located the Magnetic North Pole.
 (HN, 4/15/99)

1800  Apr 16, George Charles Bingham, British soldier, was born. He commanded the Light Brigade during its famous charge.
 (HN, 4/16/01)

1800  Apr 24, Congress approved a bill establishing the Library of Congress in Washington, D.C. with a $5,000 allocation.
 (HFA, '96, p.28)(AP, 4/24/97)(HN, 4/24/98)

1800  May 5, Louis Hachette, French publisher (Librairie Hachette), was born.
 (MC, 5/5/02)

1800  May 7, Congress divided the Northwest Territory into two parts. The western part became the Indiana Territory and the eastern sections remained the Northwest Territory.
 (HN, 5/7/99)
1800  May 7, Niccolo  Piccinni (72), Italian composer (Roland), died.
 (MC, 5/7/02)

1800  May 9, John Brown, abolitionist, was born. His adventures came to an end at Harper's Ferry, where he tried to start a revolution against slavery.
 (HN, 5/9/99)

1800  May 14, Friedrich von Schiller's "Macbeth," premiered in Weimar
 (MC, 5/14/02)

1800  May 15, King George III survived a 2nd assassination attempt.
 (MC, 5/15/02)

1800  May 19, French Bosbeeck, veterinarian, robber, was hanged.
 (MC, 5/19/02)

1800  Jun 4, The White House was completed and President & Mrs. John Adams moved in.
 (MC, 6/4/02)

1800  Jul 6, The Sultan of Constantinople at the behest of Lord Elgin issued written orders to his officers in Athens for cooperation with Giovanni Lusieri and the removal of sculptures from the Parthenon.
 (ON, 11/99, p.2)

1800  Aug 21, The US Marine Band gave its first concert near the future site of the Lincoln Memorial.
 (SFC, 5/20/96, p.A-3)

1800  Sep 6, Catherine Esther Beecher, educator who promoted higher education for women, was born.
 (HN, 9/6/98)

1800  Sep 7, The NYC Zion AME Church was dedicated.
 (MC, 9/7/01)

1800  Sep 23, William Holmes McGuffey, educator, was born. He is famous for his book "Eclectic Readers" (McGuffey Readers).
 (HN, 9/23/98)

1800  Oct 1, Spain ceded Louisiana to France in a secret treaty.
 (AP, 10/1/97)

1800  Oct 2, Nat Turner (d.1831), leader of major Virginia slave rebellion (1831), was born in Southampton, Ct.
 (ON, 10/99, p.9)(MC, 10/2/01)

1800  Oct 3, George Bancroft, historian, known as the "Father of American History" for his 10-volume A History of the United States, was born.
 (HN, 10/3/98)

1800  Oct 7, Gabriel, slave revolt leader in Virginia, was hanged. Gabriel Prosser had mounted a slave rebellion.
 (SFC, 6/24/96, p.A19)(MC, 10/7/01)

1800  Oct 25, Thomas Babington Macaulay (d.1859), England, poet and historian, was born. "No particular man is necessary to the state. We may depend on it that, if we provide the country with popular institutions, those institutions will provide it with great men."
 (AP, 11/30/97)(MC, 10/25/01)

1800  Nov 1, John and Abigail Adams moved into "the President's House" in Washington DC. It became known as the White House during the Roosevelt administration.
 (SFEC, 5/7/00, p.T8)(MC, 11/1/01)

1800  Nov 17, The Sixth Congress (2nd session) convened for the first time in Washington, D.C. Previously, the federal capital had briefly been in  other cities, including New York, Philadelphia, and Annapolis, Maryland. George Washington- a surveyor by profession- had been assigned to find a site for a capital city somewhere along the upper Potomac River, which flows between Maryland and Virginia.  Apparently expecting to become president, Washington sited the capital at the southernmost possible point, the closest commute from Mount Vernon, despite the fact that this placed the city in a swamp called Foggy Bottom.
 (AP, 11/17/97)(HN, 11/17/98)(MC, 11/17/01)

1800  Nov 24, Weber's opera "Das Waldmadchen," premiered in Freiburg.
 (MC, 11/24/01)

1800  Dec 2, John Brown (d.1859), US abolitionist, was born. He was hanged for murder in the Harper's Ferry Incident in 1859. John Brown led the raid on the Federal Arsenal at Harper's Ferry. The incident is the backdrop for George MacDonald Fraser's novel "Flashman and the Angel of the Lord."
 (WUD, 1994, p. 190)(HFA, '96, p.44)(WSJ, 4/10/95, p. A-16)

1800  Dec 3, Austrians were defeated by the French at the Battle of Hohenlinden, near Munich.
 (HN, 12/3/98)

1800  Dec 12, Washington DC was established as the capital of US.
 (MC, 12/12/01)

1800  Dec 29, Charles Goodyear (d.1860), inventor of vulcanized rubber for tires, was born.
 (HN, 12/29/98)

1800  Dec, In Virginia Martha Washington set all her slaves free.
 (SFEC, 5/2/99, Z1 p.8)

1800  Helmuth von Moltke, Prussian military leader, was born. His father was a German officer serving in the Danish army. His greatest innovation was in the creation of a fighting force that could mobilize quickly and strike when and where it chose. He was one of the first generals to grasp the importance of railroads in moving troops. A biography of the Moltke family line from Bismarck to Hitler was written in 1995 by Otto Friedrich and titled: Blood and Iron: From Bismarck to Hitler the von Moltke Family's Impact on German History.
 (WSJ, 11/7/95, p.A-20)

1800  France Presern (d.1849), author, painter, poet, musician, mathematician and architect, was born in Slovenia. His image was later featured on Slovenia's 1,000-tolar bills.
 (SSFC, 8/18/02, p.C6)

c1800  Johann Christian Reinhart, German artist, created his work: "The History Painter, Caricature."
 (WSJ, 7/16/98, p.A16)

1800  Friedrich Schiller wrote his drama "Mary Stuart." The play is compressed into the last 3 days of Mary's life.
 (SFC, 4/3/98, p.C1)(WSJ, 9/27/01, p.A16)

1800  Rev. Mason L. Weems (d.1825) authored the biography "Life of Washington."
 (ON, 12/00, p.9)

1800  In the US presidential elections Thomas Jefferson and Aaron Burr tied in electoral votes. The selection was then moved to the House of Representatives where on the 36th ballot Vermont and Maryland switch their votes to Jefferson. [see Feb 17, 1801]
 (A&IP, ESM, p.26)(WSJ, 10/27/99, p.A16)

1800  Thomas Jefferson won the White House vowing to get rid of all federal taxes. He was supported by a new coalition of anti-Federalists that was the ancestor of the Democratic Party.
 (WSJ, 10/10/97, p.A1)(WSJ, 6/10/98, p.A18)

1800  The American political "revolution" brought the Republicans to office in the (sic) first peaceful transition of power between rival political parties in human history.
 (WSJ,2/11/97, p.A18)

c1800  Worcestershire sauce was a ketchup and came out about this time.
 (SFC, 7/3/96, zz-1,p.3)

1800  Jean Baptiste Pointe du Sable, a pioneer trader and founder of the village that became Chicago, sold his holdings and moved to a Missouri farm.
 (SFEC,10/19/97, Z1 p.2)

1800  The population of the world doubled from what it was in 1500 to more than 800 million.
 (V.D.-H.K.p.168)

1800   Alessandro Volta demonstrated the electric pile or battery.
 (V.D.-H.K.p.269)

1800  Robert Fulton (35) tested a 20-foot model of his torpedo-armed submarine on the Seine. He made two 20-minute dives himself.
 (WSJ, 9/24/01, p.A22)

1800  John Chapman (1774-1845), Johnny Appleseed, a Swedenborgian missionary, a land speculator, a heavy drinker and an eccentric dresser, began planting orchards across western Pennsylvania, Ohio, and Indiana from seed. (T&L, 10/1980, p.42) )(AHD, p.225)(HNQ, 1/2/01)

1800  Lieven Bauwens stole a spinning "mule jenny" machine from Britain. He had it dismantled and smuggled out in a cargo of coffee. This enabled the textile industry in Ghent, Belgium, to greatly expand. Britain sentenced Bauwens to death in absentia and Ghent made him a hero.
 (SFEC, 11/21/99, p.T11)

1800  The French regained the territory of Louisiana from Spain by the secret Treaty of Ildefenso.
 (CO, Grolier's, 11/10/95)

1800  The Parliament in Westminster passed an Act of Union formally binding Ireland with England and abolished the Irish parliament. The Act of Union entailed the loss of legislative independence of the Irish Parliament.
 (SFEC, 12/22/96, Z1, p.6)(WSJ, 11/20/98, p.W6)

1800  The Althing of Iceland was abolished by the Danish king.
 (HNQ, 4/28/00)

1800  In Sweden Count Balthazar Von Platen started the Gut Canal.
 (SFEC, 4/20/97, p.T8)

c1800  Many Bantu people from Malawi, Mozambique and Tanzania were taken from their homes and sold as slaves in Somalia.
 (NW, 9/2/02, p.35)

1800-1830 The Regency Period of England. It was named after George Augustus Frederick, Prince of Wales, who became prince regent in 1811.
 (WSJ, 3/26/99, p.W10)

1800-1861 This period was covered by Nicholas E. Tawa in his 2000 book: "High-Minded and Low-Down: Music in the Lives of Americans, 1800-1861."
 (WSJ, 5/31/00, p.A24)

c1800-1900 Charles M. Russell, 19th century American landscape painter. In 2001 his painting "A Disputed Trail" sold for $2.4 million.
 (WSJ, 9/7/01, p.W11)

1800-1900 In the 1990s Claude Rawson wrote Vol. 4 of "The Cambridge History of Literary Criticism: The Eighteenth Century."
 (WSJ, 1/15/98, p.A17)

1800-1900 David Kerr charted more than 100 sq. miles of the San Francisco Bay Area marshland for the US Coast Survey, the first federal mapping agency.
 (SFC, 10/25/96, p.A10)

1800-1900 In California floods turned the Central Valley into a lake 700 miles long.
 (SFC, 1/7/97, p.A10)

c1800-1900 Sir David Brewster, 19th cent. Scottish scientist, inventor of the kaleidoscope.
 (Hem., Nov.'95, p.126)

c1800-1900 J.H. Salisbury was a 19th century English dietician who recommended a diet of ground steak for a variety of ailments including pernicious anemia, tuberculosis and hardening of the arteries. His name gave rise to "Salisbury steak."
 (WUD, 1994, p.1262)

1800-1900 19th century Tokyo was called Edo and served as the shogun's power seat.
 (SFEC, 8/9/98, p.T5)

1800-1900 In what later became Pakistan feudal families came to power when the British made weak vassals into a hereditary land-owning elite loyal to London.
 (WSJ, 8/7/98, p.A1)

1800-1900 In South Africa the Witwatersrand gold mines were discovered, the largest gold reserve find in the world. The gold came from a strip of land 62 miles long and 25 miles wide and produced three-fourths of all the gold ever mined.
 (SFEC, 4/21/97, p.A10)(SFEC, 8/8/99, Z1 p.8)

1800-1900 In Vietnam the main river channel at Hoi An shifted toward Danang and made navigation by deep-draft ships difficult, and thus lost its commercial importance. A new port was built on the Han River at Da Nang.
 (AM, Mar/Apr 97 p.H)(SFEC, 4/26/98, p.T4)

1801  Jan 1, Giuseppi Piazzi, Italian astronomer, discovered an asteroid orbiting between Mars and Jupiter. He believed it to be a planet and named it Ceres (goddess of the harvest).
 (NH, 7/02, p.36)

1801  Jan 11, Domenico Cimarosa (51), Italian composer (Matrimonio segreto), died.
 (MC, 1/11/02)

1801  Jan 20, John Marshall was appointed chief justice of the United States by Pres. John Adams. He effectively created the legal framework within which free markets in goods and services could establish themselves.
 (AP, 1/20/98)(WSJ, 3/10/99, p.A22)

1801  Feb 4, John Marshall was sworn in as chief justice of the United States.
 (AP, 2/4/97)

1801  Feb 7, John Rylands, merchant, philanthropist, was born in England.
 (MC, 2/7/02)

1801  Feb 17, The House of Representatives broke an electoral tie between Thomas Jefferson and Aaron Burr, electing Jefferson president. Burr became vice president. When George Washington announced that he would retire from office, he set the stage for the nation's first two-party presidential campaign.
 (AP, 2/17/98)(HN, 2/17/98)

1801  Feb 21, John Henry Newman, was born. He was the Protestant vicar who converted to Catholicism and became a Roman Catholic Cardinal. He authored "Dream of Gerontius."
 (HN, 2/21/99)(MC, 2/21/02)

1801  Feb 27, The District of Columbia was placed under the jurisdiction of Congress.
 (AP, 2/27/98)

1801    Feb 28, Motiejus Valancius, Lithuanian educator, historian, writer and bishop, was born in Nasrenai in the Kretinga region. He died May 29, 1875, in Kaunas. His portrait is on the 2-litas note.
 (LC, 1998, p.4,10)(LHC,2/28/03)

1801  Mar 3, 1st US Jewish Governor, David Emanuel, took office in Georgia.
 (SC, 3/3/02)

1801  Mar 4, Thomas Jefferson became the first President to be inaugurated in Washington, D.C. (1801-1809). James Madison became secretary of state. In his inaugural address Jefferson said: "Though the will of the majority is in all cases to prevail, that will, to be rightful, must be reasonable; the minority possesses their equal right, which equal laws must protect, and to violate would be oppression."
 (WSJ, 2/2/95, p.A-16)(SFC, 1/3/97, p.A26)(HN, 3/4/98)

1801  Mar 11, Paul I (46), tsar of Russia (1796-1801), was strangled in his bedroom in St. Petersburg ending 4 years of insane rule. He was succeeded by his son Alexander I Pavlovich (23).
 (PCh, 1992, p.360)(SS, 3/23/02)

1801  Mar 14, Christian Friedrich Penzel (63), composer, died.
 (MC, 3/14/02)

1801  Mar 21, Andrea Lucchesi (59), composer, died.
 (MC, 3/21/02)

1801  Mar 24, Aleksandr P. Romanov became emperor of Russia.
 (MC, 3/24/02)

1801  Mar 25, Anthony Ziesenis (69), architect, sculptor (Camper), died.
 (MC, 3/25/02)

1801  Apr 2, The British navy defeated the Danish at the Battle of Copenhagen.
 (AP, 4/2/99)

1801  Apr 8, Soldiers rioted in Bucharest and killed 128 Jews.
 (MC, 4/8/02)

1801  Apr 11, Johann von Schiller's "Die Jungfrau von Orleans (The Maid of Orleans)," premieres in Leipzig.
 (MC, 4/11/02)

1801  Apr 12, Josef Franz Karl Lanner, Austrian composer, violist, was born.
 (MC, 4/12/02)

1801  Apr 24, The 1st performance of Joseph Haydn's oratorio "Die Jahreszeiten (The Seasons)."
 (MC, 4/24/02)

1801  Apr 28, Anthony Ashley-Cooper, the seventh Earl of Shaftesbury and a leading social reformer of the Victorian Age, was born in England. Shaftesbury labored to establish schools, to abolish the use of small children as chimney sweeps, and to wipe out child prostitution. He was a vocal opponent of slavery but had little respect for the United States' President Abraham Lincoln and thought the South should be permitted to secede from the Union.
 (HNQ, 6/10/01)

1801  May 16, William Henry Seward was born. He was later Gov. of New York and the American Sec. of State from 1861-1869. Under Pres. Lincoln he purchased Alaska for the United States at 2 cents per acre.
 (HFA, '96, p.30)(AHD, p.1187)(HN, 5/16/99)(WSJ, 11/20/01, p.A16)(MC, 5/16/02)

1801  Jun 1, Mormon leader Brigham Young was born in Whitingham, Vt.
 (AP, 6/1/97)

1801  Jun 10, The North African state of Tripoli declared war on the United States in a dispute over safe passage of merchant vessels through the Mediterranean. Tripoli declared war on the U.S. for refusing to pay tribute.
 (AP, 6/10/97)(HN, 6/10/98)

1801  Jun 14, Former American Revolutionary War General Benedict Arnold died in London.
 (AP, 6/14/01)(ON, 11/01, p.5)

1801  Jun 29, Frederic Bastiat (d.1850), French free-market economist, was born in Bayonne. "The state is the great fictitious entity in which everyone seeks to live at the expense of everyone else."
 (WSJ, 7/5/01, p.A12)

1801  Jul 5, David G. Farragut (d.1870), American naval hero, was born in Knoxville, Tenn.
 (AP, 7/5/97)

1801  Jul 17, The U.S. fleet arrived in Tripoli after Pasha Yusuf Karamanli declared war for being refused tribute.
 (HN, 7/17/99)

1801  Aug 1, The American schooner Enterprise captured the Barbary cruiser Tripoli.
 (HN, 8/1/98)

1801  Aug 6, A 9-day revival began at the Cane Ridge Presbyterian Church in Bourbon County, Kentucky. Some 20,000 people showed up for the revival called by Rev. Barton W. Stone. 3 evangelistic Christian groups grew out of the meeting.
 (WSJ, 8/10/01, p.W15)

1801  Oct 6, Napoleon Bonaparte imposed a new constitution on Holland.
 (HN, 10/6/98)

1801  Oct 23, Gustav Albert Lortzing, composer, was born.
 (MC, 10/23/01)
1801  Oct 23, Johann Gottlieb Naumann (60), German composer, died.
 (MC, 10/23/01)

1801  Nov 3, Karl Baedeker (d.1859), German publisher, was born. He became well known for travel guides. His 1835 "Travel on the Rhine" is widely considered as the 1st modern guidebook.
 (HN, 11/3/00)(SSFC, 12/1/02, p.C3)
1801  Nov 3, Vincenzo Bellini, Italian opera composer (La Sonnambula, Norma), was born.
 (MC, 11/3/01)

1801  Nov 9, Carl Philipp Stamitz, composer, died.
 (MC, 11/9/01)

1801  Nov 10, Samuel Gridley Howe (d.1876), educator of the blind, was born. He was the husband of Julia Ward Howe, author of the "Battle Hymn of the Republic."
 (NH, 6/96, p.20)(HN, 11/10/00)
1801  Nov 10, Kentucky banned dueling.
 (MC, 11/10/01)

1801  Nov 16, 1st edition of New York Evening Post was published. Alexander Hamilton helped found the paper and served as editor.
 (MC, 11/16/01)(WSJ, 12/3/01, p.A17)

1801  Rembrandt Peale painted his brother's portrait: "Rubens Peale with Geranium."
 (SFEM, 2/2/97, p.6)
 
1801  Samuel Taylor Coleridge, English poet, wrote to Sir Humphrey Davy a letter in which he says: "I seem to sink in upon myself in a ruin, like a Column of Sand, informed and animated only by a Whirl-Blast of the Dessert." Coleridge had become addicted to opium in this year.
 (OAPOC-TH, p.71)(WSJ, 4/15/99, p.A20)

1801  Beethoven composed Op. 25 Serenade for flute, Violin and Viola.
 (WSJ, 8/17/00, p.A20)

1801  Thomas Bruce, the 7th Earl of Elgin, took the 2,500 year-old bas-reliefs from the Parthenon while he served as the British ambassador to the Ottoman Empire. 17 figures and 56 panels were put on display at the British Museum in 1816. Around 1939 the marbles were subjected to a botched scouring operation that damaged 40% of the collection. Elgin had hired Giovanni Lusieri, an Italian artist from the court of the King of Naples, to oversee the Parthenon project.
 (SFC, 12/2/99, p.D6)(ON, 11/99, p.2)

1801  Thomas Jefferson began a set of proper rules for the Senate when he wrote: " No one is to disturb another in his speech by hissing, coughing, spitting, speaking, or whispering to another."
 (SFC, 9/20/97, p.A9)

1801  In France Napoleon opened the Louvre to the public.
 (SFC, 2/11/97, p.E5)

1801  Friedrich von Hardenberg (b.1772), German poet (Novalis), died. He was later known as the father of German romantic nationalism.
 (WUD, 1994 p.645)(WSJ, 4/8/03, p.D4)

1801  Haitian slaves under Toussaint L'Ouverture seized power in Haiti from French control.
 (CO, Grolier's, 11/10/95)

1801  In Mexico La Iglesia de Nuestra Senora del Refugio was a Franciscan-style mission church built in the border town of Guerrero Viejo.
 (SFC, 6/4/98, p.C2)

1801-1835 John Marshall (1755-1835) was chief justice of the US Supreme Court. In 1996 Charles F. Hobson wrote "The Great Chief Justice: John Marshall and the Law" and Jean Edward Smith wrote "John Marshall: Definer of a Nation."
 (WSJ, 12/10/96, p.A20)

1801-1848 Thomas Cole, English born US painter. He and Asher B. Durand became fathers of the Hudson River School of painting and founded the National Academy of Design.
 (WUD, 1994, p.288)(WSJ, 8/10/99, p.A22)

1801-1864 Caroline Matilda Stansbury Kirkland, American author: "Like other spurious things, fastidiousness is often inconsistent with itself, the coarsest things are done, and the cruelest things said by the most fastidious people."
 (AP, 5/28/00)

1801-1866  Jane Welsh Carlyle, English writer: "In spite of the honestest efforts to annihilate my 'I-ity,' or merge it in what the world doubtless considers my better half (historian Thomas Carlyle), I still find myself a self-subsisting and alas! self-seeking ME."
 (AP, 8/27/98)

1801-1921 A single Parliament legislated all the British Isles. A history of the archipelago was written in 2000 by Norman Davies: "The Isles."
 (WSJ, 3/9/00, p.A24)

1802  Jan 25, Napoleon was elected president of Italian (Cisalpine) Republic.
 (MC, 1/25/02)

1802  Jan 26, Congress passed an act calling for a library to be established within the U.S. Capitol.
 (AP, 1/26/98)

1802  Jan 29, John Beckley of Virginia was appointed 1st Librarian of Congress.
 (MC, 1/29/02)

1802  Feb 4, Mark Hopkins, US  educator, philosopher (Williams College), was born.
 (MC, 2/4/02)

1802  Feb 8, Simon Willard patented a banjo clock.
 (MC, 2/8/02)

1802  Feb 21, George Douglas Ramsey (d.1882), Bvt Major general (Union Army), was born.
 (MC, 2/21/02)

1802  Feb 26, Victor Hugo (d.1885), French novelist and poet, was born in Besancon. In 1998 Graham Robb published the biography: "Victor Hugo." "Initiative is doing the right thing without being told."
 (WSJ, 2/10/98, p.A16)(HN, 2/26/98)(AP, 6/13/99)

1802  Feb, Napoleon sent a large army under his brother-in-law, Charles Leclerc, to regain control of Haiti. Thousands of soldiers died mainly to yellow fever and French control was abandoned so as to support military ventures in Europe.. Toussaint L'Ouverture turned to guerrilla warfare inspired by the ideals of the French Revolution and its motto of "Liberty, Equality, Fraternity."
 (CO, Grolier's, 11/10/95)(AP, 4/7/03)

1802  Mar 16, Congress authorized the establishment of the U.S. Military Academy at West Point, N.Y.
 (AP, 3/16/97)

1802  Mar 16 The U.S. Army Corps of Engineers was established for the second time.
 (HN, 3/16/98)

1802  Mar 27, Treaty of Amiens was signed. The French Revolutionary War ended.
 (HN, 3/27/98)

1802  Apr 4, Dorothea Dix, American proponent of treatment of mental inmates, was born.
 (HN, 4/4/98)

1802  Apr 8, French Protestant church became state-supported and controlled.
 (MC, 4/8/02)

1802  Apr 19, Spain reopened the New Orleans port to American merchants.
 (HN, 4/19/97)

1802  Apr 27, Abraham Louis Niedermeyer, composer, was born.
 (MC, 4/27/02)

1802  May 3, Washington, D.C., was incorporated as a city, with the mayor appointed by the president and the council elected by property owners.
 (AP, 5/3/97)

1802  May 15, Isaac Ridgeway Trimble (d.1888), Major General (Confederate Army), was born.
 (MC, 5/15/02)

1802  May 18, Great Britain declared war on Napoleon's France.
 (HN, 5/18/99)

1802  May 19 Napoleon established the French Order of Legion d'Honneur award (Legion of Honor). It was a general military and civil order of merit conferred without regard to birth or religion, provided that anyone admitted swore to uphold liberty and equality.
 (DrEE, 9/28/96, p.5)(SFC, 10/19/96, A7)

1802   Jul 4, The United State Military Academy opened its doors at West Point, New York, welcoming the first 10 cadets.
 (AP, 7/4/97)(IB, Internet, 12/7/98)

1802  Jul 8, Toussaint L'Ouverture was sent to France in chains.
 (AP, 4/7/03)

1802  Jul 24, Alexandre Dumas (d.1870), French novelist and dramatist who wrote "The Count of Monte Cristo" and "The Three Musketeers," was born. Alexandre Dumas, pere, French author of romantic plays and novels. He wrote "The Man in the Iron Mask." He was the father of Alexandre Dumas fils (1824-1895), French author of plays of social realism.
 (HFA, '96, p.34)(AHD, 1971, p.403)(WUD, 1994, p.441)(HN, 7/24/98)

1802  Aug 2, Napoleon Bonaparte was proclaimed "Consul for Life" by the French Senate after a plebiscite from the French people.
 (HN, 8/2/98)

1802  Aug 25, Toussaint L'Ouverture was imprisoned in Fort de Joux, Jura, France.
 (MC, 8/25/02)

1802  Aug 31, Captain Meriwether Lewis left Pittsburgh to meet up with Captain William Clark and begin their trek to the Pacific Ocean.
 (HN, 8/31/98)

1802  Sep 4, A French aeronaut dropped eight-thousand feet equipped with a parachute.
 (MC, 9/4/01)

1802  Sep 11, Piedmont, Italy, was annexed by France.
 (HN, 9/11/98)

1802  Sep 19, Louis Kossuth (d.1894), later president of Hungary, was born. "The instinctive feeling of a great people is often wiser than its wisest men."
 (AP, 7/2/97)(MC, 9/19/01)

1802  Oct 10, The 1st non-Indian settlement in Oklahoma was made.
 (MC, 10/10/01)

1802  Oct 22, Samuel Arnold (62), English composer, died.
 (MC, 10/22/01)

1802  Oct 28, The 34-gun Spanish frigate Juno, enroute back to Spain from Mexico [Puerto Rico], ran into a storm off the coast of Virginia. Captain Don Juan Ignacio Bustillo perished along with 425 men, women and children and an estimated half-billion dollars in treasure. A boy from the wreck survived on Assateague Island and was named James Alone. He later changed his name to James Lunn. Many Chincoteague islanders later traced their descent to James.
 (USAT, 5/7/98, p.9A)(WSJ, 7/17/98, p.A1)(SFC, 8/14/00, p.A3)

1802  Oct 31, Benoit Fourneyron, inventor of the water turbine, was born.
 (HN, 10/31/00)

1802  Nov 9, Elijah P. Lovejoy, American newspaper publisher and abolitionist, was born.
 (MC, 11/9/01)

1802  Dec 20, The United States bought the Louisiana territory from France. [see Jan 11, 1803]
 (HN, 12/20/98)

1802  James Gillnay painted "Cow-Pock," a satirization of the new cowpox vaccination to prevent smallpox.
 (NH, 9/98, p.9)

1802  Nathaniel Bowditch (1773-1838) published "The New American Practical Navigator," later known as the "seaman's bible." It was a revision of his 1799 and 1800 works, which in turn revised the 1722 work of John Hamilton Moore.
 (AH, 12/02, p.22)
 
1802  John Playfair published a more readable volume of Hutton's Theory of the Earth as Illustrations of the Huttonian Theory of the Earth.
  (DD-EVTT, p.21)

1802  James Callender, an English-born journalist, published a report in the Richmond, Va., Recorder about Thomas Jefferson and his relationship with the slave Sally Hemmings [Hemings]. Annette Gordon-Reed later published: "Thomas Jefferson and Sally Hemmings, an American Controversy." DNA tests of descendants was planned in 1998 to test for family relationships. The tests indicated that Jefferson fathered at least one child with Hemmings, her youngest son Eston Hemmings in 1808. Dr. Eugene Foster, author of the DNA report, later said the DNA tests showed that any one of 8 Jefferson males could have fathered Eston.
 (WSJ, 9/23/97, p.A1)(SFC, 4/29/98, p.A6)(SFEC, 11/1/98, p.A1,7)(WSJ, 11/2/98, p.B11)(WSJ, 2/26/99, p.W15)(SFC, 1/27/00, p.A3)

1802  Beethoven composed the 6 Gellert songs of Op. 48.
 (WSJ, 8/17/00, p.A20)

1802  Congress repealed all taxes except for a tax on salt and left the government dependent on import tariffs.
 (WSJ, 10/10/97, p.A1)

1802  Eleuthere Irenee du Pont de Nemours (d.1834), a French immigrant, set up a saltpeter mill in Wilmington, Del., on the banks of the Brandywine River. In 8 years it grew to become America's largest black-powder plant as it supplied gunpowder to the US for the War of 1812.
 (WSJ, 1/11/99, p.R46)(SFC, 9/17/01, p.B2)

1802  Joseph Ellicott, New York Quaker surveyor, founded Genessee County and the town of Batavia: "God made Buffalo, I will try and make Batavia."
 (WSJ, 6/28/02, p.W13)

1802  Heinrich Olbers, German astronomer, discovered an asteroid orbiting between Mars and Jupiter, He believed it to be a planet and named it Pallas after Pallas Athena (goddess of wisdom and war).
 (NH, 7/02, p.36)

1802  Edward Howard, English chemist, determined that the iron in meteorites was a unique blend of iron and nickel that did not occur in known terrestrial rocks.
 (ON, 7/02, p.5)

1802  An American captain of the ship Palmyra blew ashore on a southern atoll 1,052 miles south of Hawaii and named it Palmyra after his ship.
 (SFC, 5/4/00, p.A9)

1802  Harriot Wilson was publicly executed by the state of Pennsylvania for the murder of her infant child. An account of the "exploits of the murderess" is published in 1822 by J. Wilkey.
 (LSA., Fall 1995, p.20)

1802  A British exploring party led by Matthew Finders landed on a 96-mile-long island southwest of Adelaide and slaughtered 31 kangaroos for a feast. This 3rd largest island off Australia was thus named Kangaroo Island.
 (SFEC,12/21/97, p.T6)(SSFC, 3/24/02, p.C22)

1802  England passed its first law regulating child labor.
 (WSJ, 1/11/99, p.R28)

1802  The Rosetta Stone was seized by the British in Egypt after the defeat of Napoleon's army and was sent to England. Britain levied the first English income tax to raise money to fight Napoleon.
 (RFH-MDHP, p.182)(SFEC, 4/5/98, Z1 p.8)

1802  The Rome stock exchange was founded. The Borsa di Roma occupied the site of a temple completed in 145 AD as a tribute to Emperor Hadrian.
 (WSJ, 12/13/96, p.B11A)

1802  In Vietnam Hue was founded as the royal capital of the Nguyen dynasty that united Vietnam. Palaces, tombs and monuments were located along the banks of the Perfume River.
 (AM, Mar/Apr 97 p.H)

1802-1803 George Friedrich Grotefend published his account of translating cuneiform script.
 (RFH-MDHP, p.193)

1802-1828 Richard Parkes, English watercolorist.
 (Hem., 3/97, p.94)

1802-1829 Neils Henrik Abel, Norwegian mathematician. After him comes the term Abelian group, an algebraic commutative group.
 (AHD, 1971, p.2)

1802-1838  Letitia Landon, English poet: "Few, save the poor, feel for the poor."
 (AP, 1/21/00)

1802-1876 Harriet Martineau, English writer and social critic: "Religion is a temper, not a pursuit."
 (AP, 6/7/99)

1802-1880  Lydia Maria Child, American author Thought for Today: "It is right noble to fight with wickedness and wrong; the mistake is in supposing that spiritual evil can be overcome by physical means."
 (AP, 12/3/97)

1802-1889 Juana Briones Y Tapia de Miranda was born in Santa Cruz, Ca. She was a battered wife and became the first California woman to get a divorce. She was the first to settle on Powell St. in what is now North Beach, SF. In 1989 the Women's Heritage Museum persuaded the state to authorize a plaque in her honor to be set in Washington Square.
 (SFEC, 5/26/97, p.A11)(SFC,11/17/97, p.A1,21)

1803  Jan 11, Monroe and Livingston sailed for Paris to buy New Orleans; they ended up buying Louisiana. [see Dec 20, 1802]
 (MC, 1/11/02)

1803  Jan, Lord Elgin concluded his diplomatic mission to Constantinople.
 (ON, 11/99, p.2)

1803  Feb 2, Albert Sidney Johnston, Genl. (Confederate Army), was born. He died in 1862 at Shiloh.
 (MC, 2/2/02)

1803  Feb 14, An apple parer was patented by Moses Coats in Downington, Penn.
 (MC, 2/14/02)

1803  Feb 15, John Augustus Sutter (d.1880), Swiss-US colonist (New Helvetia, Ca., Sutter Mill), was born.
 (MC, 2/15/02)

1803  Feb 19, Congress voted to accept Ohio's borders and constitution. However, Congress did not get around to formally ratifying Ohio statehood until 1953.
 (AP, 2/19/98)

1803  Feb 21, The British return the Cape of Good Hope to the Dutch (Batavian Republic) under the Treaty of Amiens.
 (EWH, 4th ed, p.884)
1803  Feb 21, Edward Despard became the last person drawn & quartered in England.
 (MC, 2/21/02)

1803  Feb 24, The Supreme Court ruled itself the final interpreter of constitutional issues. Chief Justice John Marshall, by refusing to rule on the case of Marbury vs. Madison, asserted the authority of the judicial branch. The US Supreme Court 1st ruled a law unconstitutional (Marbury v Madison).
 (AP, 2/24/98)(HN, 2/24/98)(MC, 2/24/02)

1803  Feb 25, The 1,800 sovereign German states united into 60 states.
 (MC, 2/25/02)

1803   Mar 1, Ohio became the 17th state.
 (HN, 3/1/98)

1803  Mar 3, The first impeachment trial of a U.S. Judge, John Pickering, began.
 (HN, 3/3/99)

1803  Mar 14, Friedrich Gottlieb Klopstock (78), German poet, died.
 (MC, 3/14/02)

1803  Mar 19, Johann von Schiller's "Die Braut von Messina," premiered in Weimar.
 (MC, 3/19/02)

1803  Apr 5, 1st performance of Beethoven's 2nd Symphony in D.
 (MC, 4/5/02)

1803  Apr 7, [Francois D] Toussaint L'Ouverture, Haitian revolutionary, died in a dungeon at Fort Joux in the French Alps.
 (MC, 4/7/02)(AP, 4/7/03)

1803  Apr 26, Villagers of L'Aigle, France, witnessed a meteor shower. The rocks helped to convince scientists that meteors were of extraterrestrial origin.
 (ON, 7/02, p.5)

1803  Apr 30, The US under Thomas Jefferson signed a treaty that accepted the purchase of the Louisiana Territory from Napoleon Bonaparte's government of France for 60 million francs or about $15 mil. The area included most of the thirteen states that lie between the Mississippi River and the Rocky Mountains. American envoys sent to France were originally instructed to buy only the port city of New Orleans and were astonished when Napoleon, abandoning plans for an American empire, offered them all of Louisiana. The United States doubled in size through the Louisiana Purchase. The federal government spent less than $8 million in operations and borrowed the money needed for the purchase.
 (CO, 11/10/95)(WSJ, 3/12/97, p.A18)(AP, 4/30/97)(HN, 4/30/98)(HNPD, 5/1/99)

1803  May 7, Johan Peter Cronhamm, composer, was born.
 (MC, 5/7/02)

1803  May 16, Great Britain and France renewed their war.
 (PCh, 1992, p.362)

1803  May 17, John Hawkins and Richard French patented a reaping machine.
 (MC, 5/17/02)

1803  May 18, Great Britain declared war on France after General Napoleon Bonaparte continued interfering in Italy and Switzerland.
 (HN, 5/18/99)(ON, 11/99, p.4)(SC, 5/18/02)

1803  May 22, The 1st US public library opened in Connecticut.
 (MC, 5/22/02)

1803  May 23, Lord Elgin and his family were detained in Paris. Elgin's family was allowed to proceed but he was arrested and declared a prisoner of war.
 (ON, 11/99, p.4)

1803  May 24, Charles LJL Bonaparte, Corsican, French prince of Canino, Musignano, was born.
 (MC, 5/24/02)

1803  May 25, Ralph Waldo Emerson (d.1882), American essayist and philosopher, was born. A biography of Emerson that includes information about his friends was written in 1996 by Carlos Baker and titled: "Emerson Among the Eccentrics: A Group Portrait." It includes such people as: the transcendental visionary Bronson Alcott, essayist Henry David Thoreau, mad poet Jones Very, activist Margaret Fuller, poet Ellery Channing. Other people included are Hawthorne, Melville, Theodore Parker, and the family of Henry James. "Money often costs too much." "Nothing astonishes men so much as common sense and plain dealing."
 (AP, 10/22/97)(HN, 5/25/98)(AP, 7/8/98)

1803  Jul 23, Irish patriots throughout the country rebelled against Union with Great Britain. Robert Emmett led the insurrection in Dublin.
 (HN, 7/23/98)(MC, 7/23/02)

1803  Jul 31, John Ericsson, inventor of the screw propeller, was born.
 (HN, 7/31/98)

1803  Aug 31, The government-sponsored transcontinental expedition under the leadership of Captain Meriwether Lewis and Lieutenant William Clark set off down the Ohio River. The 40-member expedition wintered and trained near St. Louis before starting up the Missouri River in three boats on May 14, 1804. Lewis and Clark's three-year journey of exploration and discovery to the Pacific Coast and back stimulated western settlement and proved that an overland route to the West Coast was possible.
 (HNPD, 8/31/98)

1803  Sep 5, Francois Devienne, composer, died at 44.
 (MC, 9/5/01)

1803  Sep 13, Commodore John Barry, considered by many the father of the American Navy, died in Philadelphia.
 (AP, 9/13/97)

1803  Sep 17, Franz Xaver Sussmayr, composer, died.
 (MC, 9/17/01)

1803  Sep 23, British Major General Sir Arthur Wellesley defeated the Marathas at Assaye, India.
 (HN, 9/23/98)

1803  Sep 20, Robert Emmet, Irish nationalist, was executed.
 (MC, 9/20/01)

1803  Sep 27, Samuel Francis DuPont (d.1865), Rear Admiral (Union Navy), was born.
 (MC, 9/27/01)

1803  Sep 28, Prosper Merimee, playwright (Carmen), was born in Paris, France.
 (MC, 9/28/01)

1803  Oct 3, John Gorrie, inventor of the cold-air process of refrigeration, was born.
 (MC, 10/3/01)

1803  Oct 20, The US Senate voted to ratify Jefferson's Louisiana Purchase.
 (CO, Grolier's, 11/10/95)(AP, 10/20/97)

1803  Oct 31, Congress ratified the purchase of the entire Louisiana area in North America, which added territory to the United States for 13 subsequent states.
 (HN, 10/31/98)

1803  Nov 3, Henri Moreau, composer (75), died.
 (MC, 11/3/01)

1803  Nov 5, Chalderon de Laclos, writer, died.
 (MC, 11/5/01)

1803  Nov 18, The Battle of Vertieres was fought.
 (HFA, '96, p.42)

1803  Nov 28, Haiti declared independence and became the first independent black republic.
 (SFEC, 1/26/97 BR, p.4)(AP, 4/7/03)

1803  Nov 29, Christian Doppler (d.1853), Austrian physicist who discovered the Doppler effect, was born. Hubble used his name for the Doppler Effect, that describes the apparent change in the frequency of a wave depending on whether the wave is approaching or receding.
 (WUB, 1994, p.426)(HN, 11/29/98)

1803  Nov 30, The Spanish gave up possession of Louisiana in a ceremony at New Orleans. Spain ceded her claim of the Louisiana Territory to France.
 (CO, Grolier's, 11/10/95)(MC, 11/30/01)

1803  Dec 3, Hector Berlioz, French composer (Symphony Fantastique), was born. [see Dec 11]
 (MC, 12/3/01)

1803  Dec 11, Hector Berlioz (d.1869), French composer and conductor, was born. He introduced arresting and gaudy instrumental colors in combinations that had not been dreamed of before him. He composed "Romeo and Juliet" in 1939 and conducted its first performance. He also composed the "Death of Cleopatra." He composed "Symphonie Fantastique" and "La Damnation de Faust." [see Dec 3]
 (T&L, 10/80, p. 58)(SFC, 10/5/96, p.E1)(HN, 12/11/99)

1803  Dec 20, The Louisiana Purchase was completed as the territory was formally transferred from France to the United States during ceremonies in New Orleans. The Louisiana Purchase effectively doubled the size of the existing U.S. With 827,987 square miles in the deal, that price translates to roughly $18 per square mile- under 3 cents/acre. [see Dec 30]
 (CO, Grolier's, 11/10/95)(AP, 12/20/97)(MC, 12/20/01)

1803  Dec 30, The United States took possession of the Louisiana area from France at New Orleans with a simple ceremony, the simultaneous lowering and raising of the national flags. [See Dec 20]
 (HN, 12/30/98)

1803  Jean Baptist Say penned "A Treatise on Political Economy," in which he said that management is a factor of production.
 (WSJ, 1/11/99, p.R14)

1803  Beethoven composed his "Kreutzer Sonata" dedicated to the French violinist Rudolphe Kreutzer.
 (WUD, 1994, p.795)(SFC, 4/2/98, p.E4)

1803   One of the architects of the U.S. Capitol, Benjamin Henry Latrobe, who succeeded William Thornton and Stephen Hallet as Capitol architect in 1803, modified the original design of the Capitol and used Greek inspiration in the details. Latrobe was chiefly responsible for introducing the Greek Revival in the U.S. His Bank of Pennsylvania building in Philadelphia was the first Greek building in the country and was characteristic of his free adaptation of ancient precedent and vaulted construction.
 (HNQ, 3/11/99)

1803  The US Mint struck its last silver dollars until 1934, when special 1804 silver dollars were minted as gifts from left over dies.
 (SFEC, 8/8/99, p.A6)

1803  John Dalton, British chemist and physicist, pointed out that the fact that chemical compounds always combined in certain proportions could be explained by the grouping together of atoms to form units called molecules.
 (BHT, Hawking, p.63)

1803  The French Academy of Sciences insisted that meteorites could not exist because no specimens had been produced.
 (WSJ, 4/2/96, p.A-15)

1803  Alexander Von Humboldt, German explorer and scientist, spent some time in Taxco, Mexico. The house where he stayed later became the Museum of Colonial Religious Art.
 (SFEC, 11/10/96, p.T7)

1803  Denmark became the first country to ban slave trade.
 (WSJ, 1/11/99, p.R25)

1803-1812 Lord Elgin organized the removal of sculptures from the Parthenon.
 (AM, 5/01, p.14)

1803-1862 Barend Cornelis Koekkoek of Holland came from a renowned family of artists. He considered the painting of nature the only true calling of an artist.
 (WSJ, 12/10/99, p.W16)

1803-1876  Orestes Augustus Brownson, American author and clergyman was born in  Stockbridge, Vt. At first a Presbyterian, he later became a Universalist, a Unitarian minister, head of his own church, a transcendentalist, and finally (1844) a Roman Catholic. As a writer and magazine editor, Brownson dealt with religious questions and fought social injustice: "We have heard enough of the liberties and the rights of man, it is high time to hear something of the duties of men and the rights of authority." In 1992 Gregory Butler wrote the biography: "In Search of the American Spirit," and in 1999 R.A. Herrera published "Orestes Brownson: Sign of Contradiction."
 http://encyclopedia.com/articles/01924.html (WSJ, 5/28/99, p.W11)

1804  Jan 1, Haiti gained independence from France (National Day).
 (MC, 1/1/02)

1804  Jan 5, Ohio legislature passed the 1st laws restricting free blacks movement. [see Mar 28]
 (MC, 1/5/02)

1804  Jan 31, British vice-admiral William Bligh (of HMS Bounty infamy) fleet reached Curacao (Antilles).
 (MC, 1/31/02)

1804  Feb 6, Joseph Priestley (70), English, US theologist, philosopher, chemist, died.
 (MC, 2/6/02)

1804  Feb 7, John Deere, farm equipment manufacturer, was born.
 (HN, 2/7/99)

1804  Feb 15, New Jersey became the last northern state to abolish slavery.
 (HN, 2/15/98)

1804  Feb 16, Lt. Stephen Decatur attacked the Tripoli pirates who burned the USS Philadelphia. Captain Stephen Decatur, commanding the USS United States, had dismasted the 35-gun Macedonian off the Canary Islands and, after spending two weeks restoring the prize to sailing condition, brought her back to New York after a return voyage of nearly 4,000 miles.
 (HFA, '96, p.22)(AP, 2/16/98)(HN, 2/16/98)

1804  Feb 21, The 1st locomotive, Richard Trevithick's, ran for 1st time in Wales.
 (MC, 2/21/02)

1804  Feb 25, Thomas Jefferson was nominated for president at the Democratic-Republican caucus.
 (HN, 2/25/98)

1804  Feb 26, Vice-Admiral William Bligh ended the siege of Fort Amsterdam, Willemstad.
 (SC, 2/26/02)

1804  Mar 7, John Wedgwood, founder (Royal Horticulture Society), died.
 (MC, 3/7/02)

1804  Mar 8, Alvan Clark, telescope manufacturer, was born.
 (HN, 3/8/98)

1804  Mar 12, Judge John Pickering, a federal district judge in New Hampshire, was the first American official impeached and then found guilty by the Senate. Pickering, a Federalist, was impeached as unfit based on charges related to his habitual drunkenness and bizarre handling of cases. He was adjudged guilty and removed from office in spite of evidence establishing that he was insane and hence not culpable of high crimes or misdemeanors. Impeached during the same period, Chief Justice Samuel Chase was acquitted by the Senate on March 1, 1805, ending the Republican campaign against the Federalist bench and discouraging subsequent administrations from using impeachment to remove politically obnoxious judges.
 (HNQ, 1/21/99)

1804  Mar 14, Johann Strauss (d.1849), Austrian orchestra conductor and composer, was born. His son was also named Johann (1825-1899).
 (WUD, 1994, p.1405)(HN, 3/14/98)

1804  Mar 21, The French civil code, the "Code Napoleon," was adopted.
 (AP, 3/21/97)

1804  Mar 26, Congress ordered the removal of Indians east of the Mississippi to Louisiana.
 (HN, 3/25/98)
1804  Mar 26, The Louisiana Purchase was divided into the Territory of Orleans and the District of Louisiana.
 (AP, 3/26/97)

1804  Mar 28, Ohio passed law restricting movement of Blacks. [see Jan 5]
 (MC, 3/28/02)

1804  Mar 29, Thousands of whites were massacred in Haiti.
 (MC, 3/29/02)

1804  Apr 22, Gioacchino Rossini (12) performed in Imola.
 (MC, 4/22/02)

1804  May 14, The Lewis and Clark expedition to explore the Louisiana Territory left St. Louis. Explorer William Clark sets off from St. Louis, Missouri, to travel upriver to wait for Meriwether Lewis. The two will soon depart together on a journey to reach the Pacific. The trip was retold in a TV movie by Ken Burns in 1997. [see May 22]
 (AP, 5/14/97)(SFC,11/4/97, p.B1)(HN, 5/14/99)

1804  May 16, Elizabeth Palmer Peabody, founder of the first U.S. kindergarten, was born.
 (HN, 5/16/98)

1804  May 18, The French Senate proclaimed Napoleon Bonaparte emperor.
 (AP, 5/18/97)(HN, 5/18/98)

1804  May 22, The Lewis and Clark Expedition officially began as the Corps of Discovery departed from St. Charles, Missouri. [see May 14]
 (HN, 5/22/99)

1804  Jun 3, Richard Cobden, English economist and politician, was born. He became known as the 'the Apostle of free trade.'
 (HN, 6/3/99)

1804  Jun 26, The Lewis and Clark Expedition reached the mouth of the Kansas River after completing a westward trek of nearly 400 river miles.
 (HN, 6/26/98)

1804  Jun 29, Privates John Collins and Hugh Hall of the Lewis and Clark Expedition were found guilty by a court-martial consisting of members of the Corps of Discovery for getting drunk on duty. Collins receives 100 lashes on his back and Hall receives 50.
 (HN, 6/29/98)

1804   Jul 1, George Sand (Amandine-Aurore Lucille Dupin Dudevant, d.1876), French novelist, was born.
 (WUD, 1994, p.1265)(HN, 7/1/01)

1804  Jul 4, Nathaniel Hawthorne (d.1864) American novelist and short-story writer, was born in Marblehead, [Salem], Massachusetts. Hawthorne was born to a prominent but decaying family. One of his ancestors, a judge in the Salem witchcraft trials, became the model for the accursed founder of The House of the Seven Gables. Hawthorne would often wonder whether the decline of his family's fortune was a punishment for the sins of his "sable-cloaked steeple-crowned progenitors." Marblehead is also the location of the house in his book "The House of Seven Gables." He also wrote "The Scarlet Letter."
 (WUD, 1994, p.651)(SFEC, 7/13/97, p.T9)(HN, 7/4/98)(IB, 12/7/98)

1804  Jul 11, Vice President Aaron Burr mortally wounded Alexander Hamilton (47), former first Treasury Secretary, in a pistol duel near Weehawken, N.J. In 1999 Richard Brookhiser wrote "Alexander Hamilton: American." In 2001 Joanne B. Freeman edited his writings and published: Alexander Hamilton: Writings."
 (TL-MB, 1988, 1988, p.80)(AP, 7/11/97)(HN, 7/11/98)(WSJ, 2/25/99, p.A16)(WSJ, 12/3/01, p.A17)

1804  Aug 25, In England Alice Meynell became the 1st woman jockey.
 (chblue.com, 8/25/01)

1804  Sep 5, In a daring night raid, American sailors under Lieutenant Stephen Decatur, boarded the captured USS Philadelphia and burned the ship to keep it out of the hands of the Barbary pirates who captured her.
 (HN, 9/5/98)

1804  Sep 25, The 12th Amendment was ratified. It required electors to vote separately for the president and vice-president.
 (HN, 9/25/98)(WSJ, 10/27/99, p.A16)(WSJ, 12/11/00, p.A18)

1804  Oct 2, England mobilized to protect against an expected French invasion by Napoleon.
 (MC, 10/2/01)

1804  Oct 5, Robert Parker Parrott (d.1877), Inventor (Parrot Gun- 1st machine gun), was born.
 (MC, 10/5/01)

1804  Oct 9, Hobart, Tasmania, was founded.
 (MC, 10/9/01)

1804  Nov 18, Palver Purim (Feast of Lots) was 1st celebrated to commemorate miraculous escape. The Jewish festival marked the deliverance of the Jews in Persia from Haman.
 (WUD, 1994 p.1167)(MC, 11/18/01)

1804  Nov 23, Franklin Pierce, 14th president of the United States, was born in Hillsboro, N.H.
 (HN, 11/23/98)

1804  Nov 30, Supreme Court Justice Samuel Chase went on trial, accused of political bias. He was acquitted by the Senate.
 (AP, 11/30/97)

1804  Dec 1, Emperor Napoleon married Josephine de Beauharnais, of Martinique.
 (MC, 12/1/01)

1804  Dec 2, Napoleon was crowned emperor of France.
 (AP, 12/2/97)

1804  Dec 5, Thomas Jefferson was re-elected US president. George Clinton, the seven-term governor of New York, was elected vice president under Jefferson and again under Madison in 1808. Clinton died in office on April 20, 1812.
 (HNQ, 8/19/99)(MC, 12/5/01)

1804  Dec 21, Benjamin Disraeli (d.1881), Prime Minister of Great Britain (1868, 1874-80), was born. He instituted reforms in housing, public health and factory regulations. "Youth is a blunder; manhood a struggle; old age a regret." In 1993 Stanley Weintraub published "Disraeli: A Biography."
 (AP, 10/21/97)(WSJ, 11/17/98, p.21)(HN, 12/21/98)(MC, 12/21/01)

1804  John Quincy Adams published his travel book: "Letters on Silesia."
 (WSJ, 10/22/97, p.A20)

1804  Fort Dearborn was erected on the Chicago River on the site of present-day downtown Chicago. With the outbreak of the War of 1812, the garrison of 67 soldiers, their dependents and settlers were ordered to evacuate to Fort Wayne. Most of them were massacred en route by Potawatomi Indians, who then burned the fort. Fort Dearborn was rebuilt in 1816 and around it grew the settlement that would become Chicago. Abandoned in 1837, Fort Dearborn was demolished in 1856.
 (HNQ, 2/13/00)

1804  Meriwether Lewis and William Clark packed up 5,555 rations of flour, and 120 gallons of whiskey for their western journey of exploration that would last 2 1/2 years. In 1996 Stephen Ambrose published an account of their trip titled: "Undaunted Courage: Meriwether Lewis, Thomas Jefferson, and the opening of the American West." The cutthroat trout, Onchorhynchus clarki lewisi, was found to be highly abundant. In 1997 the fish was on the brink of extinction.
 (WSJ, 1/30/96, p.A-12)(SFC, 5/21/97, p.A2)

1804  The town of St. Michaels on the Chesapeake Bay was incorporated, resurveyed and laid out in three squares: Harrison's square to the north, Thompson's square to the west and Braddock's square to the east.
 (SMBA, 1996)

1804  In Australia soldiers fired on an aboriginal hunting party on Tasmania and killed some 50 people. Some were salted down and sent to Sydney as anthropological curiosities.
 (WSJ, 8/2100, p.A1)

1804  The British Royal Horticultural Society was formed.
 (WSJ, 5/30/01, p.A1)
1804  The British Royal Watercolour Society was formed.
 (Hem., 3/97, p.94)

1804  Samuel Taylor Coleridge (32), English poet, fled to Malta and worked as an assistant to the civilian governor. He returned to England in 1806.
 (WSJ, 4/15/99, p.A20)

1804  The Botanical Gardens of Antwerp, Belgium, began as a large herb garden dedicated to medicinal plants.
 (Hem., 7/95, p.27)

1804  A stone signal tower was built on Clare Island as part of a series along the Irish west coast in fear of an invasion by Napoleon.
 (SFEC, 4/12/98, p.T8)

1804  The Pere Lachaise Cemetery of Paris was founded.
 (SFC, 6/16/96, T-6)

1804  Empress Josephine, wife of Napoleon I, began a rose collection at Malmaison, and sparked a wide interest in rose culture.
 (SFC, 7/14/99, p.4)

1804  The Wahabis captured Medina, Arabia.
 (NW, 9/30/02, p.33)

1804  Immanuel Kant (b. 1724), German philosopher, died. His "categorical imperative" helped to ascertain the proper course under any circumstances: "Act only on the maxim through which you can at the same time will that it should become a universal law." Kant had described how the sun and planets might have condensed from a primordial cloud with no divine intervention.
 (V.D.-H.K.p.40)(HN, 4/22/98)(SFC, 4/25/01, p.E5)(SFC, 6/17/02, p.A6)

1804-1866 Eliphalet Nott, Presbyterian minister, president of Union College during this period. UC was the first non-denominational college in the US. It emphasized practical education as well as classical studies.
 (WSJ, 3/21/95, p.A-12)

1804-1999 In 2000 Misha Glenny authored "The Balkans, 1804-1899."
 (WSJ, 5/1/00, p.A32)

1805  Jan 11, The Michigan Territory was created.
 (AP, 1/11/98)

1805  Jan 31, Mungo Park set sail from Portsmouth to Africa where he planned to navigate the Niger River to its mouth.
 (ON, 7/00, p.10)

1805  Feb 11, Sixteen-year-old Sacajawea, the Shoshoni guide for Lewis & Clark, gave birth to a son, with Meriwether Lewis serving as midwife. Sacagawea, the young Native American girl who aided the Lewis and Clark Expedition, was of the Lemhi Shoshones, who made their home in what is now southeastern Idaho and southwestern Montana. About 1800 Sacagawea was captured by a Hidatsa raiding party at the Three Forks of the Missouri River.  Sometime in 1804, she and another woman were purchased by French-Canadian fur trapper Toussaint Charbonneau, who lived among the Hidatsa and Mandan Indians, to be his wives. In November, 1804, Lewis and Clark hired Charbonneau as an interpreter, with the understanding that Sacagawea, who was only about 16 and pregnant, would come along to interpret the Shoshone language.
 (HN, 2/11/99)(HNQ, 12/1/99)

1805  Feb 18, Louis Malesherbes Goldsborough, Rear Admiral (Union Navy), was born.
 (MC, 2/18/02)

1805    Feb 26, Alexander Stulginskis, the 2nd president of Lithuania, was born at Kutaliai in the Silale region. He died Sep 22, 1969 in Kaunas.
 (LHC, 2/26/03)

1805  Mar 1, Chief Justice Samuel Chase was acquitted by the Senate ending the Republican campaign against the Federalist bench and discouraging subsequent administrations from using impeachment to remove politically obnoxious judges.
 (HNQ, 1/21/99)

1805  Mar 3, Louisiana-Missouri Territory formed.
 (SC, 3/3/02)

1805  Apr 2, Hans Christian Andersen (d.1875), author of 150 fairy tales, was born in Odense, Denmark.
 (CFA, '96, p.44)(HN, 4/2/98)(AP, 4/2/99)

1805  Apr 7, Francis Wilkinson Pickens (d.1869), (Gov SC, Confederacy), was born.
 (MC, 4/7/02)
1805  Apr 7, Beethoven conducted the premiere of his "Eroica" symphony.
 (MC, 4/7/02)

1805  Apr 24, U.S. Marines attacked and captured the town of Derna in Tripoli from the Barbary pirates. [see Apr 27]
 (HN, 4/24/99)

1805  Apr 27, U.S. Marines attacked Tripoli. A force led by U.S. Marines captured the city of Derna, on the shores of Tripoli [now part of Libya].
 (AP, 4/27/97)(HN, 4/27/98)

1805  May 1, The state of Virginia passed a law requiring all freed slaves to leave the state, or risk either imprisonment or deportation.
 (HN, 5/1/99)

1805  May 9, Johann Christoph Friedrich von Schiller (45), poet, playwright, died.
 (MC, 5/9/02)

1805  May 14, Johann Peter Emilius Hartmann, composer, was born.
 (MC, 5/14/02)

1805  May 26, Lewis and Clark first saw the Rocky Mountains.
 (MC, 5/26/02)
1805  May 26, Napoleon Bonaparte was crowned king of Italy. [see May 28}
 (AP, 5/26/97)

1805  May 28, Napoleon was crowned in Milan, Italy. [see May 26]
 (HN, 5/28/98)
1805  May 28, Ridolfo Luigi Boccherini (62), Italian composer, cellist (Minuet), died.
 (MC, 5/28/02)

1805  Jun 4, Tripoli was forced to conclude peace with U.S. after conflict over tribute.
 (HN, 6/4/98)

1805  Jul 19, Members of the Lewis & Clark expedition made their way up river through the limestone walled gorge they called the Gates of the Mountains on the Missouri River in Montana.
 (GOTM, brochure)

1805  Jul 25, Aaron Burr visited New Orleans with plans to establish a new country, with New Orleans as the capital city.
 (HN, 7/25/98)

1805  Jul 29, Alexis de Tocqueville (d.1859), French historian who wrote "Democracy in America, was born." "America is a land of wonders, in which everything is in constant motion and every change seems an improvement."
 (HN, 7/29/98)(AP, 1/20/01)

1805  Aug 3, Mohammed Ali became the new ruler of Egypt.
 (HN, 8/3/98)

1805   Aug 4, William Rowan Hamilton, Irish scientist, was born.
 (HN, 8/4/00)

1805  Aug 9, Austria joined Britain, Russia, Sweden and the Kingdom of Piedmont-Sardinia in the Third Coalition against Napoleonic France and Spain.
 (HN, 8/9/98)(HNQ, 10/19/98)

1805  Sep 23, Lieutenant Zebulon Pike paid $2,000 to buy from the Sioux a 9-square-mile tract at the mouth of the Minnesota River that would be used to establish a military post, Fort Snelling.
 (HN, 9/23/98)

1805  Sep 30, Napoleon's army entered the Rhine valley.
 (MC, 9/30/01)

1805  Oct 20, Austrian general Karl Mac surrendered to Napoleon's army at the battle of Ulm.
 (HN, 10/20/98)

1805  Oct 21, A British fleet commanded by Vice Adm. Horatio Nelson defeated a French-Spanish fleet in the Battle of Trafalgar fought off Cape Trafalgar, Spain. Admiral Nelson won his greatest victory and though fatally wounded in the battle aboard his flagship, he lived long enough to see victory. The crew fittingly preserved his body in rum. In 1999 Barry Unsworth authored the novel "Losing Nelson." In 2001 Joseph F. Callo edited "Nelson Speaks: Admiral Lord Nelson in His Own Words."
 (WSJ, 6/6/96, p.A15)(AP, 10/21/97)(HN, 10/21/98)(SFEC, 10/31/99, BR p.4)(WSJ, 5/24/01, p.A20)(MC, 10/21/01)

1805  Nov 7, Lewis and Clark reached the Pacific Ocean. Their survival over the '04-'05 winter was attributed to the help of the Nez Perce Indians.
 (HFA, '96, p.42)(HN, 11/7/98)

1805  Nov 14, Fanny Cecilia Mendelssohn Hensel, composer, was born.
 (MC, 11/14/01)

1805  Nov 18, The Lewis and Clark expedition reached the Pacific Ocean. 1st Americans to cross continent.
 (MC, 11/18/01)

1805  Nov 19, Ferdinand de Lesseps, French diplomat and engineer (built Suez Canal), was born.
 (MC, 11/19/01)

1805  Nov 20, Beethoven's "Fidelio," premiered in Vienna.
 (MC, 11/20/01)

1805  Nov 28, John Stephens, US archaeologist, was born. He founded the study of Central America.
 (MC, 11/28/01)

1805  Dec 2, Napoleon Bonaparte celebrated the first anniversary of his coronation with a victory at Austerlitz over a Russian and Austrian army.
 (HN, 12/2/98)

1805  Dec 10, William Lloyd Garrison (d.1879), abolitionist publisher, was born in Newburyport, Mass. In 1831 he published "The Liberator." In 1998 Henry Mayer published "All On Fire: William Lloyd Garrison and the Abolition of American Slavery."
 (SFEC, 1/3/99, BR p.1)(MC, 12/10/01)

1805  Dec 12, Henry Wells, founder of American Express and Wells Fargo, was born.
 (MC, 12/12/01)

1805  Dec 23, Joseph Smith (d.1844), founder of the Mormon Church, was born in Sharon, Vermont. [see 1823,1830]
 (SFC, 4/9/96, A-7)(HN, 12/23/98)(NW, 9/10/01, p.48)

1805  Dec 31, The French Revolutionary calendar law was abolished. France returned to Gregorianism.
 (K.I.-365D, p.43)(MC, 12/31/01)

1805  Charles Willson Peale, American painter began his painting "The Exhumation of the Mastodon." It was based on an 1881 real exhumation in rural New York that helped topple biblically inspired beliefs of the history of the earth.
 (SFC, 1/25/97, p.E3)

1805  Pierre-Paul Prud'hon (1758-1823), French artist, painted "Empress Josephine at Malmaison."
 (WSJ, 4/8/98, p.A20)

1805  "Leonore," the only opera by Beethoven, premiered. It later became known as "Fidelio" and was based on a play by Jean Nicolas Bouilly.
 (SFEC, 5/25/97, DB p.21)

1805  Louisiana passed legislation against sodomy. The law was upheld in 2002.
 (SFC, 11/23/02, p.A5)

1805  The Massachusetts state Legislature staged a mock impeachment trial of Pres. Jefferson. His affair with Sally Hemmings was one of the charges.
 (SFEC, 11/1/98, p.A1)

1805  As early as 1805, Bostonian Frederic Tudor (b.1783) considered ways to make money by exporting ice, a valueless commodity in New England, to the tropics. Tudor supported technical innovations, like the horse-drawn sleigh with saw-like runners, which improved the cutting, shipping and storage of large ice blocks. Recognizing that people living in warm climates were not familiar with cool food and drinks, Tudor traveled to prospective markets making ice cream and providing free ice for barkeepers. By 1856, Tudor's role as the "Ice King" was firmly established as 146,000 tons of ice shipped from Boston transformed the eating habits of people from the Philippines to the southern United States.
 (HNPD, 4/13/99)

1805  Napoleon defeated Austria and Prussia. In 1997 Alistair Horne wrote: "How Far from Austerlitz? Napoleon 1805-1815."
 (WSJ, 7/10/96, p.A16)(WSJ, 5/19/97, p.A16)

1805   Lord Charles Cornwallis, governor general of India, died in India.
 (HNQ, 9/9/02)

1805  Jean-Baptiste Greuze (b.1725), French artist, died. Diderot said: "This man draws like an angel."
 (WSJ, 5/14/02, p.D7)

1805-1815 The 1997 book by British historian Alistair Horne: "How Far From Austerlitz," covered this period Napoleon Bonaparte.
 (SFEC,11/2/97, Par p.10)

1805-1848 Khachatur Abovian, Armenian novelist, helped develop a nationalist literature.
 (Compuserve Online Enc. / Armenia)

1805-1848 Mehemet Ali (Mohammed Ali) served as the viceroy of Egypt.
 (WUD, 1994, p.892)

1805-1859 Alexis de Tocqueville, French writer and social observer.
 (V.D.-H.K.p.232)

1805-1882 Ralph Waldo Emerson, American essayist and poet, author of English Notes. [this date is incorrect, see 1803-1882]
 (V.D.-H.K.p.400)

1806  Jan 1, Bavaria was proclaimed as a kingdom. A crowning celebration for the crown prince Max Joseph, however, never took place.
 (http://spatenusa.com/timeline.html)

1806  Jan 8, Lewis & Clark found the skeleton of 105' blue whale in Oregon.
 (MC, 1/8/02)

1806  Jan 10, The Capitulation of Papendorp: The Dutch in Cape Town surrendered to a British fleet.
 (EWH, 4th ed, p.884)

1806  Jan 17, James Madison Randolph, Thomas Jefferson's grandson, was the 1st to be born in White House. His mother was Martha Randolph one of President Thomas Jefferson's two daughters, this was her 8th child.
 (MC, 1/17/02)

1806  Jan 23, William Pitt (46), the Younger, PM Great Britain (1783-1801, 1804-1806), died.
 (WUD, 1994 p.1098)(MC, 1/23/02)

1806  Feb 11, Vicente Martin y Soler (51), composer, died.
 (MC, 2/11/02)

1806  cFeb, Mungo Park drowned in the Niger River during an attack by armed men near Bussa. He had traveled some 1500 miles down the Niger River.
 (ON, 7/00, p.12)

1806  Mar 6, Elizabeth Barrett Browning (d.1861), English poet, was born in Durham, England. She wrote "Sonnets from the Portuguese." "Since when was genius found respectable?"
 (AP, 3/6/98)(HN, 3/6/99)(AP, 8/12/99)

1806  Mar 16, Norbert Rillieux, inventor (sugar refiner), was born.
 (MC, 3/16/02)

1806  Mar 21, Lewis and Clark began their trip home after an 8,000 mile trek of the Mississippi basin and the Pacific Coast. [see Mar 23]
 (HN, 3/21/01)
1806  Mar 21, Mexican statesman Benito Juarez, who was Mexico's first president of Indian ancestry, was born in Oaxaca.
 (AP, 3/21/97)

1806  Mar 23, Explorers Lewis and Clark, having reached the Pacific coast, began their journey back East. Lewis and Clark reached the Pacific Coast. [see Mar 21]
 (AP, 3/23/97)(HN, 3/23/98)

1806  Mar 30, In England Lady Georgiana Cavendish, an adept negotiator for the Whigs, died at age 49. In 1999 Amanda Foreman authored "Georgiana," a biography of Georgiana Spencer.
 (WSJ, 1/7/00, p.W4)

1806  Mar, Frederic Tudor arrived in the brigantine Favorite at a Martinique port with 130 toms of New England ice. An anticipated icehouse and his partners were nowhere to be found, so Tudor peddled the ice directly from the ship and convinced a local restaurateur to sell the previously unknown dessert, ice cream.  Despite his efforts, Tudor lost $4,000 on the venture, the first of several setbacks throughout his rocky business career.
 (HNQ, 1/6/01)

1806  Apr 4, Friedrich Gottlob Fleischer (84), composer, died.
 (MC, 4/4/02)

1806  Apr 5, Isaac Quintard patented apple cider.
 (MC, 4/5/02)

1806  Apr 10, Leonidas Polk (d.1864), bishop, Lt Gen (Confederate Army), was born.
 (MC, 4/10/02)

1806  Apr 13, Jean-Jacques Bachelier (~82), French painter, died.
 (MC, 4/13/02)

1806  May 6, Chapin Aaron Harris, founder of the America Society of Dental Surgeons, was born.
 (MC, 5/6/02)

1806  May 12, J.V. Snellman, Finnish journalist, statesman and nationalist, was born. The day is remembered in Finland as Snellman day.
 (SC, Internet, 5/12/97)

1806  May 20, John Stuart Mill (d.1873), British philosopher and economist, was born. He promoted utilitarianism and is known as the last great economist of the classical school. He authored "Principles of Political Economy" wherein in theorized that production was the real basis for economic law. He felt that the market was capable of allocating resources but not of distributing income. "If all mankind minus one, were of one opinion, and only one person were of the contrary opinion, mankind would be no more justified in silencing that one person, than he, if he had the power, would be justified in silencing mankind."
 (V.D.-H.K.p.253)(WSJ, 1/11/99, p.R20)(AP, 1/13/00)(HN, 5/20/01)

1806  Jun 12, John Roebling, civil engineer, pioneer in designing suspension bridges, was born.
 (HN, 6/12/01)

1806  Jun, Lord Elgin was paroled by the French government.
 (ON, 11/99, p.4)

1806  Jul 5, A Spanish army repelled the British during their attempt to retake Buenos Aires, Argentina.
 (HN, 7/5/98)

1806  Jul 12, The Confederation of the Rhine was established in Germany.
 (HN, 7/12/98)

1806  Jul 15, Lieutenant Zebulon Pike began his famous western expedition from Fort Belle Fountaine, near St. Louis, Missouri. Pike was the US Army officer who in 1805 led an exploring party in search of the source of the Mississippi River.
 (HN, 7/15/99)(MC, 7/15/02)

1806  Aug 6, The Holy Roman Empire went out of existence as Emperor Francis I abdicated.
 (AP, 8/6/97)

1806  Sep 20, Explorers Meriwether Lewis and William Clark passed the French village of La Charette, the first white settlement they had seen in more than two years.
 (HN, 9/20/98)

1806  Sep 23, The Lewis and Clark expedition returned to St. Louis from the Pacific Northwest over three years after its departure.
 (AP, 9/23/97)(HN, 9/23/98)

1806  Oct 7, Carbon paper was patented in London by inventor Ralph Wedgewood.
 (MC, 10/7/01)

1806  Oct 8, British forces laid siege to French port of Boulogne using Congreve rockets, invented by Sir William Congreve.
 (MC, 10/8/01)

1806  Oct 27, Emperor Napoleon entered Berlin.
 (HN, 10/27/98)

1806  Nov 13, Pike's Peak was discovered, but not climbed, by Lieutenant Zebulon Montgomery Pike during an expedition to locate the source of the Mississippi. Explorations by Lt. Zebulon Pike and Kit Carson mapped out much of the state. [see Nov 15]
 (HN, 11/13/98)(Time, 1990s Almanac CD)

1806  Nov 15, 1st US college magazine, Yale Literary Government, published its 1st issue.
 (MC, 11/15/01)
1806  Nov 15, Explorer Zebulon Pike discovered the Colorado mountaintop, originally called "The Long One" by Ute Indians, and now known as Pikes Peak. Lt. Pike was leading a survey party into the newly acquired Louisiana Purchase when he spotted the snowcapped peak in the distance. He didn't climb it. [see Nov 13]
 (AP, 11/15/97)(HN, 11/15/98)(MC, 11/15/01)

1806  Nov 21, In the Decree of Berlin Emperor Napoleon  banned all trade with England.
 (MC, 11/21/01)

1806  Dec 3, Henry Alexander Wise (d.1876), Brig General (Confederate Army), was born.
 (MC, 12/3/01)

1806  Dec 26, Napoleon's army was checked by the Russians at the Battle of Pultusk.
 (HN, 12/26/98)

1806  Jean-Gabriel Charvet painted his wallpaper panel "Savages of the Pacific Ocean."
 (SFEC, 6/7/98, Z1 p.2)

1806  Jean Ingres painted his magnificent: "Napoleon I on His Imperial Throne."
 (WSJ, 5/28/99, p.W12)

1806  Wordsworth (1770-1850) composed the lines: "The world is too much with us."
 (NOHY, 3/90, p.163)

1806  A catalog of the plants at Elgin Botanical Garden was published. This was the first botanical garden in NYC and was located at what later became Rockefeller Center.
 (WSJ, 7/7/98, p.A14)

1806  A printed reference to a mixed drink cocktail first appeared in the US.
 (SFC,12/24/97, Z1 p.6)

1806  William Strickland, architect of the first Town Hall in New York, introduced the technique of the suspension bridge in the United States, which he learned in France.
 (AP, 5/3/03)

1806  Jesse Wood of Poughkeepsie, N.Y. was tried for the murder of his son.
 (LSA., Fall 1995, p.20)

1806  Aaron Burr, Vice-President under Thomas Jefferson, was implicated in a reputed plot among northeastern Federalists to break up the Union rather than to submit to four more years of Republican rule. One of the goals of the Burr Conspiracy was to separate Louisiana and other Western states from the Union and establish an empire with Burr at the head. Aaron Burr, formerly vice president under Thomas Jefferson, had recently slain Alexander Hamilton in a duel in July 1804 when he began plotting a movement to separate the Western states from the Union. Burr was later tried for treason in federal court and acquitted. Burr was captured in 1806 on the Ohio River and charged with recruiting forces to further plot the disunion.
 (A&IP, ESM, p.28)(HNQ, 11/30/98)

1806  Shoemakers in Philadelphia formed a union.
 (WSJ, 1/11/99, p.R27)

1806  Ye Old Pepper Companie was founded in Salem, Mass., USA. It claims to be the country's oldest candy company.
 (Hem., Dec. '95, p.35)

1806  Nicolai Rezanov, a director of the Russian-American Co., proposed a California outpost to serve the Russian colonies in Alaska. He sailed south to establish a settlement on the Columbia River but could not land there due to difficult seas. He sailed south to the Presidio at Monterey and negotiated a trade deal with Commander Jose Arguello. He died that winter while crossing Siberia.
 (SFEC, 3/23/97, p.T5)

1806   Andrew Jackson killed Charles Dickinson in a duel over a debt owed on a horse race bet. Jackson was struck in the chest by Dickinson's shot but returned fire and killed his opponent. "I should have hit him," he reportedly said, "if he had shot me through the brain." His duel with Dickinson was one of several the often ill-tempered Jackson engaged in. Jackson, who became the seventh U.S. president in 1829, carried Dickinson's bullet in his chest until he died in 1845.
 (HNQ, 3/22/00)

1806  The British wrested power over South Africa from the Dutch and prompt the Boer farmers to later move into the interior.
 (NG, Oct. 1988, p. 564)

1806  The British began the construction of Dartmoor Prisoner to house French soldiers captured in the Napoleonic Wars. It was capable of housing 10,500 prisoners and 2,000 guards.
 (AH, 10/02, p.33)

1806  In Paris the 3-mile Canal St. Marten waterway was built to connect the Seine to northeast France.
 (SFEC, 6/28/98, p.T7)

1806  Napoleon issued his Berlin Decrees. They established the Continental System to restrict European trade with Britain.
 (WSJ, 7/10/96, p.A16)

1806  Napoleon ordered that all French citizens be vaccinated against smallpox.
 (NW, 10/14/02, p.50)

1806-1914 In 1996 Public Broadcasting featured "The West," a historical documentary covering this period in the US.
 (SFC, 7/17/96, p.E5)

1807  Jan 7, Responding to Napoleon's blockade of the British Isles, The British blockaded Continental Europe.
 (HN, 1/7/99)

1807  Jan 11, Ezra Cornell, founder of Western Union Telegraph and Cornell University (NY), was born.
 (MC, 1/11/02)

1807  Jan 19, Robert E. Lee, the commander-in-chief of the Civil War Confederate Armies, was born in Stratford, Va.
 (AP, 1/19/98)(HN, 1/19/99)

1807  Jan 20, Napoleon convened the great Sanhedrin in Paris.
 (MC, 1/20/02)

1807  Jan 22, President Thomas Jefferson exposed a plot by Aaron Burr to form a new republic in the Southwest.
 (HN, 1/22/99)

1807  Jan 28, London's Pall Mall was 1st street lit by gaslight.
 (MC, 1/28/02)

1807  Feb 5, Pasquale Paoli (80), Corsican freedom fighter, died.
 (MC, 2/5/02)

1807  Feb 8, At Eylau, Napoleon's Marshal Pierre Agureau attacked Russian forces in a heavy snowstorm. Like Napoleon, to whom he is most often compared, Alexsandr Suvorov believed that opportunities in battle are created by fortune but exploited by intelligence, experience and an intuitive eye. To him, mastery of the art and science of war was not, therefore, purely instinctive.
 (HN, 2/7/97)

1807  Feb 9, French Sanhedrin was convened by Napoleon.
 (MC, 2/9/02)

1807  Feb 19, Former Vice President Aaron Burr was arrested in Alabama. He was subsequently tried for treason and acquitted. [see May 22, Sep 1]
 (HN, 2/19/98)(AP, 2/19/98)

1807  Feb 24, In a crush to witness the hanging of Holloway, Heggerty and Elizabeth Godfrey in England 17 died and 15 were wounded.
 (MC, 2/24/02)

1807  Feb 27, Henry Wadsworth Longfellow (d.1882), was born in Portland, Maine. He was an American poet famous for "The Children's Hour," and "Evangeline." "What is time? The shadow on the dial, the striking of the clock, the running of the sand, day and night, summer and winter, months, years, centuries-these are but arbitrary and outward signs, the measure of Time, not Time itself. Time is the Life of the soul."
 (AP, 10/11/97)(AP, 2/27/98)(HN, 2/27/99)

1807  Mar 2, Congress banned slave trade effective January 1, 1808. The further importation of slaves was abolished but an inter-American slave trade continued.
 (V.D.-H.K.p.276)(WSJ, 12/16/97, p.A18)(WSJ, 10/19/98, p.A24)(SC, 3/2/02)

1807  Mar 5, 1st performance of Ludwig von Beethoven's 4th Symphony in B.
 (MC, 3/5/02)

1807  Mar 25, The British Parliament abolished the slave trade. This led to a labor problem in south Africa.
 (HN, 3/24/98)(EWH, 4th ed, p.884)
1807  Mar 25, 1st railway passenger service began in England.
 (MC, 3/25/02)

1807  Apr 4, Joseph Jerome Le Francaise de Lalande, French astronomer, died.
 (MC, 4/4/02)

1807  Apr 18, Erasmus Darwin, physician, writer (Influence), died.
 (MC, 4/18/02)

1807  Apr 20, Aloysius Bertrand ("Gaspard de la Nuit"), French poet, was born.
 (HN, 4/20/01)

1807  May 1, John Bankhead "Prince John" Magruder, Major General (Confederate Army), was born.
 (MC, 5/1/02)

1807  May 22, The treason trial of former VP Aaron Burr began in Richmond, Va. [see Sep 1]
 (PCh, 1992, p.367)(MC, 5/22/02)
1807  May 22, Townsend Speakman 1st sold fruit-flavored carbonated drinks in Phila.
 (MC, 5/22/02)

1807  May 28, Jean Louis Agassiz (d.1873), Swiss naturalist and educator, was born.  He wrote a succession of papers [1840] outlining continental glaciation not only of Europe but of North America.
 (DD-EVTT, p.129)(AHD,1971, p.24)(HN, 5/28/01)

1807  Jun 22, British officers of the H.M.S. Leopard boarded the U.S.S. Chesapeake after she had set sail for the Mediterranean, and demanded the right to search the ship for deserters. Commodore James Barron refused and the British opened fire with broadsides on the unprepared Chesapeake and forced her to surrender. The British provocation led to the War of 1812.
 (NG, Sept. 1939, p.363)(HN, 6/22/98)

1807  Jul 4, Giuseppe Garibaldi (1807-1882) Italian military leader, was born in Nice, France. He led the movement to make Italy one nation.
 (HN, 7/4/98)(IB, Internet, 12/7/98)

1807  Jul 7, Czar Alexander met with Napoleon Bonaparte to divide Europe among themselves and isolate Britain.
 (HN, 7/7/98)

1807  Aug 17, Robert Fulton's "North River Steam Boat" (popularly known as the "Clermont") began heading up New York's Hudson River on its successful round-trip to Albany. He named the boat Katherine of Clermont after his wife. It was 125 feet (142-feet) long and 20 feet wide with side paddle wheels and a sheet iron boiler. He averaged 5 mph for the 300-mile round trip.
 (AP, 8/17/97)(SFC, 6/20/98, p.F4)(WSJ, 9/21/01, p.A22)

1807  Aug 18, Charles Francis Adams (d.1886), U.S. diplomat and public official whose father was John Quincy Adams, was born.
 (AHD, 1971, p.14)(HN, 8/18/98)

1807  Sep 1, Former Vice President Aaron Burr was found innocent of treason. [see 1806] Aaron Burr had been arrested in Mississippi for complicity in a plot to establish a Southern empire in Louisiana and Mexico.
 (AP, 9/1/97)(HN, 9/1/99)

1807  Sep 4, Robert Fulton began operating his steamboat. [see Aug 17]
 (MC, 9/4/01)

1807  Sep 14, Aaron Burr was acquitted of a misdemeanor charge. [see Sep 1]
 (MC, 9/14/01)

1807  Dec 17, John Greenleaf Whittier (d.1892), American poet, was born. He was an abolitionist, reformer and founder of the Liberal Party." One brave deed makes no hero."
 (HN, 12/17/99)(AP, 7/25/00)

1807  Dec 22, Congress passed the Embargo Act, designed to force peace between Britain and France by cutting off all trade with Europe. It was hoped that the act would keep the United States out the European Wars.
 (AP, 12/22/97)(HN, 12/22/98)

1807  The US Congressional Cemetery near Capital Hill was established.
 (WSJ, 10/16/98, p.A1)

1807  Lieutenant Zebulon Montgomery Pike strayed beyond the limits of the territory into the Spanish-held territory of New Mexico, and was accused of spying by Spanish authorities. The Spaniards released Pike and his men after they could find no evidence against him. Pike's explorations the previous November had taken him to the Rockies, where he reached the base of a mountain that would later be named Pikes Peak in his honor. Pike's mission was to explore the southwestern limits of the Louisiana Territory, the vast tract of land that the United States had purchased from France in 1803 in a deal known as the Louisiana Purchase.
 (HNQ, 7/15/02)

1807  The Geological Society of London was born. It was the first body of men devoted to the earth sciences.
 (DD-EVTT, p.16)

c1807  Englishmen William and John Cockerill brought the Industrial Revolution to continental Europe around 1807 by developing machine shops in Liege, Belgium, transforming the country's coal, iron and textile industries much as it had done in Britain. From roughly 1760 to about 1830, the Industrial Revolution largely occurred in Britain. Realizing the economic advantages, Britain did not allow the export of any machinery, methods or skilled men that might blunt its technological edge. Eventually, the lure of new opportunities convinced continental entrepreneurs and British businessmen to evade England's official edict.
 (HNQ, 5/16/01)

1807  In France Napoleon allied with Russia.
 (WSJ, 7/10/96, p.A16)

1807  Napoleon gave Danzig (later Gdansk) 6 years of formal independence.
 (WSJ, 8/31/98, p.A4)

1807  Ignace Playel founded a piano company in Paris, France.
 (SFC, 10/30/96, z1 p.8)

1807  In Naples, Italy, Major Leopold Hugo, the father of Victor Hugo, was promoted after a successful campaign against the Calabrian banditti.
 (WSJ, 2/10/98, p.A16)

1807  Serfdom was abolished in the Lithuanian territories known as Suvalkija and Dzukija as far as the Nemunas river. This area had been given to Prussia in the 1795 division and then included into the Warsaw Principality.
 (DrEE, 10/12/96, p.2)

1807-1808 Mustafa IV succeeded Selim III in the Ottoman House of Osman.
 (Ot, 1993, xvii)

1807-1809 A Jefferson imposed embargo kept American ships at home. [see Dec 22 1807]
 (SFC, 3/31/98, p.F4)

1807-1815 Britain and the Defeat of Napoleon, 1807-1915 by Rory Muir was published in 1996.
 (WSJ, 7/10/96, p.A16)

1807-1859  Gamaliel Bailey, American abolitionist: "Who never doubted, never half believed. Where doubt is, there truth is-it is her shadow."
 (AP, 1/27/98)

1807-1877 US Sen. John Petit. He once called the Declaration of Independence a "self-evident-lie" in reference to the freedom of blacks.
 (WSJ,2/12/97, p.A16)

1807-1881 Giovanni Ruffini, Italian writer: "Curses are like processions. They return to the place from which they came."
 (AP, 1/8/00)

1808  Jan 1, A law banning the import of slaves came into effect, but was wisely ignored.
 (HN, 1/1/99)

1808  Jan 13, Salmon P. Chase, U.S. Treasury secretary during the American Civil War and sixth Chief Justice of the Supreme Court, was born.
 (HN, 1/13/99)

1808  Feb 11, Anthracite coal was 1st burned as fuel, experimentally, in Wilkes-Barre, Pa.
 (MC, 2/11/02)

1808  Feb 20, Honoré Daumier (d.1879), French painter, sculptor, caricaturist and lithographer, was born in Marseilles. He painted Crispin and Scapin.
 (AAP, 1964)(WUD, 1994, p.369)(WSJ, 3/10/00, p.W16)(HN, 2/20/01)

1808  Mar 1, In France, Napoleon created an imperial nobility.
 (HN, 3/1/99)

1808  Mar 6, 1st college orchestra in US was founded at Harvard.
 (MC, 3/6/02)

1808  Mar 15, Gaetano Gaspari, composer, was born.
 (MC, 3/15/02)

1808  Mar 19, Spain's King Charles IV abdicated.
 (AP, 3/19/03)

1808  Mar 23, Napoleon's brother Joseph took the throne of Spain.
 (SS, 3/23/02)

1808  Mar 27, Joseph Haydn's oratorio "The Seasons," premiered in Vienna.
 (MC, 3/27/02)

1808  Mar 31, French created the Kingdom of Westphalia and ordered Jews to adopt family names.
 (MC, 3/31/02)

1808  Apr 13, William Henry Lane ("Juda") perfected the tap dance.
 (MC, 4/13/02)

1808  Apr 17, The Bayonne Decree by Napoleon I of France ordered the seizure of U.S. ships.
 (HN, 4/17/98)

1808  Apr 20, Louis-Napoleon (d.1873), Napoleon III, emperor of France, was born. He was the nephew of Napoleon Bonaparte I. He later served as president (1848-1852) and as emperor (1852-1870) of France.
 (WUD, 1994, p.950)(WSJ, 1/13/98, p.A20)(HN, 4/20/98)(MC, 4/20/02)

1808  Apr 30, Italian Pellegrini Turri built the 1st practical typewriter for the blind Countess Carolina Fantoni da Fivizono, the world's first typist.
 (SFEC, 1/10/99, Z1 p.8)(SFC, 7/26/00, p.D3)(MC, 4/30/02)

1808  May 2, The citizens of Madrid rose up against Napoleon. It culminated in a fierce battle fought out in the Puerta del Sol, Madrid's central square. The Spanish were defeated, and during the night the French army lead by Grand Duke Joachim Murat slaughtered hundreds of citizens along the Prado promenade in reprisal.
 (HN, 5/2/98)(MC, 5/2/02)

1808  May 3, Spanish executions took place and were later commemorated in Goya's painting "Executions of 3rd of May."
 (MC, 5/3/02)

1808  May 15, Michael William Balfe, composer ("The Bohemian Girl"), was born.
 (MC, 5/15/02)

1808  May 18, Jacob Albright [Albrecht] (49), German-US preacher, died.
 (SC, 5/18/02)

1808  May 21, Eston Hemmings was born to slave Sally Hemmings, who was owned by Thomas Jefferson. Genetic tests in 1998 showed that DNA from Jefferson's descendants was consistent with DNA from descendants of Hemmings. Some argued that Randolph Jefferson, brother of Thomas, was Eston's father.
 (USAT, 1/7/99, p.3A)

1808  May 30, Napoleon annexed Tuscany and gave it seats in French Senate.
 (MC, 5/30/02)

1808  Jun 1, The first US land-grant university was founded-Ohio Univ., Athens, Ohio.
 (DTnet, 6/1/97)

1808  Jun 3, Jefferson Davis -- the first and only president of the Confederacy -- was born in Christian County, Ky. He was imprisoned and indicted for treason, but the case was dropped.
 (AP, 6/3/97)(HN, 6/3/99)

1808  Jul 28, Sultan Mustapha IV of the Ottoman Empire was deposed and his cousin Mahmud II gained the throne and ruled to 1839.
 (HN, 7/28/98)(Ot, 1993, xvii)

1808  Aug 21, Napoleon Bonaparte's General Junot was defeated by Wellington at the first Battle of the Peninsular War at Vimiero, Portugal.
 (HN, 8/21/02)

1808  Oct 17, The political rights of Jews was suspended in Duchy of Warsaw.
 (MC, 10/17/01)

1808  Oct 24, Ernst Friedrich Richter, composer, was born.
 (MC, 10/24/01)

1808  Nov 22, Thomas Cook, founder (Cook travel bureau), was born.
 (MC, 11/22/01)

1808  Dec 1, Anton Fischer (30), composer, died.
 (MC, 12/1/01)

1808  Dec 7, James Madison was elected president in succession to Thomas Jefferson.
 (WSJ, 2/2/95, p.A-16)(HN, 12/7/98)

1808  Dec 29, Andrew Johnson, the 17th president of the United States who succeeded Lincoln, was born in a 2-room shack in Raleigh, N.C. [Waxhaw, South Carolina]
 (AP, 12/29/97)(SFC, 12/21/98, p.A3)(HN, 12/29/98)(HNPD, 3/15/99)

1808  Yi Eung-nok, Korean court painter, was born.
 (SFC, 3/11/03, p.D1)

1808  Charles Willson Peale painted the only known portrait of his friend William Bartram, the naturalist. [see Bartram 1739-1823]
 (Nat. Hist., 4/96, p.10)

1808  Pierre-Paul Prud'hon (1758-1823), French artist, painted "Justice and Divine Vengeance Pursuing Crime."
 (WSJ, 4/8/98, p.A20)

1808  Goethe completed the first part of Faust at the insistence of his friend, the poet Friedrich Schiller. Part two was not finished until a few months before Goethe's death.
 (V.D.-H.K.p.239)

1808  Heinrich von Kleist wrote his novella "Michael Kohlhaas." It later inspired the screenplay for a 1999 HBO movie "The Jack Bull," written by Dick Cusack.
 (WSJ, 4/15/99, p.A20)

1808  The libretto for Rossini's "L'Italiana in Algeri" was written by Anelli.
 (WSJ, 8/12/97, p.A12)

1808  The first US newspaper west of the Mississippi was founded in St. Louis by Joseph Charles, an Irish refugee. He was financed by Meriwether Lewis, the local territorial governor, who needed someone to print the local laws. In 1998 David Dary published: "Red Blood and Black Ink: Journalism in the Old West."
 (SFEC, 3/8/98, BR p.6)

1808  In the 1st test of the US Constitution Chief Justice Marshall ruled in favor of Gideon Olmstead and against the state of Pennsylvania to enforce a 1779 decree that only the federal government, and not individual states, had the power to determine the legality of captures on the high seas.
 (ON, 12/01, p.9)

1808  John Dalton, chemist, argued that for each chemical element there is a corresponding atom, and that all else is made from a combination of those atoms.
 (NG, May 1985, , p. 642)

1808  Sir Humphrey Davy showed that electricity could produce heat or light between two electrodes separated in space and connected by an arc.
 (V.D.-H.K.p.269)

1808  Emperor Alexander I of Russia met with Napoleon I at Erfurt, Thuringia, Ger.
 (Hem., Nov.'95, p.114)

1808-1814 The Duke of Wellington led the Peninsular Campaign wherein the British send troops to Spain to assist the Spanish revolt against Joseph Bonaparte.
 (WSJ, 1/6/95, A-10)

1808-1815 Joachim Murat (1767-1815), Napoleon's brother in law, served as king of Naples.
 (HN, 3/25/99)

1808-1821 Rio de Janeiro was made the capital of the Portuguese empire.
 (USA Today, OW, 4/22/96, p.3)

1809  Jan 4, Louis Braille, inventor of a universal reading system for the blind, was born in Coupvray, France.
 (AP, 1/4/98)(HN, 1/4/99)

1809  Jan 19, Edgar Allan Poe (d.1949), American writer, was born in Boston. His father, David Poe, was an Irish-American actor and abandoned his family shortly after Edgar's birth. His mother, Elizabeth Arnold Hopkins, died in 1811 and he grew up with a foster family. Poe studied briefly at the University of Virginia, but then he quarreled with his foster father and went to Boston in 1827, where he published his first volume of poetry anonymously. In the early 1840s Poe became known for his lyrical, brooding poems and detective stories, such as "The Gold Bug" and "Murders at the Rue Morgue." In fact, he is recognized as the father of the modern detective story. Poe was unafraid to criticize literary practices of the time, stressing the importance of artistic value more than moral value. After battles with alcoholism and his wife Virginia's illness and death, Poe became depressed but continued to write. He became engaged again in 1849 but soon died at the age of 40. His best known stories include: "Fall of the House of Usher " and "The Tell-Tale Heart." His most famous poems are "The Raven" and Annabel Lee." "I hold that a long poem does not exist. I maintain that the phrase, 'a long poem,' is simply a flat contradiction in terms."
 (CFA, '96,Vol 179, p.38)(SFEC, 1/12/97, p.T5)(AP, 1/19/98)(HNPD, 1/19/99)(AP, 1/29/99)

1809  Jan 20, The 1st US geology book was published by William Maclure.
 (MC, 1/20/02)

1809  Feb 3, The territory of Illinois was created.
 (AP, 2/3/97)

1809  Feb 4, Louis Braille was born. He was blinded at age four as the result of an accident in his father's shop. Nevertheless, he became an accomplished organist and cellist and won a scholarship in 1819 to attend the National Institute for Blind Youth in Paris. At age 15, Louis witnessed a demonstration there by Charles Barbier, a soldier who had invented "night writing," a system of letters embossed on cardboard for silent communication along trenches. While Barbier's system was too complex to be practical, Braille simplified and adapted it to a six-dot code representing letters that enabled people with impaired vision to not only read but also write for themselves. In 1827, the first Braille book was published, but Braille himself died of tuberculosis at age 43--before his system gained widespread acceptance.
 (HNPD, 2/4/99)

1809  Feb 11, Robert Fulton patented the steamboat.
 (HN, 2/11/97)

1809  Feb 12, Charles Robert Darwin (d.1882) was born. He proposed that evolution was the principle that underlay the development of all species and that man, an animal, had evolved from nonhuman ancestors. Shortly after his graduation from Cambridge, Darwin sailed as a naturalist with the surveying ship HMS Beagle. All life, he said, is a struggle for existence and some species are better able to adapt to the environment and survive to pass along their characteristics. During the five-year voyage, Darwin's observations of wildlife led to the writing of his 1859 book "The Origin of the Species," in which he proposed the theory of natural selection. Besides the "Origin of the Species," he wrote three books on geology and devoted 8 years to his monograph on barnacles. His last book was "The Formation of Vegetable Mould Through the Action of Worms." In 1871 Darwin wrote "Descent of Man," which demonstrated that man and ape could have had a common ancestor. Darwin's theories were highly controversial and unsettling to those who believed in creationism. Many Victorians condemned Darwin as blasphemous, but many important scientists of the day agreed with his theories. "How can anyone not see that all observation must be for or against some view if it is to be of any service."
 (V.D.-H.K.p.281)(PacDis., Spg. 96, p.52)(NH, 2/97, p.69)(NH, 5/97, p.11)(HNPD, 2/13/99)

1809  Feb 12, Abraham Lincoln, 16th president of the US, was born in Hardin County (present-day Larue County), Kentucky. His father owned two 600-acre farms [time not given]. Lincoln was president of the United States during one of the most turbulent times in American history. Although roundly criticized during his own time, he is recognized as one of history's greatest figures who preserved the Union during the Civil War and proved that democracy could be a lasting form of government. Lincoln entered national politics as a Whig congressman from Illinois, but he lost his seat after one term due to his unpopular position on the Mexican War and the extension of slavery into the territories. The 1858 Lincoln-Douglas debates for the Senate gave him a national reputation. In 1860, Lincoln became the first president elected from the new Republican Party. Abraham Lincoln was fatally shot by John Wilkes Booth at Ford's Theater in Washington, D.C., on April 14, 1865. In 1996 a new biography of Abraham Lincoln by David Donald was published.
 (HN, 2/12/98)(AP, 2/12/98)(AHD, 1971, p.759)(WSJ, 2/10/95, p.A-8)(SFC, 9/1/96, Par. p.12)(HNPD, 2/12/99)(SFC, 4/30/99, p.E9)

1809  Feb 15, Cyrus Hall McCormick (d.1884), inventor of the mechanical reaper, was born.
 (MC, 2/15/02)(WUD, 1994 p.887)

1809  Feb 20, The Supreme Court ruled that the power of the federal government is greater than that of any individual state.
 (AP, 2/20/98)

1809  Mar 1, Embargo Act of 1807 was repealed and the Non-Intercourse Act signed.
 (SC, 3/1/02)

1809  Mar 4, Madison became 1st President inaugurated in American-made clothes.
 (SC, 3/4/02)

1809  Mar 12, Great Britain signed a treaty with Persia forcing the French out of the country.
 (HN, 3/12/99)

1809  Mar 15, Joseph Jenkins Roberts, first president of Liberia, was born.
 (HN, 3/15/98)

1809  Mar 27, Georges-Eugene Haussmann, French town planner, was born. He designed modern-day Paris.
 (HN, 3/27/01)

1809  Mar 31, Edward Fitzgerald, American writer, was born. He is famous for writing "Rubaiyat of Omar Khayyam."
 (HN, 3/31/99)
1809  Mar 31, Nikolai V. Gogol, Russian writer (The Inspector General, Dead Souls), was born.
 (HN, 3/31/01)
1809  Mar 31, Otto Jonas Lindblad, composer, was born.
 (MC, 3/31/02)

1809  Apr 10, Austria declared war on France and her forces entered Bavaria.
 (HN, 4/10/99)

1809  Apr 20, Napoleon defeated Austria at Battle of Abensberg, Bavaria.
 (HN, 4/20/98)

1809  Apr 22, At the Battle at Eckmahl Napoleon beat Austrian archduke Karl.
 (MC, 4/22/02)

1809  Apr 23, Eugene-Prosper Prevost, composer, was born.
 (MC, 4/23/02)

1809  May 5, Mary Kies was 1st woman issued a US patent (weaving straw).
 (MC, 5/5/02)
1809  May 5, Citizenship was denied to Jews of Canton of Aargau, Switzerland.
 (MC, 5/5/02)

1809  May 17, Papal States were annexed by France.
 (MC, 5/17/02)

1809  May 24, Dartmoor Prison opened to house French prisoners of war.
 (MC, 5/24/02)

1809  May 31, Composer Franz Joseph Haydn died in Vienna, Austria on his 77th birthday. When Napoleon's armies marched into Vienna, the commanding general posted guards in front of Haydn's house to protect Haydn from trouble, and a young officer was sent to sing for the old man.
 (AP, 5/31/97)(WSJ, 1/8/98, p.A7)

1809  Jun 3, John "Christmas" Beckwith (58), composer, died.
 (MC, 6/3/02)

1809  Jun 8, Thomas Paine (b.1737), British born political essayist, died in poverty and obscurity in the US at age 72. His revolutionary essays included "The Rights of Man" and "The Age of Reason." His body was exhumed in 1819 by William Cobbett, shipped to England, and kept in an attic trunk till Cobbett died in 1835. Parts of his skeleton were later said to be sold at auction.
 (HN, 1/29/99)(HNQ, 9/21/99)(SSFC, 4/1/01, p.A7)

1809  Jul, Arthur Wellesley led the British army to triumph at Talavera against a French army twice his size. For this he was made Lord (the Duke of) Wellington.
 (WSJ, 6/6/96, p.A15)

1809  Aug 6, Alfred Lord Tennyson (d.1892), English poet laureate (1850), was born. His work included: "The Charge of the Light Brigade." "Knowledge comes, but wisdom lingers."
 (HN, 8/6/98)(AP, 10/6/00)

1809  Aug 10, Ecuador struck its first blow for independence from Spain.
 (AP, 8/10/97)

1809  Aug 29, Oliver Wendell Holmes, Sr., poet, essayist and father of Supreme Court Justice Oliver Wendell Holmes, Jr., was born.
 (HN, 8/29/98)

1809  Sep 27, Raphael Semmes (d.1877), Rear Admiral (Confederate Navy), was born.
 (MC, 9/27/01)

1809  Oct 11, Meriwether Lewis committed suicide at 35. [see Oct 12]
 (MC, 10/11/01)

1809  Oct 12, Meriwether Lewis, of the Lewis and Clark expedition, died under mysterious circumstances in St. Louis. [see Oct 11]
 (HN, 10/12/98)

1809  Oct 22, Federico Ricci, composer, was born.
 (MC, 10/22/01)

1809  Oct 27, President James Madison ordered the annexation of the western part of West Florida. Settlers there had rebelled against Spanish authority.
 (HN, 10/27/98)

1809  Nov 13, John A.B. Dahlgren, US Union Lt Adm and inventor (Civil war Dahlgren cannon), was born.
 (MC, 11/13/01)

1809  Nov 22, Peregrine Williamson of Baltimore patented a steel pen.
 (MC, 11/22/01)

1809  Nov 27, Frances Anne "Fanny" Kemble, England, Shakespearian actress (Juliet), was born.
 (MC, 11/27/01)

1809  Dec 9, William Barret Travis, Commander of the Texas troops at the battle of the Alamo, was born.
 (HN, 12/9/98)

1809  Dec 16, Napoleon Bonaparte was divorced from the Empress Josephine by an act of the French Senate. Napoleon married Marie Louise, the daughter of Francis I of Austria, in 1809 following the death of Josephine.
 (AP, 12/16/97)(WSJ, 11/26/99, p.W12)

1809  Dec 24, Kit Carson, one of the most famous mountain men and scouts in the West, was born in Kentucky.
 (HN, 12/24/98)(MC, 12/24/01)

1809   Dec 29, William Gladstone (1809-1898), British statesman and four times Prime Minister from 1868-1894, was born. He was called the Grand Old Man of Victorian England. He began as a devout Tory but moved over to the liberal camp. A biography by Roy Jenkins, "Gladstone," was published in 1995.
 (CFA, '96, p.60)(AHD, p.559)(WSJ, 1/14/03, p.D6)

1809  Dec 30, Wearing masks at balls was forbidden in Boston.
 (MC, 12/30/01)

1809  Dec, In Kentucky Dr. Ephraim McDowell (1771-1830) performed abdominal surgery on Mrs. Jane Todd Crawford in Danville.
 (ON, 12/99, p.11)

1809  Lamarck wrote his classic "Philosophie zoologique." In 1997 this edition was valued at $3,500-$5,000.
 (NH, 5/96, p.22)(HT, 3/97, p.74)

1809  Sibbet House at 26 Northumberland St. was constructed in a Georgian design in Edinburgh, Scotland.
 (SFC, 7/7/96, T8)

1809  Elizabeth Bayley Seton founded the Roman Catholic Sisters of Charity. She was later made a Catholic saint.
 (SFC, 3/30/97, Z1. p.6)(SFEC, 9/14/97, p.A18)

1809  Thomas Leiper laid the first railroad track in the US at Crum Creek, Pa. They were wooden.
 (SFC, 8/17/96, p.E5)

1809  Connecticut Sen. James Hillhouse proposed a constitutional amendment under which the president would be elected by lot from among the senators.
 (WSJ, 1/28/03, p.D6)

1809  Meriwether Lewis died of gunshot wounds near present-day Hohenwald, Tenn. It was uncertain whether he was killed or committed suicide.
 (SFC,12/17/97, p.A7)

1809  King Kamehameha conquered and unified all the Hawaiian islands.
 (SSFC, 8/26/01, p.T9)(SSFC, 8/25/02, p.C5)

1809  Russia took the Aland island group from the Swedes and held it until the Russian Revolution.
 (WSJ, 12/5/97, p.A1)

1809-1817 James Madison served as President of the US.
 (A&IP, ESM, p.96b)

1809-1891 Alexander William Kinglake, English historian.
 (WUD, 1994, p.788)

1809-1893 Fanny Kemble, actress and writer. Her work included "Journal of a Residence on a Georgia Plantation. She died in London.
 (WSJ, 9/21/00, p.A24)

1809-1894  Tryon Edwards, American clergyman: "One of the great lessons the fall of the leaf teaches, is this: Do your work well and then be ready to depart when God shall call."
 (AP, 9/22/97)
1809-1894  Oliver Wendell Holmes, American author: "A man may fulfill the object of his existence by asking a question he cannot answer, and attempting a task he cannot achieve."
 (AP, 8/10/98)

1809-1917 Finland was an autonomous grand duchy under the Czar of Russia.
 (WSJ, 12/17/98, p.A1)

1810  Jan 10, French church annulled the marriage of Napoleon I & Josephine.
 (MC, 1/10/02)

1810  Feb 20, Andreas Hofer (42), military leader (fought Napoleon's France), was executed.
 (MC, 2/20/02)

1810  Feb 28, The 1st US fire insurance joint-stock company was organized in Philadelphia.
 (MC, 2/28/02)

1810  Mar 1, Frederic Chopin (d.1849), Polish composer and pianist, was born. He studied in Poland but spent most of his adult life in Paris. He met George Sand in Paris in 1838 and they were together until 1847. His works include the Waltz #2 in C# Minor (1835).
 (BAAC PN, Chambers, 1/8/96)(HN, 3/1/98)

1810  Mar 2, Leo XIII (Vincenzo G Pecci), 256th Catholic Pope (1878-1903), was born.
 (HN, 3/2/99)(SC, 3/2/02)

1810  Mar 6, Illinois passed the 1st state vaccination legislation in US.
 (MC, 3/6/02)

1810  Mar 10, John McCloskey, president of St. Johns College, was born.
 (HN, 3/10/98)

1810  Mar 11, Emperor Napoleon of France was married by proxy to Archduchess Marie Louise of Austria.
 (AP, 3/11/98)(HN, 3/11/98)

1810  May 3, Lord Byron swam the Hellespont.
 (MC, 5/3/02)

1810  May 9, Louis Gallait, historical painter, was born.
 (MC, 5/9/02)

1810  May 21, Charles Chevalier d'Eon de Beaumont (81), French spy, cross dresser, died.
 (MC, 5/21/02)

1810  May 23, Margaret Fuller (d.1850), American social reformer, writer and critic, was born. She was the first female journalist for the New York Tribune. "Man is not made for society, but society is made for man. No institution can be good which does not tend to improve the individual."
 (AP, 7/12/97)(HN, 5/23/99)

1810  May 25, Argentina declared independence and began its revolt from Napoleonic Spain.
 (AP, 5/25/97)(HN, 5/25/98)

1810  May 29, Erasmus Darwin Keyes (d.1895), Major General (Union volunteers), was born.
 (SC, 5/29/02)
1810  May 29, Juan B. Alberdi [Figarillo], Argentine politician, writer, was born.
 (SC, 5/29/02)
1810  May 29, Solomon Meredith (d,1875), Bvt Major General (Union volunteers), was born.
 (SC, 5/29/02)

1810  Jun 8, Robert Schumann (d.1856), German composer, was born in Zwickau, Germany.
 (BLW, Geiringer, 1963 ed. p.49)(HN, 6/8/01)

1810  Jul 5, P.T. Barnum (d.1891), American showman who formed the Barnum and Bailey Circus, was born. Years before founding the famous circus that bears his name, Barnum was recognized as the greatest showman and museum-owner of his time. Barnum's goal was to attract attention, and it never bothered him if the wonders he exhibited in his New York American Museum were genuine or fake. Barnum opened the American Museum on Broadway in 1842, luring in customers by installing festive flags and New York's first revolving spotlight on the roof of the building, both visible in this contemporary engraving. Abandoning the high-minded tone of most other museums, Barnum attracted huge audiences with marvels like the Feejee Mermaid, a grotesque composite of the top half of a monkey and the bottom half of a fish, and General Tom Thumb, a 25-inch-tall dwarf.
 (HN, 7/5/98)(HNPD, 3/18/99)

1810  Jul 20, Colombia declared independence from Spain.
 (AP, 7/20/97)

1810  Aug 10, Camillo di Cavour, helped bring about the unification of Italy under the House of Saxony.
 (HN, 8/10/99)

1810  Aug 24, Theodore Parker, anti-slavery movement leader, was born.
 (HN, 8/24/98)

1810  Sep 4, Donald McKay, US naval architect, built fastest clipper ships, was born.
 (MC, 9/4/01)

1810  Sep 16, In Mexico Father Miguel Hidalgo-Costilla delivered the cry for freedom in front of a small crowd of his parishioners (The Grito de Dolores). This action stemmed from meetings of the literary and social club of Queretaro (now a central state of Mexico), which included the priest, the mayor of the town, and a local military captain named Ignacio Allende. They believed that New Spain should be governed by the Creoles (criollos) rather than the Gachupines (peninsulares). Rev. Hidalgo was joined by Rev. Jose Maria Morelos. Both priests were later executed by firing squads. When Mexico revolted the Spanish settlements began to fall apart. Under Mexican rule the missions were secularized and the huge land holdings were broken up.
 (SFC, 5/19/96,City Guide, p.16)(SCal, Sept. 1995)(WSJ, 8/13/97, p.A12)(AP, 9/16/97)

1810  Sep 18, Chile declared its independence from Spain (National Day). Bernardo O'Higgins helped lead Chile to independence.
 (AP, 9/18/97)(SFEC, 10/27/96, p.T9)

1810  Oct 4, Alexander Walewski, French earl, foreign minister, son of Napoleon I, was born.
 (MC, 10/4/01)

1810  Oct 8, James Wilson Marshall, discoverer of gold in California, was born.
 (HN, 10/8/99)

1810  Oct 19, Cassius Marcellus Clay (d.1903), Major General (Union volunteers), was born.
 (MC, 10/19/01)

1810  Oct 27, US annexes West Florida from Spain.
 (MC, 10/27/01)

1810  Nov 2, Andrew Atkinson Humphreys (d.1883), Mjr. Gen. (Union volunteers), was born.
 (MC, 11/2/01)

1810  Nov 18, Asa Gray (d.1888), American botanist, was born. He wrote "Gray's Manual."
 (HN, 11/18/00)

1810  Nov 30, Oliver Fisher Winchester, rifle maker, was born.
 (MC, 11/30/01)

1810  Dec 7, Theodor Schwann, German physiologist, was born.
 (HN, 12/7/00)

1810  Dec 22, British frigate Minotaur sank killing 480.
 (MC, 12/22/01)

1810  The Maryland legislature authorizes a lottery for the erection of a memorial to George Washington, a 188 foot Doric column in Baltimore's Mt Vernon Place.
 (NG, Sept. 1939, J. Maloney p.390)

1810  Salzburg, Austria was annexed by Bavaria during the Napoleonic Wars and the Univ. of Salzburg was suspended.
 (StuAus, April '95, p.87)

1810  In Bristol, England, the Commercial Rooms were constructed under architect C.A. Busby.
 (SFEC, 7/13/97, p.T3)

1810  The British Bullion Committee pronounced that it was folly to let governments print as much money as they wanted and not expect inflation.
 (WSJ, 11/9/00, p.A24)

1810  The British wrestled Mauritius from France. Indians were brought in as indentured laborers and later waves of Chinese immigrants arrived.
 (SFC, 6/24/96, p.A8)

1810  A typhoon devastated the Caroline Islands, 500 miles south of the Marianas. The survivors sailed to Guam but only half survived. Spanish authorities sent the Carolinians to Saipan and Tinian to manage the Spanish cattle herds.
 (SFEC, 3/7/99,Z1 p.4)

1810  In Germany Friedrich Wilhelm III began the construction of Museum Island in Berlin.
 (WSJ, 2/1/96, p.A-16)

1810  In Germany in honor of the wedding of the Bavarian crown prince Ludwig, a horse race took place at the Theresienwiese (the Theresien meadow): the first Oktoberfest.
 (http://spatenusa.com/timeline.html)

1810  In Germany construction of the first brew kettle at the Hallerbräustadel, the "factory," as it is called in the books, that Gabriel Sedlmayr leased in 1808 at the west end of the Neuhauserstraße. The kettle is only used to refine vinegar. Today at this site stands the Hertie department store.
 (http://spatenusa.com/timeline.html)

1810  Wilhelm von Humboldt founded Humboldt University in Berlin to give students a broad humanist education.
 (WSJ, 2/26/00, p.A8)

1810  Saartjie Baartman (~21) left South Africa with 2 white men who promised to make her rich. [see 1816]
 (SFC, 5/4/02, p.A8)

1810  In Spain General Count Hugo, the father of Victor Hugo, governed Central Spain during the Peninsula War. He exterminated guerrillas and nailed up their severed heads.
 (WSJ, 2/10/98, p.A16)

1810-1811 The Duke of Wellington has the Lines of Torres Vedras heavily fortified and blocks all French movement forcing them to slow starvation during this winter. The resulting French retreat is considered the turning point of the Peninsular Campaign.
 (WSJ, 1/6/95, A-10)

1810-1857 Alfred de Musset, French author: "How glorious it is -- and also how painful -- to be an exception."
 (AP, 5/6/00)

1810-1860  Theodore Parker, American religious leader: "Religion without joy-it is no religion."
 (AP, 10/26/97)

1810-1862 The Regency Period in English architecture. Oriental curves and cupolas influenced English architecture.
 (SFC, 9/30/98, Z1 p.3)

1810-1891 PT Barnum (Phineas Taylor Barnum), US showman and founder of "The Greatest Show On Earth." He established his circus in 1871. He served in the Connecticut State House of Representatives for 2 terms, was mayor of Bridgeport, and was the first president of Bridgeport Hospital. "More persons, on the whole, are humbugged by believing nothing, than by believing too much."
 (WUD, 1994, p.121)(WSJ, 1/7/97, p.A19)(AP, 6/28/98)

1810-1893 Ferenc Erkel, Hungarian composer, founder of the Nationalist school. His works include The Festive Overture.
 (WSJ, 8/24/95, p.A-14)

Go to 1811-1820