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1821  Jan 21, John Breckinridge (d.1875), 14th U.S. Vice President, was born. He served under James Buchanan (1857-1861). Breckenridge was a Confederate General in the Civil War. [His ?brother-in-law was Lloyd Tevis, founder of Wells Fargo]
 (WUD, 1994, p.183)(HN, 1/21/99)

1821  Feb 3, Elizabeth Blackwell, first woman to get an MD from a U.S. medical school, was born in Bristol, England.
 (HN, 2/3/99)(ON, SC, p.11)(MC, 2/3/02)

1821  Feb 11, Auguste Edouard Mariette, French Egyptologist, (dug out Sphinx 12/16/42), was born.
 (MC, 2/11/02)

1821  Feb 12, The Mercantile Library of City of NY opened.
 (MC, 2/12/02)

1821  Feb 21, Charles Scribner, was born. He founded the New York Publishing firm which became Charles Scribner's Sons and also founded Scribner's magazine.
 (HN, 2/21/99)

1821  Feb 22, Spain sold eastern Florida to the U.S. for $5 million. [see Oct 20, 1820]
 (HN, 2/22/98)

1821  Feb 23, College of Apothecaries, the 1st US pharmacy college, was organized in Philadelphia.
 (MC, 2/23/02)
1821  Feb 23, John Keats, English poet, died of tuberculosis at the age of 26. In 1998 the biography "Keats" by Andrew Motion was published. Earlier biographies included one by W. Jackson Bates (1963), and a novelistic psychological portrait by Aileen Ward (1963). The standard work on Keats was written by Robert Gittings in 1968.
 (WP, 1951, p.11)(WSJ, 1/15/98, p.A17)(SFEC, 3/29/98, BR p.6)

1821  Feb 24, Mexico declared its independence from Spain and took over the mission lands in California.
 (HT, 3/97, p.61)(AP, 2/24/98)(HN, 2/24/98)

1821  Mar 5, Monroe was the first president to be inaugurated on March 5, only because the 4th was a Sunday.
 (HN, 3/5/98)

1821  Mar 14, African Methodist Episcopal Zion Church founded in NY.
 (MC, 3/14/02)

1821  Mar 19, Sir Richard Burton, English explorer, was born.
 (HN, 3/19/01)

1821  Mar 25, Greece gained independence from Turkey (National Day). [see Mar 28]
 (MC, 3/25/02)

1821  Mar 26, Franz Grillparzer's "Das Goldene Vliess" premiered in Vienna.
 (SS, 3/26/02)

1821  Mar 28, Greek Independence Day celebrates the liberation of Southern Greece from Turkish domination. In 1844 Thomas Gordon authored a study of the Greek revolution. In 2001 David Brewer authored "The Greek War of Independence."
 (SFC, 3/28/98, p.A15)(WSJ, 9/17/01, p.A20)

1821  Apr 4, Linus Yale, American portrait painter and inventor of the Yale lock, was born.
 (HN, 4/4/01)(MC, 4/4/02)

1821  Apr 9, Charles Baudelaire (d.1867), French poet, was born. His works were censored and he was considered a pathetic psychopath; he also became the most acute critic of his age in France. He was photographed by Felix Nadar in 1855.
 (V.D.-H.K.p.278)(Smith., 5/95, p.72)(HN, 4/9/01)

1821  Apr 20, Franz K. Achard (67), German physicist, chemist, died.
 (MC, 4/20/02)

1821  May 3, The Richmond [Virginia] Light Artillery was organized.
 (RC handout, 5/27/96)

1821  May 5, Napoleon Bonaparte, emperor France (1799-1815), died in exile on the island of St. Helena. He died by slow poisoning at the hands of his companion Charles Tristan de Montholon on the island of St. Helena. Scottish pathologist Dr. Hamilton Smith later used Napoleon’s hair to determine that arsenic had been administered about 40 times from 1820-1821. In 1992 Proctor Patterson Jones authored "Napoleon, An Intimate Account." In 1999 an English translation of Jean-Paul Kauffmann's "The Black Room at Longwood: Napoleon's Exile on St. Helena" was published. In 1904 F. De Bouirrienne published "Memoirs of Napoleon Bonaparte." In 1988 S. De Chair edited "Napoleon's Memoirs."
 (V.D.-H.K.p.232)(AP, 5/5/97)(SFEC, 1/18/98, BR p.9)(SFEC, 8/16/98, Z1 p.8)(SFC, 4/8/99, p.C5)(AP, 8/8/97)(SFEC, 8/1/99, Par p.16)(MC, 5/5/02)

1821  May 25, Diederich Krug, composer, was born.
 (SC, 5/25/02)

1821  Jun 2, Ion Bratianu (Lib), premier of Romania (1876-88), was born.
 (SC, 6/2/02)

1821  Jun 19, The Ottomans defeated the Greeks at the Battle of Dragasani.
 (HN, 6/19/98)

1821  Jun 21, African Methodist Episcopal Zion (AMEZ) Church was organized in NYC as a national body. [see Mar 14]
 (MC, 6/21/02)

1821  Jun 24, Battle of Carabobo: Bolivar defeated the royalists outside of Caracas.
 (MC, 6/24/02)

1821  Jul 2, Charles Tupper, 6th Canadian PM (1896), was born.
 (SC, 7/2/02)

1821  Jul 6, Edmund Pettus (d.1907), for whom the civil rights landmark Edmund Pettus Bridge was named, was born in Alabama. He earned his fame as a Confederate brigadier general. Pettus was a lawyer and judge and served throughout the western theater during the Civil War. He resumed his law practice after the war and went on to serve in the U.S. Senate. Pettus died while in his second term in Congress. The Edmund Pettus Bridge in Selma, Alabama, became a civil rights landmark when on March 7, 1965, a band of civil rights marchers on their way to Montgomery crossed the bridge, only to be attacked by state troopers on the other side.
 (HNQ, 10/21/01)

1821  Jul 13, Confederate cavalry commander Nathan Bedford Forrest was born in Tennessee’s Bedford County.
 (AP, 7/13/97)

1821  Jul 16, Mary Baker Eddy (d.1910), founder of the Christian Science movement (1879), was born.
 (HN, 7/16/98)(WSJ, 9/26/03, p.W17)

1821  Jul 17, Spain ceded Florida to the United States. [see Feb 22]
 (AP, 7/17/97)
1821  Jul 17, Andrew Jackson became the governor of Florida.
 (HN, 7/17/98)

1821  Jul 28, Peru declared its independence from Spain. Lima had been the seat of the Spanish viceroys until this time.
 (AP, 7/28/97)(SFC, 12/20/96, p.B4)

1821  Jul, English captain John Franklin led a party to explore the Barrens in northwest section of Canada’s Hudson Bay. George Back, midshipman, Royal Navy, painted a scene of the Sandstone Rapids on the Arctic Circle of Canada’s Northwest Territories. Of the 20 men in the party to map the northern coast of Canada west of the Hudson Bay, 11 starved and froze to death. Back returned to England and was hailed as "the man who ate his boots." Twenty-three years later he led a third arctic expedition of 129 men in two ships and all perished.
 (NH, 5/96, p.30)(WSJ, 2/10/95, p.A-7)

1821  Aug 10, Missouri became the 24th state.
 (AP, 8/10/97)

1821  Aug 23, After 11 years of war, Spain granted Mexican independence as a constitutional monarchy. Spanish Viceroy Juan de O'Donoju signed the Treaty of Cordoba, which approved a plan to make Mexico an independent constitutional monarchy.
 (HN, 8/23/00)(MC, 8/23/02)

1821  Aug 28, In the city of Puebla a nun served a tri-colored chili dish to the Emperor Agustin de Iturbide, who was on his way home from signing the Treaty of Cordoba, which effectively freed Mexico from Spain. Iturbide, a creole, had led the suppression of the initial rebellion for independence. He later abdicated, went into exile, returned and was executed. After Iturbide Antonio Lopez de Santa Anna led the country over 11 presidential terms.
 (WSJ, 9/5/96, p.B1)(WSJ, 8/13/97, p.A12)

1821  Sep 1, William Becknell led a group of traders from Independence, Mo., toward Santa Fe on what would become the Santa Fe Trail.
 (HN, 9/1/99)

1821  Sep 10, English captain John Franklin led a party to explore the Barrens in northwest section of Canada’s Hudson Bay. Naturalist John Richards recorded that they found the summer track of a man, where summer last only 8-weeks.
 (NH, 5/96, p.30)

1821  Sep 15, A junta convened by the captain-general in Guatemala declared independence for its provinces Costa Rica, Guatemala, Honduras, Nicaragua San Salvador and Chiapas.
 (AP, 9/15/97)(EWH, 1968, p.843)

1821  Sep 27, The Mexican Empire declared its independence. Revolutionary forces occupied Mexico City as the Spanish withdraw.
 (MC, 9/27/01)

1821  Oct 5, Greek rebels captured Tripolitza, the main Turkish fort in the Peloponnesian area of Greece.
 (HN, 10/5/98)

1821  Oct 13, Rudolf Virchow, German politician and anthropologist (cell pathology), was born.
 (MC, 10/13/01)

1821  Oct 16, Albert Franz Doppler, composer, was born.
 (MC, 10/16/01)

1821  Oct 17, Alexander Gardner, American photographer, was born. He documented the Civil War and the West.
 (HN, 10/17/00)

1821  Nov 9, The 1st US pharmacy college held 1st classes in Philadelphia.
 (MC, 11/9/01)

1821  Nov 10, Andreas J Romberg (54), German violinist and composer (Der Rabe), died.
 (MC, 11/10/01)

1821  Nov 11, Fyodor Mikhailovich Dostoevsky (d.1881), Russian novelist who wrote "The Brothers Karamazov," was born. "Originality and a feeling of one’s own dignity are achieved only through work and struggle."
 (AP, 12/9/97)(HN, 11/11/98)

1821  Nov 16, Trader William Becknell reached Santa Fe, N.M., on the route that will become known as the Santa Fe Trail.
 (HN, 11/16/98)

1821  Dec 12, Gustave Flaubert (d.1880), French novelist, was born. "Our ignorance of history causes us to slander our own times." [see May 8, 1880]
 (V.D.-H.K.p.278)(AP, 6/19/99)(HN, 12/12/99)

1821  Dec 17, Kentucky abolished debtor’s prisons.
 (MC, 12/17/01)

1821  Dec 25, Clara Barton (d.1912), the founder of the American Red Cross, was born in North Oxford, Massachusetts. She worked as a volunteer nurse during the Civil War, distributing food and medical supplies to troops and earning herself the label "Angel of the Battlefield." She later served alongside the International Red Cross in Europe--however, she could not work directly with the organization because she was a woman. In 1882 she formed an American branch of the Red Cross. Barton lobbied for the Geneva Convention and she expanded the mission of the Red Cross to include helping victims of peacetime disasters. Clara Barton died at her home in Glen Echo, Maryland, on April 12, 1912, when she was 90 years old.
 (HNPD, 12/26/98)(WUD, 1994 p.123)

1821  Dec 28, Gioacchino Rossini moved to Bologna.
 (MC, 12/28/01)

1821  Owen Chase, the first mate, ghost-wrote the "Narrative of the Most Extraordinary and Distressing Shipwreck of the White-Whale ship Essex." The story inspired Herman Melville’s "Moby Dick." In 2000 Nathaniel Philbrick authored "In the Heart of the Sea," a complete investigation into the Nantucket whaler’s story and "the taboo of gastronomic incest."
 (WSJ, 4/28/00, p.W6)

1821  Thomas Jefferson wrote his autobiography.
 (Civil., Jul-Aug., ‘95, p.62)

1821  Stefano Cavaletti, Italian tuner and craftsman, left a note on the snaggle-toothed spinet that he tuned for the young Verdi, free of charge due to Verdi’s talent.
 (Civil., Jul-Aug., ‘95, p.90)

1821  An independent institution for the instruction of Lutheran and reformed theologies was established at the Univ. of Vienna.
 (StuAus, April ‘95, p.18)

1821  In the US Emma Willard started the first secondary school for girls in Troy, N.Y.
 (SFEC, 11/3/96, Z1,p.2)

1821  John Quincy Adams, Sec. of State, wrote: "America does not go abroad in search of monsters to destroy. She is the well-wisher to the freedom and independence of all. She is the champion only of her own."
 (WSJ, 6/25/97, p.A20)

1821  Tuscon raised the Mexican flag after the Revolution in Mexico.
 (AWAM, Dec. 94, p.31)

1821  In the US south Denmark Vessey mounted a slave rebellion.
 (SFC, 6/24/96, p.A19)

1821  John (Cameron) Gilroy of Scotland married Maria Clara Ortega, the 13-year-old granddaughter of Jose Francis Ortega, a member of the "Sacred Expedition" of 1769. They lived in San Ysidro. The town of Gilroy is named after John Gilroy.
 (SFC, 11/29/97, p.A18)

1821  Ignaz Venetz-Sitten, Swiss civil engineer, recognized the continent covering scale of the Pleistocene glaciers.
 (DD-EVTT, p.128)

1821  The Boston English High School, the first US public high school, held its opening classes.
 (HNQ, 7/5/00)

1821  One hunter in 12 months shot 18,000 migrating golden plover for the dinner table.
 (SFEC, 11/3/96, Z1,p.2)

1821  The coronation of George IV of England was held. His wife, Carolyn, was refused admittance. She died shortly after.
 (WSJ, 5/23/96, p.A-10)

1821   Guatemala established independence
 (NG, 6/1988, p.781)

1821-1846 Mexico rule over California with a series of 12 governors.
 (SFEC, 9/21/97, p.C7)

1821-1858 Elisa Rachel Felix, French actress, died of tuberculosis. She introduced a new voicing into French theater in part due to her physical condition.
 (WP, 1951, p.21-22)

1821-1881  Henri Frederic Amiel, Swiss critic: "The man who has no inner life is the slave of his surroundings."
 (AP, 8/3/97)

1821-1894 Hermann Helmholtz, German physician turned physicist, a leader in energetics who helped establish the principle of the conservation of energy along with Kelvin.
 (TNG, Klein, p.88)

1821-1924 Thirty-three million people arrive into the US in this period.
 (NOHY, Weiner, 3/90, p.52)

1822  Jan 2, Rudolph J.E. Clausius, German physicist (thermodynamics), was born.
 (MC, 1/2/02)

1822  Jan 6, Heinrich Schliemann, German polyglot and archaeologist (discovered Troy), was born.
 (MC, 1/6/02)

1822  Feb 4, Free American Blacks settled Liberia, West Africa. The first group of colonists landed in Liberia and founded Monrovia, the colony's capital city, named in honor of President James Monroe.
 (HNPD, 7/26/98)(MC, 2/4/02)

1822  Feb 9, The American Indian Society organized.
 (MC, 2/9/02)

1822  Feb 22, Adolf Kuszmaul, German physician (stomach pump, Kuszmaul disease), was born.
 (MC, 2/22/02)

1822  Feb 23, Boston was granted a charter to incorporate as a city.
 (AP, 2/23/98)

1822  Mar 9, The first patent for false teeth was requested by C. Graham of NY. [see Jun 9, 1882]
 (HN, 3/9/98)(MC, 3/9/02)

1822  Mar 16, John Pope, Union general in the American Civil War, was born.
 (HN, 3/16/01)
1822  Mar 16, Rosa Bonheur, French painter and sculptor, was born.
 (HN, 3/16/01)

1822  Mar 19, Boston was incorporated as a city.
 (HN, 3/19/98)

1822  Mar 22, Gioacchino Rossini married Isabella Colbran in Bologna.
 (MC, 3/22/02)

1822  Mar 30, Congress combined East and West Florida into the Florida Territory.
 (AP, 3/30/97)(MC, 3/30/02)

1822  Apr 3, Edward Everett Hale, American clergyman and author (Man without a Country) , was born.
 (HN, 4/3/98)

1822  Apr 13, Gaetano Valeri (61), composer, died.
 (MC, 4/13/02)

1822  May 26, Edmond de Goncourt, writer, was born.
 (MC, 5/26/02)
1822  Apr 26, Frederick Olmstead, landscape architect, was born. His work included Yosemite Nat’l. Park, Central Park in New York City, and other city parks in Boston, Ma., Hartford, Ct., and Louisville, Ky.
 (440 Int’l. Internet, 4/26/97, p.5)

1822  Apr 27, Ulysses S. Grant, general and 18th U.S. president (1869-1877), was born in Point Pleasant [Hiram], Ohio.
 (AP, 4/27/97)(HN, 4/27/02)(MC, 4/27/02)

1822  May 24, At Battle of Pichincha, Bolivar secured the independence of Quito [Ecuador] from Spain. It formed Gran Colombia with Venezuela and Colombia.
 (HN, 5/24/98)(MC, 5/24/02)(AP, 11/24/02)

1822  Jun 6, Alexis St. Martin, a fur trader at Fort Mackinac in the Michigan territory, was accidentally shot in the abdomen. William Beaumont, a US Army assistant surgeon, treated the wound and St. Martin survived. The stomach wound did not close and Beaumont undertook experiments in 1825 to study the digestive system.
 (ON, 1/02, p.6)

1822  Jun 9, Charles Graham patented false teeth. [see Mar 9, 1822]
 (MC, 6/9/02)

1822  Jun 16, Denmark Vessey [Vesey] led a slave rebellion in South Carolina. [see Jul 2]
 (MC, 6/16/02)

1822  Jun 18, Slave revolt leaders Denmark Vesey [Vessey] and Peter Poyas were arrested in SC.
 (MC, 6/18/02)

1822  Jun 25, Ernst Theodor Amadeus (ETA) Hoffmann (46), German writer, judge, composer, died.
 (MC, 6/25/02)

1822  Jul 2, Denmark Vesey [Vessey] (b.1767) was executed in Charleston, South Carolina, for planning a massive slave revolt.
 (HN, 7/2/01)

1822  Jul 8, Percy Bysshe Shelley (b.1792), English poet, drowned while sailing in Italy at age 29.
 (HN, 7/8/01)

1822  Jul 22, Gregor Johann Mendel (d.1884), Austrian botanist who developed the theory of heredity, was born.
 (HN, 7/22/98)(NH, 6/01, p.30)

1822  Aug 31, Fitz John Porter (d.1901), Major General (Union volunteers), was born.
 (MC, 8/31/01)

1822  Sep 7, Brazil declared its independence from Portugal.
 (HFA, ‘96, p.38)(AP, 9/7/97)

1822  Sep 9, Napoleon J K P Bonaparte, French prince and member National Convention, was born.
 (MC, 9/9/01)

1822  Oct 4, Rutherford B. Hayes, the 19th president (R) of the United States, was born in Delaware, Ohio. Hayes was a major-general in the Civil War, then an Ohio congressman, then succeeded Grant as president (1877-81). Hayes won the Electoral College by a margin of one vote after his opponent won the popular vote in an election so fraught with charges of vote fraud that there were even fears of a coup.  Hayes refused to seek a second term.
 (AP, 10/4/97)(HN, 10/4/98)(MC, 10/3/01)

1822  Oct 8, The 1st eruption of Galunggung (Java) sent boiling sludge into valley.
 (MC, 10/8/01)

1822  Oct 9, George Sykes (d.1880), Major General (Union volunteers), was born.
 (MC, 10/9/01)

1822  Oct 13, Antonio Canova, Italian sculptor, died at 64.
 (MC, 10/13/01)

1822  Oct 15, Alfred Meissner, Austrian physician and writer, was born.
 (MC, 10/15/01)

1822  Oct 20, The 1st edition of the London Sunday Times was published.
 (MC, 10/20/01)

1822  Dec 1, Franz Liszt (11) made his debut as a pianist for Isabella Colbran.
 (MC, 12/1/01)

1822  Dec 4, Frances Crabbe, English feminist and founder of the Anti-Vivisection Society, was born.
 (MC, 12/4/01)

1822  Dec 6, John Eberhard was born. He built the 1st large-scale pencil factory in US.
 (MC, 12/6/01)

1822  Dec 12, Mexico was officially recognized as an independent nation by US.
 (MC, 12/12/01)

1822  Dec 14, John Christie, English patron of music, was born. He founded the Glyndebourne Festival Opera.
 (HN, 12/14/99)
1822  Dec 14, The Congress of Verona ended, ignoring the Greek war of independence.
 (AP, 12/14/02)

1822  Dec 26, Dion Boucicault, Irish-US actor and playwright (Rip van Winkle), was born.
 (MC, 12/26/01)

1822  Dec 27, Louis Pasteur (d.1895), French chemist and microbiologist, was born in Dole, France. One of his several monumental contributions to science and industry was pasteurization, the process of heating wine, beer and milk to kill microorganisms that cause fermentation and disease. Pasteur also developed important vaccines and his work on molecular asymmetry led to the science of stereochemistry. He was the first to vaccinate animals for anthrax and chicken cholera, and in 1885 he proved that his rabies vaccine could be used successfully on humans when he saved the life of a 9-year-old boy who had been bitten by a rabid dog. The Pasteur Institute was formed in Paris in 1888 for research on rabies. Pasteur ran the institute until his death in 1895.
 (WUD, 1994, p.1055)(AP, 12/27/97)(HNPD, 12/27/98)

1822  Dec 28, William Booth Taliaferro (d.1898), Brig Gen (Confederate Army), was born.
 (MC, 12/28/01)

1822  Charles Willson Peale painted his "Self Portrait."
 (SFC, 1/25/97, p.E1)

1822  Pierre-Paul Prud’hon (1758-1823) painted "A Grief-Stricken Family." It was painted shortly after his student and mistress, Constance Mayer, slit her throat.
 (WSJ, 4/8/98, p.A20)

1822  Utagawa Kunisada, Japanese artist, painted "The Popular Type."
 (WSJ, 4/24/96, A-12)

1822  William West painted a portrait of the poet Lord Byron.
 (SFC, 6/9/97, p.D3)

1822  J.F. Champollion published his work on deciphering the Rosetta Stone.
 (RFH-MDHP, p.183)

1822  Thomas DeQuincey wrote his "Confessions of an English Opium Eater." He used the word tranquilizer to describe the effect of the drug.
 (SFEC, 11/24/96, Z  1 p.2)

1822  The Queen of the Angels Roman Catholic Church in Los Angeles was built.
 (SFEC,12/797, p.T3)

1822  Twenty years after the war of 1812 the US government finished paying off the national debt entirely.
 (WSJ, 3/12/97, p.A18)

1822  The Superintendent of Mails in Washington, D.C., complained about the need to hire 16 extra mailmen because of the volume of Christmas cards and holiday mail. The tradition of Christmas cards had become so popular it became a burden for the United States Postal System, which petitioned Congress to limit the exchange of cards by post. But the cards kept coming and the postal burden worsened.
 (HNQ, 12/15/99)

1822  California became part of Mexico.
 (SFEC, 9/20/98, Z1 p.4)

1822  Monterey had begun the century as the Spanish capital of Alta California but in this year became the Mexican capital of Alta California.
 (SFEC, 11/3/96, DB p.71)

1822  Charles Babbage, a young Cambridge mathematician, announced the invention of a machine capable of performing simple arithmetic calculations. He never finished it but did go on to develop more ambitious projects.
 (I&I, Penzias, p.94)

1822  Christian Buschmann (17), organ and clavier tuner, constructed the first primitive accordion. It wasn’t until the 1840s that the "magdaburgerspelen" came into fashion, the instrument generally believed to be the forerunner to the durspel of our time.
 (Darwyn of Vecernica, 1997)

1822  Mary Mantell, a fossil collector in Sussex, England, discovered a handful of teeth that her husband, Dr. Gideon Mantell, recognized as similar to those of the iguana lizard of South America. This was recorded as one of the first dinosaurs to be discovered.
 (T.E.-J.B. p.20)

1822   Albanian leader Ali Pasha of Tepelena was assassinated by Ottoman agents for promoting autonomy.
 (www, Albania, 1998)

1822  In London a bronze Achilles cast from cannons from the Napoleonic wars was unveiled at the residence of the Duke of Wellington. A strategic fig leaf was soon added.
 (SFEM, 3/21/99, p.24)

1822  There was a massacre of Greeks on the island of Chios. The event was later depicted in a painting by Delacroix.
 (WSJ, 9/17/01, p.A20)

1822  In Mexico the mission of St. Gertrude the Great on the Baha Peninsula was closed as the local population diminished.
 (WSJ, 12/26/97, p.A9)

1822  In New Zealand Welshman John Grono named Milford Sound, South Island, after his home, Milford Haven. It was later named a UN protected World Heritage Site.
 (SSFC, 4/21/02, p.C5)

1822-1825 Luis Antonio Arguello, son of Jose Dario, was the first native-born governor of Alta California.
 (SFEC, 9/21/97, p.C7)

1822-1831 Pedro I ruled Brazil.
 (EWH, 4th ed., p.854)

1822-1884 Gregor Mendel, Austrian botanist monk, established basic principles of heredity.
 (V.D.-H.K.p.329-330)

1822-1888 Matthew Arnold, English poet and critic. His books included "Culture and Anarchy." His best known poem is Dover Beach." In 1999 Ian Hamilton wrote "A Gift Imprisoned: The Poetic Life of Matthew Arnold."
 (WSJ, 3/25/99, p.A24)

1822-1889 The period of the Brazilian monarchy.
 (Hem, 8/96, p.68)

1822-1890 Cesar Auguste Franck, French composer born in Belgium. His work included "Piece Heroique."
 (WUD, 1994, p.563)(SFC, 8/13/96, p.B2)

1822-1895 Louis Pasteur, French chemist and bacteriologist, was born on Dec. 27.
 (CFA, ‘96, p.60)(WUD, 1994, p.1055)

1822-1900  Edward John Phelps, American lawyer and diplomat: "The man who makes no mistakes does not usually make anything."
 (AP, 8/9/97)

1822-1911 Francis Galton, English scientist, was one of the first moderns to present a carefully considered eugenics program. British natural philosopher and polymath... his work included the invention of weather maps and the description of fingerprints. He also developed a system for classifying human profiles using geometric diagrams. He was a cousin of Charles Darwin and the founder of the science of statistics. The idea of sterilizing human beings considered as physical or mental undesirables stemmed from Galton’s ideas.
 (V.D.-H.K.p.388)(MT, 10/94, D. Swanbrow, p.8)(NH, 6/97, p.18)(SFC, 8/28/97, p.A12)

1823  Jan 15, Matthew Brady, Civil War photographer, was born.
 (HN, 1/15/99)

1823  Jan 27, Edouard-Victoire-Antoine Lalo, French composer (Symphonie Espagnole), was born.
 (MC, 1/27/02)
1823  Jan 27, Pres. Monroe appointed 1st US ambassadors to South America.
 (MC, 1/27/02)

1823  Feb 2, Rossini's opera "Semiramide" premiered in Venice.
 (MC, 2/2/02)

1823  Feb 16, John Daniel Imboden (d.1895), Brig General (Confederate Army), was born.
 (MC, 2/16/02)

1823  Feb 27, William Buel Franklin (d.1903), Major General (Union volunteers), was born.
 (MC, 2/27/02)

1823  Feb 28, Ernst Renan, French philosopher, historian, scholar of religion, was born.
 (MC, 2/28/02)

1823  Mar 3, Guyla Andrássy Sr., premier of Hungary (1867-71), was born.
 (SC, 3/3/02)

1823  Mar 23, Schuyler Colfax, (R) 17th US Vice President (1869-73), was born.
 (SS, 3/23/02)

1823  Mar 25, Coelestin Jungbauer (75), composer, died.
 (MC, 3/25/02)

1823  Apr 1, Simon Bolivar Buckner (d.1914), Lt. Gen. (Confederate Army), was born.
 (MC, 4/1/02)

1823  Apr 3, William Macy "Boss" Tweed, New York City political boss, was born.
 (HN, 4/3/98)

1823  Apr 4, Karl Wilhelm Siemens, inventor (laid undersea cables), was born.
 (MC, 4/4/02)

1823  Apr 22, R.J. Tyers patented roller skates.
 (MC, 4/22/02)

1823  May 5, James Allen Hardie (d.1876), Bvt Major General (Union Army), was born.
 (MC, 5/5/02)

1823  May 8, "Home Sweet Home" was 1st sung in London.
 (MC, 5/8/02)

1823  May 10, The 1st steamboat to navigate the Mississippi River arrived at Ft. Snelling (between St. Paul and Minneapolis).
 (MC, 5/10/02)

1823  May 15, Antonio Frantisek Becvarovsky (69), composer, died.
 (MC, 5/15/02)

1823  Jun 11, Major General James L. Kemper, Confederate hero, was born. He fought at the battles of Williamsburg and Gettysburg.
 (HN, 6/11/99)

1823  Jul 1, The United Provinces of Central America (Costa Rica, Guatemala, Honduras, Nicaragua and San Salvador) gained independence from Mexico. The union dissolved by 1840.
 (PC, 1992, p.393)(ON, 12/99, p.5)

1823  Jul 11, James Lawson Kemper (d.1895), Major General (Confederate Army), was born.
 (MC, 7/11/02)

1823  Sep 10, Simon Bolivar was named president of Peru and assumed the presidency with dictatorial powers. He had led the wars for independence from Spain in Venezuela, Colombia, Peru and Bolivia.
 (MC, 9/10/01)

1823  Sep 21, The Angel Moroni 1st appeared to Joseph Smith, according to Smith (founder of Mormon Church). Smith in New York claimed that an angel named Moroni led him to ancient golden plates that revealed the untold story of America during biblical times.
 (SFC, 4/8/96, p.A-1,6)(MC, 9/21/01)

1823  Oct 5, Carl Maria von Weber visited Beethoven.
 (MC, 10/5/01)

1823  Oct 12, Charles Macintosh of Scotland began selling raincoats (Macs).
 (MC, 10/12/01)

1823  Dec 2, President Monroe, replying to the 1816 pronouncements of the Holy Alliance, proclaimed the principles known as the Monroe Doctrine, "that the American continents, by the free and independent condition which they have assumed and maintained, are henceforth not to be considered as subjects for future colonization by European powers." His doctrine opposing European expansion in the Western Hemisphere insured that American influence in the Western hemisphere remain unquestioned.
 (V.D.-H.K.p.232)(AP, 12/2/97)(HN, 12/2/98)

1823  Dec 7, Leopold Kronecker, German mathematician (Tensor of Kronecker), was born.
 (MC, 12/7/01)

1823  Dec 19, Georgia passed the 1st US state birth registration law.
 (MC, 12/19/01)

1823  Dec 20, Franz Schubert's "Ballet-Musik aus Rosamunde," premiered in Vienna.
 (MC, 12/20/01)

1823  Dec 23, The poem "A Visit from St. Nicholas" by Clement C. Moore, often called "Twas the night before Christmas," was published in the Troy, N.Y., Sentinel. Recent scholarship reveals the original to have been written by Major Henry Livingston (1748-1828).
 (AP, 12/23/97)(AH, 4/01, p.12)(MC, 12/23/01)

1823  Alfred Russel Wallace (d.1913), naturalist, was born. He developed the theory of evolution by natural selection at the same time as did Charles Darwin.
 (NH, 2/02, p.74)

1823  Raphaelle Peale painted "After the Bath." The artist was a hopeless lush and one of the subtlest still-life painters who ever lived. On display at the Nelson Art Gallery, Kansas City, Missouri.
 (T&L, 10/1980, p.67)

1823  Johann Anton Ramboux, German artist, created "Merenda in the Farnesi Gardens in Rome" in pen and brown ink over pencil.
 (WSJ, 7/16/98, p.A16)

1823  Mission San Francisco de Solano de Sonoma was established by Father Jose Altimira. It was to be the last of the 21 California missions set up to convert the native Indians and develop the local resources. The native Indians were of the Nappa tribe, hence the name of the Napa Valley. Spanish explorer Francisco Castro accompanied Father Altimira and they planted the first grapevines.
 (WCG, p.58)(INV, 7/95, p.12)(Article on Calistoga by Sybil McCabe, 7/95)

1823  Franz Schubert composed his song cycle "Die Schöne Müllerin." He also became gravely ill with syphilis in this year.
 (WSJ, 4/16/97, p.A16)

1823  The Reverend Hiram Bingham, leader of a group of New England Calvinist missionaries, began translating the Bible into Hawaiian. The project took 16 years.
 (Wired, 8/95, p.90)

1823  In New Orleans Louis Joseph Dufilho Jr. established a pharmacy and was the first licensed pharmacist in the US. The building later became The Pharmacy Museum.
 (SFEM, 6/14/98, p.24)

1823  Steam powered shipping began on Lake Geneva between Switzerland and France.
 (SFEC, 7/19/98, p.T3)

1823  The Momotomba volcano, 18 miles from Managua and on the northwest shore of Lake Nicaragua, went dormant. In the 17th cent. it had destroyed the capital of Leon.
 (SFC, 4/13/96, p.A-15)

1823  Poet Lord Byron spent a summer on the Ionian island of Cephalonia.
 (SFEC, 1/18/98, p.T3)

1823  In Brazil homosexual acts were decriminalized.
 (SFC, 1/11/99, p.A10)

1923  In Nha Trang, Vietnam, a retreat was built for Bao Dai, the last Vietnamese king. It later became the Bao Dai Villas Hotel.
 (SFEC, 4/26/98, p.T5)

1823-1871 Charles Buxton, English author: "You will never 'find' time for anything. If you want time you must make it."
 (AP, 10/21/99)

1823-1890 William Kitchen Parker, English anatomist and embryologist. See [1883].
 (NH, 10/96, p.37)

1823-1896  Coventry Patmore, English poet: "Nearly all our disasters come from a few fools having the ‘courage of their convictions."’
 (AP, 3/16/98)

1823-1900 F.  Max Mueller, German philologist: "To think is to speak low. To speak is to think aloud."
 (AP, 10/14/97)

1823-1911 Thomas Wentworth Higginson, American clergyman-author: "To be really cosmopolitan, a man must be at home even in his own country."
 (AP, 4/6/97)

1824  Jan 1, The Camp Street Theatre opened as the first English-language playhouse in New Orleans.
 (HN, 1/1/99)

1824  Jan 8, William Wilkie Collins, English novelist (Woman in White), was born.
 (MC, 1/8/02)

1824  Jan 21, Thomas "Stonewall" Jackson, Confederate General, was born.
 (HN, 1/21/99)
 
1824  Jan 22, A British force was wiped out by an Asante army under Osei Bonsu on the African Gold Coast. This was the first defeat for a colonial power.
 (HN, 1/22/99)

1824  Jan 26, Edward Jenner, discoverer of vaccination, died.
 (MC, 1/26/02)

1824  Feb 4, J.W. Goodrich introduced rubber galoshes to public.
 (MC, 2/4/02)

1824  Feb 10, Simon Bolivar was named President by the Congress of Peru.
 (MC, 2/10/02)

1824  Feb 14, Winfield Scott Hancock (d.1886), Major General (Union volunteers), was born.
 (MC, 2/14/02)

1824  Feb 23, Lewis Cass Hunt (d.1886), Brig General (Union volunteers), was born.
 (MC, 2/23/02)

1824  Feb 28, Charles Blondin, tightrope walker, was born.
 (HN, 2/28/01)

1824  Mar 2, Bedrich Friedrich Smetana (1884), Czech, Bohemian composer (Bartered Bride, Moldau), was born.
 (WUD, 1994, p.1345)(WSJ, 10/4/96, p.A7)(SC, 3/2/02)
1824  Mar 2, Interstate commerce came under federal control.
 (SC, 3/2/02)

1824  Mar 5, Elisha Harris, U.S. physician, founder of the American Public Health Association, was born.
 (HN, 3/5/98)
1824  Mar 5, James Merritt Ives, lithographer for Currier and Ives, was born.
 (HN, 3/5/98)

1824  Mar 7, Meyerbeer's opera "Il Crociati in Egitto," premiered in Venice.
 (MC, 3/7/02)

1824  Mar 9, Leland Stanford, railroad builder and founder of Stanford University, was born.
 (HN, 3/9/98)

1824  Mar 11, The U.S. War Department created the Bureau of Indian Affairs. A lifelong friend and trusted aide of Ulysses S. Grant, Ely Parker rose to the top in two worlds, that of his native Seneca Indian tribe and the white man’s world at large. He went on to become the first Indian to lead the Bureau.
 (HN, 3/11/98)

1824  Mar 12, Gustav Robert Kirchoff, physicist, was born in Prussia.
 (HN, 3/12/98)(MC, 3/12/02)

1824  Mar 26, 1st performance of Beethoven's "Missa Solemnis."
 (SS, 3/26/02)

1824  Apr 17, Russia abandoned all North American claims south of 54’ 40’.
 (HN, 4/17/98)

1824  Apr 19, George Gordon, (6th Baron Byron, b.1788) aka Lord Byron, English poet, died of malaria in Greece at Missolonghi on the gulf of Patras preparing to fight for Greek independence. In 1999 Benita Eisler published the biography "Byron: Child of Passion, Fool of Fame." In 2002 Fiona MacCarthy authored "Byron : Life and Legend."
 (WUD, 1994, p.204,917)(SFC, 6/9/97, p.D3)(WSJ, 4/26/99, p.A16)(HN, 4/1901)(SSFC, 12/29/02, p.M2)

1824  Apr 27, William Richard Bexfield, composer, was born.
 (MC, 4/27/02)

1824  May 7, The Ninth Symphony by Beethoven had its premiere. The "Ode to Joy" lyric was originally written by Friedrich von Schiller as the "Ode to Freedom."
 (LGC, 1970, p.98)(WSJ, 12/10/01, p.A16)

1824  May 8, William Walker, president of Nicaragua, was born.
 (HN, 5/8/98)

1824  May 16, Edmund Kirby-Smith, educator and soldier, was born. He was a Confederate general in the western theater.
 (HN, 5/16/99)

1824  May 29, Cadmus Marcellus Wilcox, Major General (Confederate Army), was born.
 (SC, 5/29/02)

1824  Jun 8, A washing machine was patented by Noah Cushing of Quebec.
 (MC, 6/8/02)

1824  Jul 20, Alexander Schimmelfennig, Brig. General Union volunteers, was born in Prussia.
 (MC, 7/20/02)

1824  Jul, The Richmond [Virginia] Light Artillery changed its name to the Richmond Fayette Artillery in honor of the Marquis de La Fayette.
 (RC handout, 5/27/96)

1824  Sep 4, Anton Bruckner, composer and Wagner disciple, was born in Austria.
 (MC, 9/4/01)

1824  Oct 4, Mexico became a republic.
 (MC, 10/4/01)

1824  Oct 21, Joseph Aspdin patented Portland cement in Yorkshire, England.
 (MC, 10/21/01)

1824  Oct 22, The Tennessee Legislature adjourned ending Davy Crockett’s state political career. Crockett died at the legendary siege of the Alamo in 1836.
 (HN, 10/22/98)

1824  Oct 23, The 1st steam locomotive was introduced.
 (MC, 10/23/01)

1824  Nov 2, Popular presidential vote was 1st recorded; Jackson beat J.Q. Adams. Gen. Jackson won the popular vote followed by John Quincy Adams, William Crawford and Henry Clay. Jackson won 99 electoral votes, Adams won 84, Crawford won 41 and Clay won 37. Crawford, Treasury secretary, was accused of malfeasance. Henry Clay was denounced for passing days gambling and nights in a brothel. Clay convinced his supporters in congress to vote for Adams. The House of Representatives chose John Quincy Adams, who chose Clay for vice president. A furious Jackson proceeded to help found the Democratic Party.
 (WSJ, 10/8/96, p.A22)(WSJ, 11/9/00, p.A26)(WSJ, 12/11/00, p.A18)(MC, 11/2/01)

1824  Nov 16, NY City's Fifth Avenue opened for business.
 (MC, 11/16/01)

1824  Nov 18, Franz Sigel (d.1902), Major General (Union volunteers), was born.
 (MC, 11/18/01)

1824  Dec 1, The presidential election was turned over to the U.S. House of Representatives when a deadlock developed among John Quincy Adams, Andrew Jackson, William H. Crawford and Henry Clay with Jackson 32 votes shy of a majority. John Quincy Adams ended up the winner. He was reportedly the only bald-headed president.
 (AP, 12/1/97)(WSJ, 12/31/97, p.A11)(SFEC, 11/1/98, Z1p.10)

1824  Dec 9, In the Battle of Ayacucho (Candorcangui) Peru defeated Spain.
 (MC, 12/9/01)

1824    Dec 22, Chiefess Kapiolani, a Christian, defied Pele, the Hawaiian volcano goddess, and
lived.  Tennyson's eponymous poem celebrated the event.
 (www.aracnet.com/~sbvoices/days_dec.html)

1824  John Hayter painted portraits of Hawaii’s King Kamehameha II and Queen Kamamalu in London shortly before they died there of measles.
 (AH, 10/01, p.14)

1824  Lydia Maria Child of Wayland, Mass., authored "Hobomok," a novel of a Puritan girl who falls in love with an Indian after her fiancée is lost at sea. She later founded Juvenile Miscellany, the 1st children’s magazine in the US. She later authored "The Frugal Housewife" and "An Appeal in Favor of That Class of Americans Called Africans" (1833) and the poem: "The New England’s Boy’s Song About Thanksgiving Day" (Over the river, and through the woods…). In 1994 Carolyn Karcher authored her biography: "The First Woman in the Republic."
 (WSJ, 11/21/02, p.A1)

1824  Meyerbeer composed his opera "Il Crociato in Egitto," with a part for the last of the great castrato singers, Giovanni Batista Velluti.
 (LGC-HCS, p.44)

1824  Rafael Garcia led the defense of Mission San Rafael against hostile Indians.
 (SFC, 5/26/97, p.A11)

1824  Hens called Rhode Island Reds were first bred in Little Compton, R.I. They lay brown eggs and gained a regional preference.
 (SFC, 5/26/96, Z  1 p.2)

1824  "Publish and be damned," was exclaimed by the Duke of Wellington to Harrietta Wilson, a courtesan of note, whose publisher went trolling amongst her former beaux, offering exclusion from her memoirs for 200 hundred pounds sterling.
 (WSJ, 2/3/95, p.A-11)

1824  Dean William Buckland of Oxford Univ. discovered and described the bones of the meat-eating Megalosaurus, "huge reptile."
 (T.E.-J.B. p.24)

1824  William Moorcroft, East India Co. head of 5,000 acre horse farm at Pusa, India, arrived in Peshawar, Afghanistan, while enroute to Bukhara, Uzbekistan, to trade for horses.
 (ON, 1/02, p.3)

1824  The Ashanti tribe in West Africa defeated the troops under Sir Charles MacCarthy. His polished skull then became a prized feature of the annual yam festival.
 (WSJ, 5/16/96, p.A-12)

1824  In England the first animal welfare group was founded.
 (SFEC, 1/10/99, p.A20)

1824  The Mexican governor of California offered all missions for sale under a program of secularization.
 (SFEC, 3/12/00, p.T4)

1824  A Mexican General was served chiles en nogada after he threw out the last Spanish viceroy. The dish consisted of green chiles, pomegranate seeds and a white walnut sauce.
 (WSJ, 12/11/98, p.A1)

1824  Newfoundland became a British colony.
 (SFEC, 6/25/00, BR p.6)

1824  The Saud family established a new capital at Riyadh.
 (WSJ, 11/13/01, p.A14)

1824-1868 Lesotho acted as a buffer between the Afrikaner’s Boer Republic and British colonial interests and supplied seasonal farm workers to both.
 (WSJ, 3/25/98, p.A11)

1824-1877  Julia Kavanagh, Irish novelist: "The slight that can be conveyed in a glance, in a gracious smile, in a wave of the hand, is often the ne plus ultra of art. What insult is so keen or so keenly felt, as the polite insult which it is impossible to resent?"
 (AP, 6/7/97)

1824-1879 William Morris Hunt, artist. His work included an oil of Niagara Falls.
 (WSJ, 11/6/98, p.W10)

1824-1887 Gustav Kirchoff, German physicist, discovers that the reasons for the Fraunhoffer lines in light spectra from the sun are due to absorption of specific wavelengths of energy by elements in the gaseous chromosphere that resonate when impacted at specific energy levels. The light emitted by the excited atoms will then have characteristic markings such as the D-line of sodium.
 (SCTS, p.34)

1824-1889 (William) Wilkie Collins, English novelist. His work included the 1860 mystery: "The Woman in White." It was later made into a TV version on both "Mystery" (1985) and "Masterpiece Theater" (1998).
 (WUD, 1994, p.290)(WSJ, 2/19/98, p.A20)

1824-1892 George William Curtis, American author-editor "Heroes in history seem to us poetic because they are there. But if we should tell the simple truth of some of our neighbors, it would sound like poetry."
 (AP, 8/26/99)

1824-1907 William Thomson (Lord Kelvin), Scottish scientist-inventor, a leader in energetics. Along with Helmholtz he helped establish the principle of the conservation of energy.
 (TNG, Klein, p.88)

1825  Jan 3, The first engineering college in the U.S., Rensselaer School, opened in Troy, New York. It’s later became known as Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute.
 (440 Int'l. 1/3/99)
1825  Jan 3, Scottish factory owner Robert Owen bought 30,000 acres in Indiana as site for New Harmony utopian community.
 (MC, 1/3/02)

1825  Jan 19, Ezra Daggett and nephew Thomas Kensett patented food storage in tin cans.
 (MC, 1/19/02)

1825  Jan 27, Congress approved Indian Territory (present-day Oklahoma), clearing the way for forced relocation of the Eastern Indians on the "Trail of Tears."
 (HN, 1/27/99)

1825  Jan 28, George Edward Pickett (d.1875), Major General in the Confederate Army, was born. When blame was being sought for why his ill-fated charge was the final action of the Battle of Gettysburg, and why the Confederacy did not win the three-day battle, George Pickett suggested that "The Union Army might have had something to do with it." Pickett had been sponsored for West Point by the Illinois congressman, Abraham Lincoln.
 (MC, 1/28/02)

1825  Feb 9, The House of Representatives elected John Quincy Adams Jr. 6th U.S. president (1825-1829) after no candidate received a majority of electoral votes.
 (A&IP, ESM, p.96b, photo)(AHD, 1971, p.14)(HN, 2/9/97)(AP, 2/9/99)

1825  Feb 12, Creek Indian treaty signed. Tribal chiefs agreed to turn over all their land in Georgia to the government and migrate west by Sept 1, 1826.
 (MC, 2/12/02)

1825  Feb 22, Russia and Britain established the Alaska/Canada boundary.
 (HN, 2/22/98)

1825  Feb 24, Thomas Bowdler, self-appointed Shakespearean censor, died.
 (MC, 2/24/02)

1825  Feb 25, William Moorcroft, East India Co. head of 5,000 acre horse farm at Pusa, India, arrived at Bukhara, Uzbekistan, to trade for horses. He met with Khan Haydar, Emir of Bukhara.
 (ON, 1/02, p.5)

1825  Feb 28, Quincy Adams Gillmore (d.1888), Major General (Union volunteers), was born.
 (MC, 2/28/02)

1825  Mar 2, The 1st grand opera in US sung in English was in NYC.
 (SC, 3/2/02)

1825  Mar 4, John Quincy Adams was inaugurated as 6th President.
 (SC, 3/4/02)

1825  Mar 12, The English Sloop, Eliza Ann, was captured by pirates, who proceeded to murder the crew of ten.
 (LSA., Fall 1995, p.18)

1825  Apr 25, Charles Ferdinand Dowd was born. He standardized time zones.
 (SS, 4/25/02)

1825  May 1, George Inness, US landscape painter (Delaware Water Gap), was born.
 (MC, 5/1/02)

1825  May 4, Thomas Henry Huxley (d.1895), British biologist, naturalist and author, was born. "God give me strength to face a fact though it slay me." "My experience of the world is that things left to themselves don't get right." His work includes the collected Essays in nine volumes: 1. Method and Results, 2. Darwiniana, 3. Science and Education, 4. Science and the Hebrew Tradition, 5. Science and the Christian Tradition, 6. Hume, with Helps to the Study of Berkeley, 7. Man’s Place in Nature, 8. Discourses, Biological and Geological, 9. Evolution and Ethics and Other Essays. In 1997 Adrian Desmond wrote the biography: "Huxley." "God give me strength to face a fact though it slay me."
 (OAPOC-TH, p.71)(WSJ, 10/10/97, p.A20)(AP, 11/1/97)(AP, 1/26/99)(HN, 5/4/01)

1825  May 7, Italian composer Antonio Salieri (74) died in Vienna, Austria.
 (AP, 5/7/97)(MC, 5/7/02)

1825  May 20, Charles X became King of France.
 (MC, 5/20/02)

1825  May 25, American Unitarian Association was founded.
 (SC, 5/25/02)

1825  May 29, David Bell Birney (d.1864), Major General (Union volunteers), was born.
 (SC, 5/29/02)

1825  Jun 7, R.D. Blackmore, author (Norie), was born.
 (SC, 6/7/02)

1825  Jun 19, Gioacchino Rossini's "Il Viaggio a Reims," premiered. Rossini wrote the "IL Viaggio a Reims" opera to celebrate the coronation of Charles X. The libretto by Luigi Balocchi was intended to show all major European nationalities coming together to celebrate the event.
 (WSJ, 9/29/99, p.A20)(MC, 6/19/02)

1825  Jun 20, Coronation of French king Charles X, the surviving brother of guillotined Louis XVI.
 (MC, 6/20/02)

1825  Aug 1, William Beaumont, a US Army assistant surgeon at Fort Mackinac in the Michigan territory, began experiments to study the digestive system of Alexis St. Martin, a fur trader who  was accidentally shot in the abdomen in 1822.
 (ON, 1/02, p.6)

1825  Aug 6, Bolivia declared its independence from Peru.
 (AP, 8/6/97)

1825  Sep 7, The Marquis de Lafayette, the French hero of the American Revolution, bade farewell to President John Quincy Adams at the White House.
 (AP, 9/7/99)

1825  Aug 25, Uruguay declared its independence from Brazil.
 (AP, 8/25/97)

1825  Aug 27, William Moorcroft, East India Co. head of 5,000 acre horse farm at Pusa, India, died near Balkh, Afghanistan, while returning to India following his trip to Bukhara, Uzbekistan, to trade for horses. In 1985 Garry Alder authored "Beyond Bukhara: The Life of William Moorcroft, Asian Explorer and Veterinary Surgeon."
 (ON, 1/02, p.6)

1825  Sep 27, The first locomotive to haul a passenger train was operated by George Stephenson in England. [see Sep 28]
 (AP, 9/27/97)

1825  Sep 28, George Stephenson operated the first locomotive to pull a passenger train in England. The British engineers Richard Trevithick and George Stevenson were the first innovators of the technology. The first passenger train in America was the Baltimore and Ohio railway which opened in 1830. [see Sep 27]
 (MC, 9/28/01)

1825  Oct 9, The first Norwegian immigrants to America arrived on the sloop Restaurationen.
 (HN, 10/9/98)

1825  Oct 16, Thomas Turpin Crittenden (d.1905), Brig. Gen. (Union volunteers), was born.
 (MC, 10/16/01)

1825  Oct 17, Franz Liszt's operetta Don Sanche premiered in Paris
 (MC, 10/17/01)

1825  Oct 25, Johann Strauss (d.1899), Austrian orchestra conductor and composer, was born.
 (WUD, 1994, p.1405)(HN, 10/25/98)
1825  Oct 25, Erie Canal opened, linking Great Lakes and Atlantic Ocean. [see Oct 26]
 (MC, 10/25/01)

1825  Oct 26, The Erie Canal was opened in upstate New York. It cut through 363 miles of wilderness and measured 40 feet wide and 4 feet deep. It had 18 aqueducts and 83 locks and rose 568 feet from the Hudson River to Lake Erie. The first boat on the Erie Canal left Buffalo, N.Y. after eight years of construction. At the request of New York Governor DeWitt Clinton, the New York state legislature had provided $7 million to finance the project. The canal facilitated trade between New York City and the Midwest--manufactured goods were shipped out of New York and agricultural products were returned from the Midwest. As the canal became vital to trade, New York City flourished and settlers rapidly moved into the Midwest and founded towns like Clinton, Illinois. [see 1826] Gov. Clinton rode the Seneca Chief canal boat from Buffalo to New York harbor for the inauguration.
 (HFA, '96, p.40)(SFEC, 4/20/97, p.T10)(AP, 10/26/97)(HNPD, 10/26/98)(HN, 10/26/98)(WSJ, 2/8/00, p.A24)

1825  Nov 9, Ambrose Powell Hill (d.1865), Lt Gen (Confederate 3rd Army Corp), was born.
 (MC, 11/9/01)

1825  Nov 26, The first college social fraternity, the Kappa Alpha Society, was formed at Union College in Schenectady, N.Y.
 (AP, 11/26/97)(HN, 11/26/98)

1825  Nov 29, 1st Italian opera in US, "Barber of Seville," premiered in NYC and was welcomed by the legendary librettist for Mozart (and friend of Casanova), Lorenzo DaPonte, who was Professor of Italian at King's (later Columbia) College.
 (MC, 11/29/01)

1825  Dec 27, The 1st public railroad using steam locomotive was completed in England.
 (MC, 12/27/01)

1825  Dec 29, Giuseppe Maria Gioacchino Cambini, composer, died.
 (MC, 12/29/01)
1825  Dec 29, Jacques-Louis David (b.1748), French painter (Death of Marat), died.
 (WUD, 1994 p.369)(MC, 12/29/01)

1825  Camille Corot created his painting "View of Rome."
 (WSJ, 9/9/03, p.D6)

1825  Goya (79) made his 4 lithographs known as the "Bulls of Bordeaux."
 (WSJ, 5/4/99, p.A20)

1825  The Marquis de Lafayette laid the cornerstone for the Monument at Bunker Hill in a ceremony addressed by Daniel Webster.
 (HT, 3/97, p.33)

1825  Sing Sing Prison opened on the banks of the Hudson River. The name was from the local Sint Sinct Indian tribe. [see 1901]
 (WSJ, 3/29/02, p.A1)

1825  Franciscan missionaries planted vineyards north of San Francisco to make sacramental wine.
 (WSJ, 4/16/97, p.CA1)

1825  Philadelphia druggist Elie Magliore Durand first touted the effervescent soda water as a health drink. Shortly afterward, New York inventor John Matthews originated the fountain apparatus that conveniently rested on a pharmacist’s counter to dispense carbonated drinks.
 (HNQ, 6/12/98)

1825  The US government launched a mapping and surveying expedition of the Sant Fe Trail. The notes ended up filed for decades. In 2000 David Dary authored "The Santa Fe Trail: Its History, Legends and Lore."
 (WSJ, 12/28/00, p.A9)

1825  The Bureau of Indian Affairs began as an office of the War Department that dealt with what white Americans saw as the "Indian problem."
 (SFC, 9/9/00, p.A3)

1825  A law that defined and set punishment for abortion was placed into the Missouri penal code. It was the 2nd US abortion law after a 1821 law in Connecticut. The law prohibited only abortions induced by poisoning.
 (SFEM, 2/1/98, p.13)

1825  The element aluminium was discovered.
 (NH, 7/02, p.35)

1825  William Sturgeon, English inventor, found that an electric current flowing through a coil of wire created a magnet. Shortly thereafter, the American physicist Joseph Henry discovered that placing an iron core inside the wire coil strengthened the effect- permitting this electromagnet to lift and drop small iron objects at the closing and opening of a switch connecting the coil to a storage battery.
 (I&I, Penzias, p.96)

1825  Parson Weems, writer, died. His work included "Life of George Washington With Curious Anecdotes, equally Honorable to Himself and Exemplary to his Young Countrymen."
 (SFEC, 7/12/98, Par p.13)

1825  In Egypt British traveler and draftsman James Burton sketched tombs of the New Kingdom pharaohs in the Valley of the Kings.
 (NG, 9/98, p.7)

1825  The impresario of La Scala in Milan, Italy, sold the theater’s library of manuscript opera scores to the young copyist Giovannin Ricordi. This initiated the rise of Ricordi’s music-publ. firm.
 (Civil., Jul-Aug., ‘95, p.84)

1825-1829 John Quincy Adams served as the 6th president of the US.
 (WSJ, 10/22/97, p.A20)

1825-1832 Lambert Hitchcock marked all his furniture with the insignia "L. Hitchcock."
 (SFC, 6/12/96, Z1 p.5)

1825-1833 Scottish botanist and gardener, David Douglas, visited the US Pacific Coast and sent a collection of poppies to the London Horticultural Society, where the species was successfully cultivated. [see 1792,1794, 1816]
 (NBJ, 2/96, p.12)

1825-1852 Master Juba was a free black man and the first recognized master of tap dancing.
 (WSJ, 4/21/98, p.A21)

1825-1858 The Suffolk Bank operated a clearing house in Boston that served the New England region, and required all country banks doing business in Boston to maintain clearing deposits.
 (WSJ, 2/5/98, p.A23)

1825-1859 An ongoing project under Frederick Burkhardt has undertaken the task of editing and publishing the letters of Charles Darwin of this period. The first of 30 volumes came out in 1985 published by Cambridge Univ. Press, and the 10th in 1996. Selected letters over this period from the first 7 volumes have been published as "Charles Darwin’s Letters: A Selection 1825-1859."
 (NH, 5/96, p.6)

1825-1888 Sandwich glass was made by the Boston and Sandwich Glass Works in Sandwich, Mass. They made the original dolphin-based glassware.
 (SFC, 7/9/97, Z1 p.3)

1825-1893 Jean Martin Charcot, hypnotist. He taught Sigmund Freud and influenced Freud’s theories of the subconscious.
 (WSJ, 5/30/00, p.A24)

1825-1997 The 1997 book, "The American Opera Singer" by Peter G. Davis, covers the lives and adventures of opera and concert singers over this period.
 (WSJ, 11/6/97, p.A20)

1826  Jan 26, Julia Dent Grant, First Lady and wife of Ulysses Grant, was born.
 (HN, 1/26/99)

1826  Feb 11, London University was founded.
 (MC, 2/11/02)

1826  Feb 13, The American Temperance Society formed in Boston.
 (MC, 2/13/02)

1826  Feb 16, Franz von Holstein, composer, was born.
 (MC, 2/16/02)

1826  Mar 4, The Granite Railway in Quincy, MA, became the 1st US RR to be chartered.
 (SC, 3/4/02)

1826  Mar 21, Beethoven's Quartet #13 in B flat major (Op 130) premiered in Vienna.
 (MC, 3/21/02)

1826  Apr 1,  Samuel Mory patented the internal combustion engine.
 (OTD)

1826  Apr 6, Gustave Moreau, French painter, was born.
 (MC, 4/6/02)

1826  Apr 9, Chatham Roberdeau Wheat was born in Alexandria, Va. He studied law at the University of Nashville and then served in the 1st Tennessee Cavalry as a lieutenant during the Mexican War. He became a Confederate commander of the 1st Louisiana Special Battalion in the Civil War, also known as Wheat's Tigers.
 (HN, 4/9/00)

1826  Apr 12, Karl Maria von Weber's opera "Oberon," premiered in London.
 (MC, 4/12/02)

1826  Apr 13, Franz Danzi (62), composer, died.
 (MC, 4/13/02)

1826  Apr 22, Ibrahim, son of Mohammed Ali of Egypt, took Missolonghi (in West Greece) after a long siege. [see Apr 23]
 (CMW, 1968, p.154)

1826  Apr 23, Missolonghi (in west Greece) fell to Egyptian-Turkish forces. [see Apr 22]
 (HN, 4/23/99)(MC, 4/23/02)

1826  Apr 28, Alexander Stadtfeld, composer, was born.
 (MC, 4/28/02)

1826  May 4, Frederick Church, US romantic landscape painter (Hudson River School), was born.
 (MC, 5/4/02)

1826  May 7, Varina Howell Davis (d.1905), 1st lady (Confederacy), was born.
 (MC, 5/7/02)

1826  May 10, Giuseppe Sigismondo (86), composer, died.
 (MC, 5/10/02)

1826  May 25, Christian Friedrich Ruppe (72), composer, died.
 (SC, 5/25/02)

1826  May 29, Ebenezer Butterick, inventor (tissue paper dress pattern), was born.
 (SC, 5/29/02)

1826  Jun 4, Karl Maria FE von Weber (39), German composer (Oberon), died.
 (MC, 6/4/02)

1826  Jul 4, Stephen Foster (Stephen Collins Foster, d. Jan 13, 1864) composer, was born near Pittsburgh. His famous songs include "My Old Kentucky Home," "O Susanna," "Old Folks at Home," "Old Black Joe" and "Camptown Races."
 (HFA, ‘96, p.22)(AHD, p. 519)(BAAC PN, Chambers, 1/8/96)(IB, Internet, 12/7/98)
1826  Jul 4, Construction of the Pennsylvania Grand Canal was begun.
 (WSJ, 7/3/96, p.A8)
1826  Jul 4, Thomas Jefferson, the nation's third president, died at age 83 at one o'clock in the afternoon and was buried near Charlottesville, Virginia. He was the founder of the Univ. of Virginia and wrote the state’s statute of religious freedom. In 1981 Dumas Malone, aged 89 and nearly blind, published "The Sage of Monticello," the sixth and final volume of his Pulitzer Prize-winning biography of Jefferson. In 1997 Joseph J. Ellis won the National Book Award in nonfiction for "American Sphinx: The Character of Thomas Jefferson." "Nothing gives one person so much of an advantage over another as to remain unruffled in all circumstances."
 (A&IP, Miers, p.29)(SFEC, 6/29/97, BR p.5)(AP, 7/4/97)(SFC, 4/29/98, p.A6)(SFEC, 10/25/98, Z1 p.12)(IB, Internet, 12/7/98)
1826  Jul 4, John Adams died at age 90 in Braintree [Quincy], Mass, just a few hours after Jefferson. Because communications was slow in those days, Adams and Jefferson, at their death, thought the other was still alive. Adams' last words were, "Thomas Jefferson still survives." It was 50 years to the day after the Declaration of Independence was adopted. Adams was the 2nd president of the US. A multi-generational biography of the Adams family was later written by Paul C. Nagel: "Descent from Glory." The Joseph Ellis book The Passionate Edge" helped restore Adams to his rightful place in the American pantheon. The 1972 musical film 1776 focused on Adams’ efforts to get an independence resolution through Congress. In 1998 C. Bradley Thompson published "John Adams and the Spirit of Liberty." In 2001 David McCullough authored "John Adams."
 (A&IP, Miers, p.29)(AP, 7/4/97)(SFC, 7/4/98, p.E4)(IB, Internet, 12/7/98)(WSJ, 12/22/98, p.A16)(WSJ, 5/30/01, p.A20)
1826  Jul 4, In 2001 Andrew Burstein authored "America’s Jubilee," a description of the jubilee year as it was experienced by various people.
 (WSJ, 1/23/00, p.A20)

1826  Sep 3, USS Vincennes left NY to become 1st warship to circumnavigate globe.
 (MC, 9/3/01)

1826  Sep 26, The Persian cavalry was routed by the Russians at the Battle of Ganja in the Russian Caucasus.
 (HN, 9/26/99)

1826  Oct 7, The first railway in the United States opened at Quincy, Massachusetts.
 (HN, 10/7/98)

1826  Nov 24, Carlo Collodi, the creator of Pinocchio, was born.
 (HN, 11/24/00)

1826  Nov 27, Jebediah Smith’s expedition reached San Diego, becoming the first Americans to cross the south-western part of the continent. He crossed the Mohave Desert and the San Bernadino Mountains from Utah.
 (HN, 11/27/98)(SFEC, 12/5/99, p.T5)

1826  Dec 3, George Brinton McClellen (d.1885), Union general who defeated Robert E. Lee at Antietam and ran against Abraham Lincoln for president, was born.
 (HN, 12/3/98)(MC, 12/3/01)

1826  Dec 26, Franz Coenen, composer, was born.
 (MC, 12/26/01)

1826  Theophile Bra, French academic sculptor, experienced a nervous breakdown and began to make visionary paintings.
 (SFEM, 11/1/98, p.)

1826  Corot painted "Cascade of Terni." "Its flat light, monumentalizing simplicity and minimal content anticipated Courbet, Manet and Cezanne."
 (SFC, 6/4/96, p.E5)

1826  The Erie Canal, 387 miles long and completed in 1826, connected Lake Erie, at Buffalo, to the Hudson River at Albany, New York. Begun in 1817 through the determined efforts of New York Governor DeWitt Clinton, the canal, which utilized light packet boats drawn by horses, reduced the passenger schedule between Buffalo and Albany from the 10 days required by stage service to three-and-a-half days. The canal brought many settlers to the Mohawk Valley and formed a great highway for freight from the Northwest to the seaboard. [see 1825]
 (HNQ, 12/29/99)

1926  SF Bay Area architectural firm of Wurster, Bernardi and Emmons was founded by William Wurster. Theodore Bernardi joined in 1934, and Donn Emmons joined in 1938.
 (SFC, 9/3/97, p.A20)

1826  Englishmen scientist James Smithson (d.1829) drew up his will and named his nephew as beneficiary. In the will he stated that should his nephew die without heirs, the estate should go to the US of America to found at Washington, under the name of the Smithsonian Institute, an establishment for the increase and diffusion of knowledge among men. [see 1836]
 (SFEC, 8/25/96, p.T6)

1826  David Farragut gathered youngsters from warships anchored in Hampton Roads and established America’s first floating Annapolis aboard the U.S.S. Alert.
 (NG, Sept. 1939, J. Maloney p.363)

1826  The Galerie Vero-Dodat (2, Rue de Bouloi), was built by two well-off charcutiers in Paris, France. Vero and Dodat spared no expense with the classical style interior that featured sculpted woodwork, ceiling frescoes, mosaic flooring, and brass ornament,
 (Hem., 10/’95, p.109)

1826  Heinrich Schwabe, German amateur astronomer, began a systematic program of observing the Sun from his home in Dessau. He kept careful records of sunspots over 17 years and in 1843 noted an 11-year cycle in their frequency.
 (SSFC, 5/27/01, Par p.17)(Econ, 6/28/03, p.77)

1826  Scotsman Robert Stein invented the continuous still. It was later refined by Aeneas Coffey as the Coffey still.
 (Hem, 11/02, p.36)

1826  Audubon read a technical paper before the Natural History Society of Edinburgh entitled: "Account of the habits of the turkey buzzard, particularly with the view of exploding the opinion generally entertained of its extraordinary power of smelling." [see K.E. Stager in 1964]
 (Nat. Hist., 4/96, p.54)

1826  Rene Theophile Hyacinthe Laennec, French physician and inventor of the stethoscope, died from tuberculosis.
 (ON, 9/00, p.11)

1826  In Batavia Capt. William Morgan was kidnapped by brother Masons for divulging fraternity secrets. His body was never found. His book "Illustrations of Freemasonry" revealed some Mason secrets. His death inspired America’s 1st third party, the anti-Mason, who dominated western NY for almost a decade.
 (WSJ, 7/25/00, p.A20)(WSJ, 2/6/02, p.A16)(WSJ, 6/28/02, p.W13)

1826  The British Cape Colony was extended northward to the Orange River.
 (EWH, 4th ed, p.885)

1826  In Egypt Jean-Francois Champollion, French Egyptologist and decipherer of the Rosetta Stone, began collecting Egyptian artifacts. He convinced Charles X to purchase the private collections of the French and English consuls in Egypt.
 (WSJ, 1/29/98, p.A16)

1826  In Mexico Plutarco Elias Calles, founder of the modern Mexican political system, tried to suppress the Church. This fomented the Cristiada, 3 years of rebellion and outright war.
 (WSJ, 8/13/97, p.A12)

1826  Dom Pedro IV, emperor of Brazil, attained the Portuguese throne.
 (SSFC, 1/28/01, p.T1)

1826  In Scotland the first exhibition of Clydesdale horses for show occurred at the Glasgow Exhibition. The horses had been bred for hauling coal.
 (SFEC, 1/30/00, Z1 p.2)

1826  Methodist missionaries arrived at Tonga from Australia.
 (SFEC, 5/28/00, p.T10)
 
1826-1828 Corot was in Italy and painted "View of St. Peter’s and the Castel Sant’Angelo."
 (FAMSF, 2/98)

1826-1833 In NYC the Hawk and Buzzard newspaper subsisted largely on gossip.
 (SFEM, 11/8/98, p.12)

1826-1877  Walter Bagehot, English editor and economist: "One of the greatest pains to human nature is the pain of a new idea." "It is good to be without vices, but it is not good to be without temptation."
 (AP, 5/22/97)(AP, 9/2/98)

1826-1887 Dinah Maria Mulock Craik, English novelist. "The man who does his work, any work, conscientiously, must always be in one sense a great man."
 (AP, 3/14/97)

1826-1908 Henry Clifton Sorby, English geologist, invented a method for making thin rock slices for microscopic investigation.
 (OAPOC-TH, p.71)

1827  Feb 1, Alphonse de Rothschild, French banker, was born.
 (MC, 2/1/02)

1827  Feb 7, Ballet (Deserter) was introduced to US at Bowery Theater in NYC.
 (MC, 2/7/02)
1827  Feb 7, Franz Anton Dimmler (73), composer, died.
 (MC, 2/7/02)

1827  Feb 17, Johann Heinrich Pestalozzi (81), Swiss educator, died.
 (MC, 2/17/02)

1827  Feb 27, Richard W. Johnson (d.1897), Bvt Major General (Union Army), was born.
 (MC, 2/27/02)
1827  Feb 27, The first Mardi-Gras celebration was held in New Orleans. The first Mardi Gras street procession in New Orleans was initiated by students, who were home from school in France. They formed a parade of masked marchers on Shrove Tuesday, the day before the period of penance begins on Ash Wednesday.
 (HN, 2/27/98)(HNQ, 2/9/99)

1827  Feb 28, The first U.S. railroad chartered to carry passengers and freight, the Baltimore and Ohio Railroad Co., was incorporated.
 (AP, 2/28/98)

1827  Mar 5, Alessandro Volta (82), Italian physicist (made 1st battery), died.
 (MC, 3/5/02)

1827  Mar 16, The first Afro-American newspaper , Freedom’s Journal, was published in New York City.
 (HFA, ‘96, p.26)(AP, 3/16/97)

1827  Mar 26, Ludwig von Beethoven (56), German composer, died in Vienna. He had been deaf for the later part of his life, but said on his death bead "I shall hear in heaven." It was later determined that he suffered from lead poisoning. In 1995 Tia DeNora authored "Beethoven and the Construction of Genius." In 2000 Russell Martin authored "Beethoven’s Hair: An Extraordinary Historical Odyssey and a Scientific Mystery Solved."
 (WSJ, 5/29/96, p.A5)(AP, 3/256/97)(HN, 3/26/99)(SFC, 10/18/00, p.A2)(WSJ, 1/17/02, p.A12)

1827  Mar 29, Composer Ludwig van Beethoven was buried in Vienna amidst a crowd of over 10,000 mourners.
 (HN, 3/29/01)

1827  Apr 2, William Holdman Hunt, English painter (Light of the World), was born.
 (MC, 4/2/02)
1827  Apr 2, Joseph Dixon began manufacturing lead pencils.
 (MC, 4/2/02)

1827  Apr 5, Joseph Lister, English physician, was born. He founded the idea of using antiseptics during surgery.
 (HN, 4/5/99)

1827  Apr 7, English chemist John Walker invented wooden matches.
 (MC, 4/7/02)

1827  Apr 10, Lewis Wallace (d.1905), soldier, lawyer, diplomat and author (Ben Hur), was born. "As a rule, there is no surer way to the dislike of men than to behave well where they have behaved badly."
 (HN, 4/10/98)(AP, 12/5/00)

1827  Apr 20, John Gibbon (d.1896), Major General (Union volunteers), was born.
 (MC, 4/20/02)

1827  Apr 26, Charles Edward Hovey, Bvt Major General (Union volunteers), was born.
 (MC, 4/26/02)

1827  May 4, John Hanning Speke, English explorer, was born. He discovered Lake Victoria and the source of the Nile.
 (HN, 5/4/99)

1827  May 29, Reuben Lindsay Walker (d.1890), Brigadier General (Confederate Army), was born.
 (SC, 5/29/02)

1827  Jun 5, Athens fell to the Ottomans during Greek War of Independence.
 (HN, 6/5/98)(MC, 6/5/02)

1827  Jun 12, Johanna Spyri (d.1901), Swiss author, was born. She is best known for her novel Heidi, the story of a young girl who leave her home in the Swiss Alps for adventures in the world below. [see June 12, 1829]
 (WUD, 1994 p.1379)(HN, 6/12/99)

1827  Jul 4, New York state law emancipated adult slaves. The laws were rewritten to make sure that all slaves would eventually be freed.
 (SFEC, 12/1/96, BR p.5)(Maggio, 98)(ON, 11/99, p.5)

1827  Jul 16, Josiah Spode, potter, died.
 (MC, 7/16/02)

1827  Aug 22, Industrialist Ezra Butler Eddy (d.1906) was born in Vermont. E.B. Eddy, who became known as the matchmaker of the world, moved his small friction-match factory from Burlington, Vt., to Hull, Que., in 1851. He expanded, modernized and diversified to produce a variety of wood and paper products. Eddy was elected mayor of Hull six times and was a member of the Quebec legislature for six years.
 (AP, 8/22/01)

1827  Sep 18, John Towsend Trowbridge, poet and author of books for boys, who wrote the Jack Hazzard and Toby Trafford series, was born.
 (HN, 9/18/98)

1827  Oct 15, Charles Darwin reached Christ's Counsel, Cambridge.
 (MC, 10/15/01)

1827  Nov 10, Alfred Howe Terry (d.1890), Major General (Union volunteers), was born.
 (MC, 11/10/01)

1827  Nov 15, Creek Indians lost all their property in US.
 (MC, 11/15/01)

1827  Nov 26, Ellen Gould White, founder of the Seventh Day Adventists, was born.
 (HN, 11/26/00)

1827  Luther Roby, a Concord printer, published "A Journal Kept By Mr. John Howe While He Was Employed As A British Spy during the Revolutionary War; Also While He Was Engaged In The Smuggling Business." The book was later thought to based on the journal of British officer Henry De Berniere and published by John Gill, member of the Sons of Liberty, in 1779.
 (AH, 10/01, p.56)

1827  David Zeisberger, Moravian missionary, published "Grammar of the Language of the Lenni-Lenape," a Delaware Indian tribe.
 (NH, 10/96, p.16)

1827  V. Bellini wrote his opera "Il Pirata." It was his 1st major success.
 (WSJ, 10/31/02, p.A1)

1827  August Marschner wrote his opera "Der Vampyr."
 (WSJ, 1/21/98, p.A16)

1827  Franz Schubert composed his song cycle "Winterreise."
 (WSJ, 4/16/97, p.A16)

1827  Businessman and publisher Louis A. Godey bought the Boston Godey’s Lady’s Book, a ladies’ magazine, and offered its editorship to successful novelist Sarah Hale, a widow with four children to support. Godey’s Lady’s Book, with Sarah Josepha Hale as its editor and driving force for 50 years, was an important cultural influence in 19th-century America. Godey’s enjoyed great success publishing morally upright and sentimental literature and avoiding unfeminine topics like politics, scandal and controversy. By mid-century it had 150,000 subscribers. Particularly popular were fashion plates, such as the steel-plate engraving of wedding gowns shown here, crafts, décor and housekeeping ideas that greatly influenced American home life. Competition and Hale’s retirement in 1877 led Louis Godey to sell the magazine in 1883. Thirteen years later, Godey’s was absorbed into another publication.
 (HNPD, 9/29/98)

1827  The first edition of New York's Freedom's Journal was published by John Russworm and Samuel Cornish. "For too long others have spoken for us." The journal lasted for 2 years.
 (SFEC, 1/31/99, DB p.28)(SFC, 2/22/99, p.A21)

1827  Joseph Smith, Mormon founder, received his tablets on Mount Cumorah near Palmyra, NY.
 (NW, 9/10/01, p.48)

1827  Catherine McAuley (1787-1841), founded the Sisters of Mercy in Dublin, Ireland. They engaged chiefly in works of spiritual and corporal mercy. Frances Warde led the sisters out from Ireland. In 2002 John J. Fialka authored "Sisters: Catholic Nuns and the Making of America."
 (WUD, 1994 p.1333)(SSFC, 1/19/03, p.M6)

1827  The U.S. and Great Britain submitted the Maine and New Brunswick boundary dispute to arbitration by the King of the Netherlands in 1827, whose compromise was accepted by the British but rejected by the U.S.
 (HNQ, 9/30/99)

1827  The government hired Capt. Henry Miller Shreve to remove a 100-mile "raft" of snags and trees that prevented steamboats from entering the Red River. His work camp later became the city of Shreveport, La.
 (ON, 7/02, p.11)

1827  John Davis opened the doors of the first full-dress American gambling casino in New Orleans.
 (HN, 3/19/98)

1827  John Herschel proposed contact lenses.
 (WSJ, 1/11/99, p.R14)

1827  Friction matches were first produced.
 (SFEC, 8/13/00, Z1 p.2)

1827  Jean-Baptist-Joseph Fourier, French mathematician who served under Napoleon in Egypt, compared the interaction of the earth and its atmosphere to the setting in a hothouse. He said the Earth’s gases are like the greenhouse glass walls and help keep us warm.
 (NOHY, Weiner, 3/90, p.26)

1827  Francois Soudre invented the artificial language Solresol. He proposed using the musical scale for the building blocks of an international vocabulary.
 (Wired, 8/96, p.86)

1827  William Blake (b.1757), visionary engraver and poet, died. In 2001 G.E. Bentley Jr. authored "The Stranger From Paradise: A Biography of William Blake."
 (SSFC, 5/27/01, DB p.73)

1827  In France Victor Hugo wrote the official coronation ode for Charles X, the last Bourbon king.
 (WSJ, 2/10/98, p.A16)

1827  The Mexican city of Vallodalid was renamed Morelia.
 (SSFC, 11/17/02, p.C11)

1828  Jan 31, Alexandros Ypsilanti (35), Greek resistance fighter, died.
 (MC, 1/31/02)

1828  Feb 8, French author Jules Verne (d.1905) was born. He is considered the father of science fiction. Many of his 19th-century works forecast amazing scientific feats--feats that were actually carried out in the 20th century--with uncanny accuracy. Verne's 1865 book From the Earth to the Moon told the story of a space ship that is launched from Florida to the moon and that returns to Earth by landing in the ocean. Something of a scientist and traveler himself, Verne's 1870 work about a submarine, "Twenty Thousand Leagues Under the Sea," and "Around the World in Eighty Days" also foretold technological advances that seemed fantastic at the time. "Anything one man can imagine, other men can make real."
 (HNPD, 2/8/99)(AP, 10/1/00)

1828  Feb 12, George Meredith, English poet and novelist, was born.
 (HN, 2/12/01)

1828  Feb 18, More than 100 vessels were destroyed in a storm at Gibraltar.
 (MC, 2/18/02)

1828  Feb 21, The first issue of the Cherokee Phoenix, the 1st American Indian newspaper in US, was printed, both in English and in the newly invented Cherokee alphabet.
 (HN, 2/21/98)(MC, 2/21/02)

1828  Mar 5, Johann Gungl, composer, was born.
 (MC, 3/5/02)

1828  Mar 8, Johann Anton Sulzer (75), composer, died.
 (MC, 3/8/02)

1828  Mar 17, Maj. Gen'l. Patrick R. Cleburne, the "Stonewall" of the West, was born.
 (HN, 3/17/98)

1828  Mar 20, Henrik Ibsen (d.1906), Norwegian dramatist was born. His work included "Peer Gynt" and "Hedda Gabler." "The worst enemy of truth and freedom in our society is the compact majority. Yes, the damned, compact, liberal majority." In 1971 the 3rd and final volume of "Ibsen: A Biography" by Michael Meyer (d.2000) was published.
 (HFA, '96, p.26)(HN, 3/20/98)(AP, 7/22/98)(SFC, 8/10/00, p.D2)

1828  Apr 4, Casparus van Wooden patented chocolate milk powder (Amsterdam).
 (MC, 4/4/02)

1828  Apr 14, The first edition of Noah Webster’s "American Dictionary of the English Language" was published. [see Apr 21]
 (AP, 4/14/97)(HN, 4/14/98)

1828  Apr 16, Francisco Jose Goya y Lucientes (b.1746), Spanish painter, cartoonist, died at age 82 in France. He had served 3 generations of Spanish kings as court painter. In 2002 Julia Blackburn authored "Old Man Goya."
 (WSJ, 4/16/99, p.W2)(WSJ, 5/10/02, p.W8)(MC, 4/16/02)

1828  Apr 21, Hippolyte Taine, French philosopher, historian (Voyage in Italy), was born.
 (MC, 4/21/02)
1828  Apr 21, Noah Webster published the first American dictionary. [see Apr 14] It took grammarian and editor Noah Webster nearly 20 years to complete his two-volume dictionary of more than 35,000 entries. The American Dictionary of the English Language was published on April 21, 1828.
 (HN, 4/21/98)(HNQ, 2/21/99)

1828  Apr 26, Russia declared war on Turkey to support Greece's independence.
 (MC, 4/26/02)

1828  May 8, Jean Henri Dunant, Swiss philanthropist, was born. He founded the Red Cross and YMCA and was the first recipient (jointly) of the Nobel Peace Prize.
 (HN, 5/8/99)

1828  May 12, Gabriel Dante Rosetti, English poet and painter, was born. He helped found the Pre-Raphaelite Brotherhood.
 (WSJ, 7/25/95, p.A-10)(SC, Internet, 5/12/97)

1828  May 13, US passed the Tariff of Abominations. Congress raised duties on manufactured goods from abroad on which the South was dependent. South Carolina declared the tariff null and void within its borders and pres. Jackson threatened to send in troops. The tariffs were lowered in 1833.
 (SS, Internet, 5/13/97)(WSJ, 1/11/99, p.R50)

1828  May 16, Sir William Congreve (b.1772), British artillerist and inventor, died. In 1805 he developed the Congreve Rocket.
 (MC, 5/16/02)(WUD, 1994 p.310)

1828  May 18, The Battle of Las Piedras, ended the conflict between Uruguay and Brazil.
 (HN, 5/18/98)

1828  May 22, Albrecht von Grafe, German eye surgeon, founder of modern ophthalmology, was born.
 (HN, 5/22/01)

1828  Jun 7, A party led by Jebediah Smith completed a journey down the Klamath River and were on the verge of starvation when they were visited by Indians who brought food. Smith's party proceeded north to Oregon and most of the party was killed by Umpqua Indians. Smith was killed in 1831 by Comanches on the Cimarron River. Smith’s party were the 1st white people to see Lake Earl, the biggest lagoon on the West Coast.
 (SFEC, 12/5/99, p.T5)(SFEC, 7/16/00, p.B1)

1828  Jun 13, Simon Bolivar (1783-1830) was proclaimed dictator (Colombia).
 (MC, 6/13/02)

1828  Jul 4, James Johnston Pettigrew, scholar, teacher, Brig General (Confederate Army), was born.
 (MC, 7/4/02)
1828  Jul 4, Ground-breaking ceremonies were held in Baltimore for construction of the Baltimore and Ohio Railroad. Charles Carroll, last surviving signer of the Declaration of Independence, turned the spade in Baltimore. At the groundbreaking, Carroll said, "I consider this among the most important acts of my life, second only to that of signing the Declaration of Independence, if even it be second to that." On the same day, in nearby Georgetown, President John Quincy Adams, with great fanfare, lifted the first shovel of dirt to begin construction of the Chesapeake & Ohio Canal that would link Washington, Baltimore and Pittsburgh by water. The railroad went on to become one of the nation's longest rail lines, reaching St. Louis, Missouri, in 1857. The 185-mile canal, though it had many years of use, was quickly eclipsed as a transportation medium by the superior technology of the railroad.
 (IB, Internet, 12/7/98)(SFEC, 4/25/99, p.T6)(HNQ, 10/4/99)

1828  Aug 28, Leo Tolstoy (d.1910), Russian novelist, was born. His work included "War and Peace" and  "Anna Karenina." "History would be an excellent thing if only it were true." "It is amazing how complete is the delusion that beauty is goodness." [see Sep 9]
 (WUD, 1994 p.1491)(AP, 4/15/97)(AP, 10/14/99)(HN, 8/28/00)

1828  Sep 8, Joshua Lawrence Chamberlain, Bvt Major General (Union volunteers), hero of Little Round Top at Gettysburg, was born.
 (MC, 9/8/01)

1828  Sep 9, Leo Tolstoy, Russian novelist, was born.  [see Aug 28]
 (HN, 9/9/00)

1828  Sep 20, Gioacchino Rossini’s opera "Le Comte Ory," premiered in Paris.
 (MC, 9/20/01)

1828  Nov 1, Balfour Steward, Scottish physicist and meteorologist, was born.
 (HN, 11/1/00)

1828  Nov 19, In Vienna German composer Franz Schubert (31) died of syphilis. In this year he composed his song cycle "Schwanengesang." His work included the C-Major Symphony, string quartets, 3 piano sonatas, and the C-Major String Quartet. Otto Erich Deutsch catalogued his work [hence the "D" numbers] and wrote a documentary biography. In 1997 Brian Newbould wrote "Schubert: The Music and the Man."
 (SFEC, 2/2/97, DB. p.32)(WSJ, 4/16/97, p.A16)(WSJ, 5/13/97, p.A21)(HN, 11/19/00)

1828  Dec 3, Andrew Jackson was elected 7th president of the United States over John Quincy Adams. Resentment of the restrictive credit policies of the first central bank, the Bank of the United States, fueled a populist backlash that elected Andrew Jackson.
 (AP, 12/3/97)(WSJ, 12/31/97, p.A11)(WSJ, 6/10/98, p.A18)

1828  Dec 22, Rachel Jackson, beloved wife of Andrew Jackson, died of heart disease just weeks before her recently elected husband was inaugurated as president of the United States. Andrew Jackson had been 21 and a promising young lawyer when Rachel Donelson Robards, his landlady's daughter and the estranged wife of Lewis Robards of Kentucky, caught his eye. Robards had started divorce proceedings, but had dropped them without his wife's knowledge. Believing she was a free woman, Rachel married Andrew Jackson in 1791. Two years later, the couple discovered that Robards was finally suing for divorce--on the grounds of adultery and desertion. The divorce was granted, and in 1794, the couple quietly remarried. Yet, for the rest of her life, Rachel was unjustly slandered for her irregular marriage. The gossip became particularly painful during the 1828 presidential campaign when the 37-year-old scandal was resurrected as a campaign issue. Andrew Jackson defeated his opponent John Quincy Adams, but when Rachel died soon after the election, Jackson bitterly attributed her death to "those vile wretches who...slandered her."
 (HNPD, 12/22/98)

1828  Dec 23, Mathilde Wesendonk, German writer, poet (Tagebuchblatter), was born.
 (MC, 12/23/01)

1828  Dr. Paul Ferdinand Gachet was born in Lille. He moved to Paris in 1848 to study medicine and developed a clientele of artists that included Pissarro and Cezanne. He accepted paintings in exchanged for services and amassed a sizable collection. He also painted and used the pseudonym Paul Van Ryssel.
 (WSJ, 2/16/99, p.A20)

1828  Pietro Tenerani, Italian sculptor, made his two statues, allegories of Hunting and Fishing, at Carrara. They were placed in Carrara’s Academy of Fine Arts, the former Cybo-Malaspina palace.
 (SFEC,10/19/97, p.T5)

1828  John Rubens Smith painted his watercolor "West Front of the United States Capital." [see 1775-1844, Smith]
 (Civil., Jul-Aug., ‘95, p.66)

1828  Sister Mary Elizabeth Lange of Haiti co-founded the first black Catholic school in the US.
 (SFC, 5/26/96, T-7)

1828  Me-a-pa-te, "the hill that is hard to go around," in western Nebraska was renamed Scott’s Bluff, after the body of trapper Hiram Scott was found nearby.
 (HT, 3/97, p.34)

1828  Opponents of Andrew Jackson accused the general of having murdered a Baptist minister and five other white militiamen during the Creek War.
 (WSJ, 10/8/96, p.A22)

1828  In France a perfume and cosmetics house was established. In 1998 the firm was led by Jean-Paul Guerlain, the great-grandson of the founder.
 (SFC, 6/13/98, p.A11)

1828   Persian Armenia was annexed by Russia and nationalist feelings grew.
 (Compuserve Online Enc. / Armenia)

1828  Siamese [Thailand] forces invaded Laos. Vat Sisaket, a temple in Vientiane, survived the invasion.
 (SFEC, 8/28/98, p.T4)

1828  Uruguay, created as a buffer state between Argentina and Brazil, declared its independence.
 (Hem., 2/96, p.26)

1828-1830 The Duke of Wellington is elected prime minister of Britain. He blocks badly needed political reform and is now considered one of England’s worst prime ministers.
 (WSJ, 1/6/95, A-10)

1828-1896 Elizabeth Charles, British writer: "To know how to say what others only know how to think is what makes men poets or sages; and to dare to say what others only dare to think makes men martyrs or reformers -- or both."
 (AP, 12/13/98)

1828-1909 George Meredith, English poet: "Cynicism is intellectual dandyism."
 (AP, 10/20/98)

1829  Jan 19, Johann von Goethe's "Faust, Part 1," premiered.
 (MC, 1/19/02)

1829  Jan 28, William Burke, murderer, body snatcher, was executed in Edinburgh.
 (MC, 1/28/02)

1829  Feb 16, Francois-Joseph Gossec (95), Belgian-French composer (Messe de Morts), died.
 (MC, 2/16/02)

1829  Feb 26, Levi Strauss, creator of blue jeans, was born.
 (HN, 2/26/98)

1829  Mar 2, Carl Schurz, was born. He was a Civil War general, political reformer and anti-imperialist.
 (HN, 3/2/99)
1829  Mar 2, New England Asylum for the Blind, 1st in US, was incorporated in Boston.
 (SC, 3/2/02)

1829  Mar 4, An unruly crowd mobbed the White House during the inaugural reception for Andrew Jackson, 7th US President.
 (AP, 3/4/98)

1829  Apr 10, William Booth, founder (Salvation Army), was born.
 (MC, 4/10/02)

1829  Apr 13, English Emancipation Act granted freedom of religion to Catholics.
 (MC, 4/13/02)

1829  May 8, Louis Moreau Gottschalk, American pianist, was born.
 (HN, 5/8/02)

1829  May 10, Thomas Young, physicist, decipherer of Egyptian hieroglyphics, died.
 (MC, 5/10/02)

1829  May 15, Joseph Smith was "ordained" by John the Baptist- according to Joseph Smith.  Mormon church was founded in NY.
 (MC, 5/15/02)

1829  May 18, Bernardo Bittoni, composer, died.
 (SC, 5/18/02)

1829  May 29, Humphrey Davy (84), scientist, inventor (Miner's safety lamp), died at age 50. In 1963 Anne Treneer authored "The Mercurial Chemist: A Life of Sir Humphrey Davy."
 (ON, 12/01, p.7)(SC, 5/29/02)

1829  Jun 8, John Everett Millais, painter (Order of Release), was born in England.
 (MC, 6/8/02)

1829  Jun 12, Johanna Spyri (d.1901), Swiss author (Heidi), was born. [see June 12, 1827]
 (HN, 6/12/01)

1829  Jun 19, Sir Robert Peel founded the London Metropolitan Police (Bobbies). [see Sep 29]
 (MC, 6/19/02)

1829  Jun 27, James Smithson, Englishmen scientist, died. His 1926 will he stated that should his nephew die without heirs, the estate should go to the US of America to found at Washington, under the name of the Smithsonian Institute, an establishment for the increase and diffusion of knowledge among men. [see 1836]
 (SFEC, 8/25/96, p.T6)(SC, 6/27/02)

1829  Jul 4, Cornerstone laid for 1st US mint (Chestnut & Juniper St, Phila).
 (Maggio, 98)

1829  Jul 23, William Austin Burt of Mount Vernon, Mich., received a patent for his "typographer," a forerunner of the typewriter.
 (AP, 7/23/99)

1829  Aug 16, The original Siamese twins, Chang and Eng Bunker, arrived in Boston aboard the ship Sachem to be exhibited to the Western world.
 (AP, 8/16/97)

1829  Aug 31, Giachinno Rossini's final opera "William Tell" was produced in Paris.
 (MC, 8/31/01)

1829  Sep 8, George Crook (d.1890), Major General (Union volunteers), was born.
 (MC, 9/8/01)

1829  Sep 12, Charles Dudley Warner, essayist and novelist who, with Mark Twain, wrote "The Guilded Age," was born.
 (HN, 9/12/98)

1829  Sep 25, There was a failed assassination attempt on Simon Bolivar.
 (MC, 9/25/01)

1829  Sep 28, Walker's Appeal, a racial antislavery pamphlet, was published in Boston.
 (MC, 9/28/01)

1829  Sep 29, London’s reorganized police force, "bobbies", which became known as Scotland Yard, went on duty.
 (HFA, ‘96, p.38)(AP, 9/29/97)

1829  Sep, Ralph Waldo Emerson married Ellen Louisa Tucker. She had active tuberculosis and died two years later. His two brothers, Edward Bliss and Charles Chauncy died of TB in 1834 and 1835. [see 1883-1885]
 (WP, 1952, p.41)

1829  Oct 16, Tremont Hotel, 1st US modern hotel, opened in Boston.
 (MC, 10/16/01)

1829  Oct 17, Delaware River and Chesapeake Bay Canal formally opened. The Chesapeake-Delaware Canal was 14 miles long.
 (NG, Sept., 1939, p.379)(MC, 10/17/01)
1829  Oct 17, Sam Patch (~23), stunt diver, successfully dove 120 feet from a platform on Goat Island at Niagara Falls.
 (MC, 11/13/01)(ON, 4/02, p.6)

1829  Oct 23, The Eastern State Penitentiary in Philadelphia received its 1st prisoner, burglar Charles Williams (18). It was based on the Quaker idea of reform through solitude and reflection. It opened to tourists in 1971 after being closed to prisoners. The prison was designed by John Haviland.
 (WSJ, 9/19/97, p.B1)(AHHT, 10/02, p.18)

1829  Oct 29, Maria A. [Nannerl] Mozart, Austrian pianist (Wolfgang's sister), died.
 (MC, 10/29/01)

1829  Nov 13, Sam Patch (~23), stunt diver, dove 125 feet from a platform at the Genessee Falls in Rochester. His body was found the following March in the Genessee River ice. In 2003 Paul E. Johnson authored "Sam Patch, the Famous Jumper."
 (MC, 11/13/01)(ON, 4/02, p.6)(SSFC, 6/15/03, p.M6)

1829  Nov 16, Anton G. Rubinstein, Russian pianist, conductor and composer, was born.
 (MC, 11/16/01)

1829  Nov 20, Jews were expelled from Nikolayev and Sevastopol, Russia.
 (MC, 11/20/01)

1829  Nov 28, Anton Rubinstein (d.1894), pianist and composer (Omitri Doskoy), was born in Vykhvatinetz, Podolia. He was the teacher of Tchaikovsky and considered the only rival of Liszt. His work included 6 symphonies, dozens of concertos and chamber works, and 20 operas, of which only "The Demon" has shown staying power. It was based on Lermontov’s Byronic poem.
 (WSJ, 7/16/96, p.A9)(MC, 11/28/01)

1829  Dec 4, Britain abolished "suttee" in India. This was the practice of a widow burning herself to death on her husband's funeral pyre.
 (MC, 12/4/01)

1829  Dec 8, The first presidential address of Andrew Jackson.
 (WSJ, 4/2/96, p.A-14)

1829  Dec 18, Jean-Baptiste de Lamarck (~85), French nature investigator, died.
 (MC, 12/18/01)

1829  Dec 21, The 1st stone arch railroad bridge in US was dedicated in Baltimore.
 (MC, 12/21/01)

1829  Dec 22, The Baltimore & Ohio Railroad opened the first passenger railway line.
 (HN, 12/22/98)

1829  Dec 27, Hinton Helper, southern abolitionist, was born. He wrote "The Impending Crisis,"  the most stinging indictment of slavery.
 (HN, 12/27/98)

1829  David Walker, an outspoken black abolitionist, stated the Mr. Jefferson’s remarks (on white superiority) "have sunk deep into the hearts of millions of whites and will never be removed this side of eternity." [see 1743]
 (SFC,12/897, p.A27)

1829  Mendelssohn's revived Bach’s St. Matthew Passion.
 (LGC-HCS, p.32)

1829  Frederic Chopin at 19 published his Waltz #10, Op.69/2 and Waltz #13 Op.70/3. These were his first and second published waltzes.
 (BAAC PN, Chambers, 1/8/96)

1829  Utopian reformers opened the Hall of Science in a disused downtown Manhattan church, across the street from Tract House, the headquarters of a new Christian evangelical movement.
 (SSFC, 9/8/02, p.M2)

1829  The American Bible Society published scripture in the Seneca Indian language.
 (WSJ, 8/7/98, p.W13)

1829  Sister Mary Elizabeth Lange of Haiti co-founded the first black religious order of nuns (the Oblate Sisters of Providence) in the US.
 (SFC, 5/26/96, T-7)

1829  Plymouth Brethren missionaries from the US made their 1st trip to Baghdad.
 (WSJ, 1/17/03, p.W13)

1829  The first successful steam engine came out.
 (SFC, 12/28/96, p.C4)

1829  William Austin Burt patented his typographer, the first practical typewriter writing machine.
 (SJSVB, 3/25/96, p.27)

1829  Friedrich Buschmann, German musician, invented the accordion and laid out the buttons in a circle of fifths pattern.
 (ElMus, 3/95, p.69)

1829  Daniel O’Connell, an Irish Catholic, took a seat in the House of Commons and began to work for the repeal of the union between Britain and Ireland. Nationalistic sentiments became identified mainly with the Catholics.
 (SFEC, 12/22/96, Z1,p.6)

1829  In England the ban on Catholic voting was lifted.
 (SFEC, 10/6/96, BR p.5)

1829  The Obelisk of Luxor, a gift from Egypt, was transported to the Place de la Concorde in Paris. [see 1836]
 (WSJ, 10/26/99, p.A24)

1829  An Iranian crowd stormed the Russian embassy in Tehran and killed the ambassador, Alexander Griboyedov. The Russians let the incident pass after an Iranian apology. They were already at war with the Turks and in regional competition with the British.
 (WSJ, 2/10/96, p.A18)

1829  A hurricane destroyed the town of Loreto in Baha California except for the Mission Nuestra Senora de Loreto. The center of government was moved down the coast to La Paz.
 (SFEC, 5/18/97, p.T5)

1829-1833 Honore Daumier, French artist, created his bust of Comte de Lameth. Daumier honed his caricaturing skills with a series of terra-cotta busts that lampooned the right-wing leaders of the Court party. Lameth had fought for the colonists in the American Revolution and had voted to abolish the aristocracy during the French revolution.
 (WSJ, 3/10/00, p.W16)

1829-1837 Andrew Jackson was President of the US. In 2001 Robert V. Remini authored "Andrew Jackson and His Indian Wars."
 (A&IP, ESM, p.96b, photo)(SSFC, 7/15/01, DB p.63)

1829-1900 Charles Dudley Warner, American author and editor: "Public opinion is stronger than the legislature, and nearly as strong as the Ten Commandments."
 (AP, 9/24/98)

1829-1904 John Rogers, sculptor. He depicted Americans the way they wanted to be seen and became known as the "People’s Sculptor."
 (AHHT, 4/01, p.7)

1829-1906  Carl Schurz, American politician: "Ideals are like stars; you will not succeed in touching them with your hands. But like the seafaring man on the desert of waters, you choose them as your guides, and following them you will reach your destiny."
 (AP, 5/21/98)

1829-1908 Thomas Hill, American landscape painter.
 (SSFC, 2/4/01, DB p.65)

1829-1912 General William Booth was the founder and leader of the Salvation Army, a Christian and social welfare organization taking spiritual and material help to the needy, first in London and then around the world. Booth, ordained a Methodist minister in 1858 but later becoming an independent evangelist, changed the name of his Christian Mission to the Salvation Army in 1878, adopting a military structure. Booth‘s seven children toiled in the Army, organizing units (including the Volunteers of America) throughout the world.
 (HNQ, 3/13/00)

1830  Jan 7, 1st US Railroad Station opened in Baltimore.
 (MC, 1/7/02)
1830  Jan 7, Albert Bierstadt, painter (US landscapes), was born in Germany.
 (MC, 1/7/02)

1830  Jan 8, Gouverneur Kemble Warren (d.1882), Major Gen (Union volunteers), was born.
 (MC, 1/8/02)
1830  Jan 8, Hans von Bulow, pianist, virtuoso conductor, was born in Dresden.
 (MC, 1/8/02)

1830  Jan 13, There was a great fire in New Orleans. It was thought to be set by rebel slaves.
 (MC, 1/13/02)

1830  Jan 28, Daniel Auber's opera "Fra Diavolo," premiered in Paris.
 (MC, 1/28/02)

1830  Feb 3, Robert Cecil, Marquess of Salisbury (C), British PM (1885-1902), was born.
 (MC, 2/3/02)

1830  Feb, In France the Comedie-Francaise performed "Hernani," a play whose hero swears vengeance against Don Carlo, i.e. King Charles. The play "provoked a brouhaha that heralded the July Revolution."
 (WSJ, 2/10/98, p.A16)

1830  Mar 4, V. Bellini's opera "I Capuleti e i Montecchi" premiered in Venice.
 (WSJ, 11/10/98, p.A20)(SC, 3/4/02)

1830  Mar 16, London reorganized its police force, Scotland Yard.
 (MC, 3/16/02)

1830  Apr 5, Alexander Muir, poet (Maple Leaf Forever), was born in Lesmahagow, Scotland.
 (MC, 4/5/02)

1830  Apr 6, The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints was organized by Joseph Smith and five others in Fayette, Seneca County, N.Y. Joseph Smith published the "Book of Mormon" in Palmyra, New York. He claimed that the manuscript was based on ancient golden plates revealed to him by the angel Moroni and written in the language of the Egyptians. The book records the journey of an ancient Israelite prophet, Lehi, and his family to the American continent some 2,000 years ago. [see 1827, 1831]
 (SFC, 4/9/96, A-7)(NH, 10/96, p.19)(AP, 4/6/97)(HN, 4/6/98)

1830  Apr 9, Edward Muybridge, pioneered study of motion, photography, was born in England. In 2002 Rebecca Solnit authored "River of Shadows: Eadweard Muybridge and the Technological Wild West."
 (MC, 4/9/02)(SSFC, 1/26/03, p.M1)

1830  May 1, Mother (Mary Harris) Jones, reformer and labor organizer, was born. [see 1837]
 (HN, 5/1/01)

1830  May 3, The 1st regular steam train passenger service started.
 (MC, 5/3/02)

1830  May 5, John B. Stetson, American hat maker, was born. He gave his name to the wide-brimmed cowboy hat.
 (HN, 5/5/99)

1830  May 18, Karl Goldmark Keszthely, composer, was born in Hungary.
 (HN, 5/18/98)(SC, 5/18/02)
1830  May 18, Edwin Budding of England signed an agreement for the manufacture of his invention, the lawn mower.
 (SC, 5/18/02)

1830  May 20, The 1st railroad timetable was published in the newspaper Baltimore American.
 (MC, 5/20/02)
1830  May 20, Dr. Hyde patented a fountain pen.
 (MC, 5/20/02)

1830  May 24, "Mary Had a Little Lamb," was written. Sarah Josepha Hale of Newport, N.H., published a collection of poems "Poems for Our Children," that included "Mary Had a Little Lamb." [see 1815]
 (SFC, 8/24/98, p.B6)(MC, 5/24/02)
1830  May 24, The first passenger railroad in the United States began service between Baltimore and Elliott’s Mills, Md. The first regularly scheduled railroad passenger service was pulled by the engine named "The Best Friend of Charleston."
 (AP, 5/24/97)(SFC, 6/18/99, p.D4)

1830  May 25, Jules de Geyter, Belgian poet (International), was born.
 (SC, 5/25/02)

1830  May 28, Congress authorized Indian removal from all states to western prairie.
 (HN, 5/28/98)

1830  Jul 4, William Sublette, a trapper and explorer, named Independence Rock, Wyo., when he celebrated his 54th birthday there.
 (SFC, 8/13/98, p.A3)

1830  Jul 5, The French occupied the North African city of Algiers.
 (AP, 7/5/97)

1830  Jul 10, Camille Pissarro (d.1903), French impressionist painter, was born on the island of St. Thomas in the West Indies. He studied as a child in Paris but spent his early years as an artist in Caracas, Venezuela. In Paris he became a devotee of the neo-Impressionist technique.
 (WUD, 1994, p.1097)(DPCP 1984)(HN, 7/10/01)

1830  Jul 15, 3 Indian tribes, Sioux, Sauk & Fox, signed a treaty giving the US most of Minnesota, Iowa & Missouri.
 (MC, 7/15/02)

1830  Jul 18, Uruguay adopted a liberal constitution.
 (HN, 7/18/98)

1830  Jul 26, King Charles X of France issued five ordinances limiting the political and civil rights of citizens.
 (HN, 7/26/98)

1830  Jul 29, Liberals led by the Marquis of Lafayette seized Paris in opposition to the king’s restrictions on citizens’ rights.
 (HN, 7/29/98)

1830  Aug 4, Plans for the city of Chicago were laid out.
 (AP, 8/4/97)

1830  Aug 25, The "Tom Thumb" steam locomotive, designed by Peter Cooper, ran its famous race with a horse-drawn car. The horse won because the engine, which had been ahead, broke down. [see Sep 18]
 (HN, 8/25/98)(ON, 1/01, p.12)

1830  Aug 28, "Tom Thumb," the 1st locomotive in US, ran from Baltimore to Ellicotts Mill.
 (MC, 8/28/01)

1830  Sep 15, British MP William Huskisson was killed under the wheels of the "Rocket" train at the opening of the Liverpool and Manchester Railway. He was the 1st person to be run-over by a railroad train.
 (SFEC,12/21/97, Z1 p.5)(MC, 9/15/01)

1830  Sep 18, Tom Thumb" the first locomotive built in the United States, lost a nine-mile race in Maryland to a horse. [see Aug 25]
 (HN, 9/18/98)(ON, 1/01, p.12)

1830  Sep 20, The National Negro Convention convened in Philadelphia with the purpose of abolishing slavery.
 (HN, 9/20/98)

1830  Oct 5, The 21st president of the United States, Chester Arthur, was born in Fairfield, Vt.
 (AP, 10/5/97)

1830  Oct 15, Helen Maria Hunt Jackson (d.1885), writer and poet, was born in Amherst, Massachusetts. Her 1881 non-fiction work, "A Century of Dishonor," raised concerns about the treatment of Native Americans. Jackson, a lifelong friend of Emily Dickinson, worked on a government investigation of the treatment of Mission Indians. Her 1884 novel Ramona was also about the plight of Indians in California. "Wounded vanity knows when it is mortally hurt; and limps off the field, piteous, all disguises thrown away. But pride carries its banner to the last; and fast as it is driven from one field unfurls it in another." "It is the weakness and danger of republics, that the vices as well as virtues of the people are represented in their legislation."
 (AP, 5/24/97)(HN, 10/15/98)(HNQ, 12/20/99)(AP, 2/17/00)

1830  Nov 8, Oliver Otis Howard (d.1909), Major General (Union volunteers), was born.
 (MC, 11/8/01)

1830  Nov 13, Oliver Wendell Holmes published "Old Ironsides."
 (MC, 11/13/01)

1830  Dec 5, Christina Rossetti (d.1894), poet (Winter Rain, Passing Away), was born in London. She wrote devotional verse, curious fairy tales and category defying poems. Her brothers, William Michael and Dante Gabriel, helped found the Pre-Raphaelite Brotherhood, whose professed aim was to revive the purity and vividness they admired in late medieval art. Her story is told by Jan Marsh in "Christina Rosetti: A Writer’s Life." "Better by far you should forget and smile, Than that you should remember and be sad."
 (WSJ, 7/25/95, p.A-10)(AP, 12/11/98)(MC, 12/5/01)

1830  Dec 10, Emily Dickinson (d.1886), American poet, was born in Amherst, Massachusetts. Perhaps the best-known woman poet in the United States today, Dickinson led a rather secluded life. After studying at Amherst Academy and then for one year at the Mount Holyoke Female Seminary, she lived with her family and never married. The few friends that Emily Dickinson did have received regular gifts of poetry and letters from her. Although she wrote poetry constantly, she never seriously pursued publishing her work. Only about 10 poems were published in her lifetime, and those were submitted for publication without her permission. After her death in 1886, more than 1,700 of her poems, which she had bound together in bundles, were discovered and published. "They say that God is everywhere, and yet we always think of Him as somewhat of a recluse."
 (HNPD, 12/8/98)(AP, 1/10/99)

1830  Dec 10, Simon Bolivar (b.1783), South American freedom fighter and "dictator", died. [see Dec 17]
 (MC, 12/10/01)

1830  Dec 17, Simon Bolivar (b.1783) died in Colombia. He was the Venezuelan leader for national independence. [see Jul 24, 1783, Dec 10, 1830]
 (HFA, ‘96, p.20)(AHD, p.148)(AP, 12/17/97)

1830  Dec 26, Gaetano Donizetti's opera "Anna Bolena," premiered in Milan.
 (MC, 12/26/01)

1830  Ingres made his pencil study for "La Grande Odalisque. "
 (WSJ, 7/1/96, p.A11)

c1830  Franz Kreuger painted his portrait of Russia’s Empress Alexandra Fedorovna.
 (SSFM, 4/1/01, p.61)

c1830  Sheldon Peck, American New England artist, painted the portrait of a revolutionary soldier or dignitary. The portrait had been found in a local auction and was bought for $25. In 1997 it was valued at about $250,000.
 (SFC, 8/19/97, p.A6)

1830  George Earl Bulwer-Lytton (Edward George Bulwer-Lytton) published his novel "Paul Clifford." The opening line was "It was a dark and stormy night," and led to the 1982 Bulwer-Lytton Fiction Contest for bad writing. Lytton also coined the phrase "the pen is mightier than the sword."
 (SFC, 7/14/99, p.A14)(SFC, 7/10/01, p.A18)

1830  Charles Lyell published the first edition of his "Principles of Geology."
 (RFH-MDHP, p.70)

1830  The First Symphony by Berlioz had its premiere.
 (SFC, 6/28/97, p.E1)

1830  In Pennsylvania George Brinton began constructing a home later called Rondelay in Chadds Ford. After extensive renovations the 6 bedroom home on 38.9 acres was listed for sale in 1998 for $2.9 mil.
 (WSJ, 4/3/98, p.W8)

1830  Andrew Jackson, seventh President of the US, signed the Indian Removal Act of 1830. The act banished the Cherokee and other eastern tribes to beyond the Mississippi.
 (NG, 5/95, p.78)

1830  A year after leaving office as the sixth president of the United States, the Plymouth district of Massachusetts unexpectedly elected John Quincy Adams to the House of Representatives, where he served until he suffered a stroke on the House floor in 1848. He died two days later. Adams at the time enjoyed the distinction of having been the only son to follow his father to the presidency.
 (HNQ, 5/31/01)

1830  Senator Daniel Webster said: "Liberty and Union, now and forever, one and inseparable!"
 (WSJ, 9/30/97, p.A20)

1830  The USS Constitution (aka Old Ironsides) was condemned as unseaworthy. The ship was saved by a poem by Oliver Wendell Holmes, a Harvard anatomy professor, that stirred up protests. "Oh, better that her shattered hulk / Should sink beneath the wave..."
 (SFEC, 7/13/97, Par p.14)(SFC, 7/22/97, p.A11)(SFC,10/24/97, p.E5)

1830  The US Naval Observatory in Washington became the official timekeeper for the United States.
 (WSJ, 10/17/95, B-1)

1830  Commercial bottling operations for ketchup began in Boston.
 (SFC, 8/27/03, p.E4)

1830  The yard was standardized at 36 inches. It had started out as the girth of a Saxon.
 (SFC, 10/28/00, p.D4)

c1830  The Bowie knife was first introduced.
 (WSJ, 11/9/98, p.A1)

1830  A Frenchman patented a sewing machine.
 (WSJ, 1/11/99, p.R25)

1830  American alcohol consumption reached 7.1 gallons per capita.
 (WSJ, 10/5/98, p.A28)

1830  The non-Indian population of California was 4,256.
 (SFEC, 9/20/98, Z1 p.4)

1830  There were 40 million buffalo in the US at this time. By 1890 the number was reduced to 1,000.
 (NH, 12/96, p.10)

1830  Richard Lander, British explorer, completed Mungo Park’s journey down the Niger from Bussa to the mouth of the river in 5 months.
 (ON, 7/00, p.12)

1830  Henry Philip Hope, a London banker, purchased the 45 carat blue diamond. It later began to be known as the "Hope Diamond."
 (THC, 12/3/97)(EB, 1993, V6 p.51)

1830  A Massachusetts spice trading ship was seized by pirates in Sumatra. In 2001 "Drums of Quallah Battoo: Salem Pepper Traders and Sumatran Pirates" by Charles P Corn (d.2001) was to be published.
 (SFC, 3/20/01, p.A19)

1830  Britain’s King George IV died. George Augustus Frederick of Hanover, Prince of Wales, was called Prinny by his friends. In 2002 Steven Parissien authored "George IV."
 (WSJ, 4/5/02, p.W12)

1830   1000 Albanian leaders were invited to meet with an Ottoman general who killed about half of them.
 (www, Albania, 1998)

1830  France, a minor revolt occurred.
 (V.D.-H.K.p.257)

1830  A French taxidermist stuffed an African Bushman from Botswana and took the body to Europe for exhibition. In 2000 the body was returned from a Spanish museum.
 (WSJ, 10/5/00, p.A1)

1830  In Germany the Altes Museum was designed by Karl Friedrich Schinkel in the center of Berlin.
 (WSJ, 7/29/98, p.A13)

1830  In Germany Michael Thonet (d.1871) started making bentwood furniture. He moved to Vienna in 1842 and in 1850 started making bentwood chairs for commercial use. His 5 sons joined the company and by 1856 it was known as Gebruder Thonet. In 1923 the company joined others to form Thonet-Kohn-Mundus and began making tubular steel furniture. It moved its headquarters to the US in 1940 and is still in business.
 (SFC, 9/4/96, z1 p.5)

1830  The Gran Colombia union collapsed and Colombia, Ecuador and Venezuela became independent countries.
 (AP, 11/24/02)

1830  Nicholas I of Russia ruthlessly repressed the insurrection in Poland.
 (WSJ, 4/13/99, p.A16)

1830s  In St. Louis Henry Shaw made a fortune outfitting westward bound wagon trains. He retired at 40 and began to transform a wild prairie outside the city into magnificent gardens known later as The Missouri Botanical Garden (Shaw’s Garden).
 (SFC, 10/12/97, p.T5)

1830s  Isambard Brunel, a young engineer, was given the daunting task of building England’s Great Western Railway. Brunel the engineer was the son of Brunel the engineer. Brunel senior, a royalist, had fled the French Revolution to become, briefly, official engineer to the city of New York, and then, having settled in London, a consultant engineer to the Royal Navy. Educated and trained in both French and English schools and workshops, Brunel junior served his practical apprenticeship assisting his father in the building of the first tunnel under the Thames. It now carries the Underground between Wapping and Rotherhithe.
 (HN, 6/26/01)

1830s  In Japan Hokusai made his "Thirty-Six Views of Mount Fuji. The wood blocks included "Under the Wave of Kanagawa," "The Back of Mt. Fuji from Minebea River," and "Winter Loneliness." The last was inspired by a poem of Minato no Muneyuki Ason. Another series was titled "A Tour of Japanese Waterfalls.
 (SFC, 9/24/98, p.E3)

1830s  Charles Wheatsone of London developed the English concertina with a range of three chromatic octaves.
 (BAAC, 8/96, p.6)

1830s  Chair manufacturers started using metal for chair parts.
 (SFC, 4/1/98, Z1 p.7)

1830s  Don Vincente, a former Spanish monk, committed 8 murders for books owned by others.
 (SFC, 9/6.96, p.C5)

1830s-1840s The US Congress adhered to a gag rule that prohibited any consideration of any petition regarding the status of slavery or the slave trade on federal territory.
 (WSJ, 7/29/96, p.A12)

1830s-1880s The art of creating a memorial wreath from the hair of a departed loved one was a popular Victorian mourning ritual.
 (SFC,11/5/97, Z.1 p.3)

1830-1835 Tocqueville published his Democracy in America. In a democracy such as the United States, he said, private associations are permitted by the central government to perform quasi-governmental functions that take the brunt of governmental power and protect the people like a great umbrella spread out against a rainstorm. A nation without this crucial element in its makeup will be a more terrible tyranny than the world has ever seen.
 (V.D.-H.K.p.308)

1830-1850 The Pennsylvania German community made traditional hand-stitched show towels and most show towels date from this period. They were hung on a door in the main room of a house.
 (SFC,12/10/97, Z1 p.9)

1830-1859 Alfred King worked as a jeweler and clockmaker in Chippenham, England, during this time. He signed his work "A. King." His clocks fetch $2-3k.
 (SFC, 7/9/97, Z1 p.3)

1830-1864 Private coins were manufactured in several areas of the US.
 (SFEC, 7/5/98, Par p.17)

1830-1867  Alexander Smith, Scottish poet and essayist: "Christmas is the day that holds all time together."
 (AP, 12/24/97)

1830-1895 Lothar Meyer, German chemist, independently of Mendeleev discovered that if the chemical elements are arranged in a sequence according to their atomic weights, various chemical properties repeat periodically along the sequence.
 (SCTS, p.54)

1830-1897 In Brazil Antonio Vicente Mendes Maciel, aka Antonio Conselheiro, was born in Quixeramobim, Ceara. He founded the settlement of Canudos in Bahia that was destroyed by government forces. [see 1896]
 (SFC, 10/7/97, p.A14)

1830-1917  Belva Ann Bennett Lockwood, American social reformer: "The glory of each generation is to make its own precedents."
 (AP, 6/28/99)

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