1831-1840

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1831  Jan 1, William Lloyd Garrison (1805-1879), 24-year-old reformer of Massachusetts, began publishing his newspaper The Liberator, dedicated to the abolition of slavery. Garrison's stridency and uncompromising position on both the institution of slavery and slave owners offended many in the North and South, but he vowed to continue the fight until slavery was abolished. In the first issue of his newspaper, he wrote, "I am aware that many object to the severity of my language; but is there not cause for severity? I will be as harsh as truth, and as uncompromising as justice. On this subject I do not wish to think, or speak, or write, with moderation. No! No!" Garrison once burned a copy of the U.S. Constitution, condemning it as "a covenant with death and an agreement with hell" because it did not forbid slavery. The Liberator ceased publication in 1865 after the 13th Amendment was passed, outlawing slavery. [see 1830]
 (HNPD, 12/31/98)

1831  Feb 13, John Aaron Rawlins (d.1969), Bvt. Major General (Union Army), was born.
 (MC, 2/13/02)

1831  Feb 19, The 1st practical US coal-burning locomotive made its 1st trial run in Pennsylvania.
 (MC, 2/19/02)

1831  Feb 20, Polish revolutionaries defeated the Russians in the Battle of Grochow.
 (HN, 2/20/98)

1831  Feb 25, The Polish army halted the Russian advance into their country at the Battle of Grochow.
 (HN, 2/25/99)

1831  Mar 2, John Frazee becomes 1st US sculptor to receive a federal commission.
 (SC, 3/2/02)

1831  Mar 3, George Pullman (inventor: railroad sleeping car; industrialist: Pullman Palace Car Company), was born.
 (HC, Internet, 3/3/98)

1831  Mar 4, Georg Michael Telemann (82), composer, died.
 (SC, 3/4/02)

1831  Mar 6, Philip Henry Sheridan, Union Army General and hero of the Battle of Cedar Creek, was born.
 (HN, 3/6/99)

1831  Mar 6, Edgar Allan Poe failed out of West Point. He was discharged from West Point for "gross neglect of duty." His parade uniform was supposedly incorrect.
 (SFEC, 4/13/97, Z1 p.4)(HN, 3/6/98)

1831  Mar 12, Clement Studebaker, auto maker, was born. John Studebaker mad a small fortune manufacturing wheelbarrows and pick axes for the miners in Placerville, Ca., that he used to found an automobile firm.
 (HN, 3/12/98)(SFEC, 4/12/98, p.T7)

1831  Mar 19, The first recorded bank robbery occurred at the City Bank, in New York. Some $245,000 is stolen.
 (HN, 3/19/98)

1831  Mar 26, An interim government was set up in Raseiniai as a Lithuanian revolt against Russian rule began. There was a major uprising led by the Polish nobility in Warsaw against Russian rule. Russian forces began to march through Lithuania and this led many people of Lithuania to join in the rebellion against Russian rule. Serf uprisings also followed. The rebellion was eventually quelled by Russian force.
 (H of L, 1931, p.85-86)(LHC, 3/26/03)

1831  Mar 31, Archibald Scott, Scottish chemist, was born.
 (MC, 3/31/02)
1831  Mar 31, Quebec and Montreal were incorporated.
 (HN, 3/31/98)

1831  Apr 7, Pedro I of Brazil abdicated in favor of his 5-year-old son, Pedro de Alcantara, Pedro II.
 (EWH, 4th ed., p.855)

1831  Apr 12, Grenville Mellen Dodge, Major General (Union volunteers), was born.
 (MC, 4/12/02)

1831  May 16, David Edward Hughes, inventor (microphone, teleprinter), was born.
 (MC, 5/16/02)

1831  May 26, Russians defeated the Poles at battle of Ostrolenska.
 (HN, 5/26/98)

1831  Jun 1, John B. Hood Confederate Civil War general, was born.
 (HN, 6/1/98)

1831  Jun 13, James Clerk Maxwell (d.1879), Scottish physicist, was born. He showed that electrical, magnetic and optical phenomena were all united in a single universal force, electromagnetism, and formulated electromagnetic theory,
 (V.D.-H.K.p.269)(HN, 6/13/98)

1831  Jun 28, Joseph Joachim, violinist (Hungarian Concerto), was born in Kittsee, Germany.
 (MC, 6/28/02)

1831  Jul 4, "America (My Country 'Tis of Thee)" was 1st sung in Boston. [see Jul 4, 1832]
 (Maggio, 98)
1831  Jul 4, James Monroe, 5th President of the United States, died in New York City at age 73, making him the third ex-President to die on Independence Day.
 (AP, 7/4/97)(HN, 7/4/98)(IB, Internet, 12/7/98)

1831  Jul 21, Belgium became independent as Leopold I was proclaimed King of the Belgians.
 (AP, 7/21/97)

1831  Jul 24, Maria Agata Szymanowska (41), composer, died.
 (MC, 7/24/02)

1831  Jul 30, Helene P. Blavatsky, founder (Theosophist Cooperation), was born.
 (MC, 7/30/02)

1831  Aug 10, William Driver of Salem, Massachusetts, was the first to use the term "Old Glory" in connection with the American flag, when he gave that name to a large flag aboard his ship, the Charles Daggett.
 (HN, 8/10/98)

1831  Aug 21-22, Preacher and former slave Nat Turner led a violent insurrection in Virginia that killed 57-60 white people that included women and children in Southampton, Va. Turner was later executed. A 1998 play by Robert O’Hara "Insurrection: Holding History" centered on the event.
 (SFC, 6/24/96, p.A19)(SFC, 12/18/96, p.A25)(AP, 8/21/97)(SFC, 1/16/98, p.D1)(HN, 8/21/98)(ON, 10/99, p.9)

1831  Aug 29, Michael Faraday, British physicist, demonstrated the 1st electric transformer. Faraday had discovered that a changing magnetic field produces an electric current in a wire, a phenomenon known as electromagnetic induction.
 (SCTS, p.99)(MC, 8/29/01)(WSJ, 9/17/01, p.R6)

1831  Aug 30, Charles Darwin refused to travel with the HMS Beagle. On Dec 27 he was onboard.
 (MC, 8/30/01)(AP, 12/27/97)

1831  Sep 7, Victorien Sardou, French stage writer (Madame Sans-Gene, Tosca), was born.
 (MC, 9/7/01)

1831  Sep 9, Eleven men, accused and convicted for participating in the revolt led by Nat Turner, were hanged. The death sentence for 7 others was commuted by the governor to "transportation," i.e. sale outside the state.  [see Sep 9, Oct 31]
 (ON, 10/99, p.10)

1831  Sep 27, Joannis Capodistrias (55), Greek governor of Troezen, was murdered.
 (MC, 9/27/01)

1831  Oct 17, Felix Mendelssohn's 1st Piano concert in G premiered.
 (MC, 10/17/01)

1831  Oct 21, Nat Turner (31) and 19 associates were hanged. [see Sep 9, Oct 31]
 (MC, 10/21/01)

1831  Oct 31, Daniel Butterfield (d.1901), Major General (Union volunteers), was born.
 (MC, 10/31/01)
1831  Oct 31, Nat Turner was caught by Mr. Benjamin Phipps and locked up in Jerusalem. Thomas Gray, his court appointed attorney, spent 3 days talking to Turner and compiled his notes into "The Confessions of Nat Turner," which were published in 1969. [see Sep 9, Oct 31]
 (ON, 10/99, p.10)

1831  Nov 3, Ignatius Donnelly (d.1901), American social reformer, was born. Donnelly was an important scholar of the mythical continent of Atlantis. In 1882 he wrote "Atlantis: The Antediluvian World."
 (SFEC, 7/26/98, BR p.3)(HN, 11/3/99)

1831  Nov 6, James Garfield (d.1881), 20th president of the United States, was born. [see Nov 19]
 (HN, 11/6/98)(AP, 9/1/99)

1831  Nov 8, Edward R.L. Bulwer-Lytton, English writer, was born.
 (MC, 11/8/01)

1831  Nov 11, Nat Turner, a former slave who led a revolt against slave owners, was hanged in Jerusalem, Virginia. Turner had led an insurrection against slavery that claimed the lives of 55 people. A martyr to the anti-slavery cause, Turner's actions had the adverse effect of virtually ending all abolitionist activities in the south before the Civil War.
 (AP, 11/11/97)(HN, 11/11/98)(MC, 11/11/01)

1831  Nov 14, Ignaz Joseph Pleyel (74), Austrian composer and piano builder, died.
 (MC, 11/14/01)

1831  Nov 16, Karl von Clausewitz (51), Prussian strategist (Campaign 1813), died.
 (MC, 11/16/01)

1831  Nov 19, James A. Garfield (d.1881) the 20th Pres. of the US, was born in Orange, Ohio. [see Nov 6]
 (CFA, ‘96, p.58)(WUD, 1994, p.584)

1831  Nov 22, Giacomo Meyerbeer's opera "Robert Le Diable" was produced (Paris).
 (MC, 11/22/01)

1831  Dec 5, Former President John Quincy Adams took his seat as a member of the U.S. House of Representatives.
 (AP, 12/5/01)

1831  Dec 26, Vincenzo Bellini's opera "Norma," premiered in Milan.
 (MC, 12/26/01)

1831  Dec 27, HMS Beagle departed from Plymouth. Naturalist Charles Darwin set out on a voyage to the Pacific aboard the HMS Beagle. Darwin's discoveries during the voyage helped formed the basis of his theories on evolution.
 (HN, 12/27/98)(AP, 12/27/97)

1831  Dec 29, Adam Badeau (d.1895), Bvt Brig General (Union volunteers), was born.
 (MC, 12/29/01)

1831  Balzac wrote his story "The Unknown Masterpiece." It became a parable of modern art.
 (WSJ, 1/4/98, p.A8)

1831  The "Hunchback of Notre Dame" (Notre Dame de Paris) by Victor Hugo was published. Disney released an animated film based on the classic in 1996.
 (WSJ, 6/20/95, p.B-1)

1831  Stendhal wrote his novel "The Red and the Black." [2nd source said 1830]
 (WSJ, 1/2/96, p. A-7)(WSJ, 3/25/97, p.A16)

1831  Frederic Chopin at 21 published his Waltz #1 in Eb Major and Waltz #3. These were his third and fourth published waltzes.
 (BAAC PN, Chambers, 1/8/96)

1831  The Sinking Spring Presbyterian Church was built in Abingdon, Virginia. It was later bought by the Sons of Temperance. In 1900 it was deeded to the city and in 1933 became the home of the Barter Theater.
 (HT, 3/97, p.14)

1831  Early followers of Joseph Smith merged with a communal Christian sect and relocated to Kirkland, Ohio. [see 1838]
 (SFC, 4/9/96, A-7)

1831  The International Platform Association was founded by Daniel Webster and Josiah Holbrook. It is an organization for those on the lecture platform.
 (DrEE, 10/26/96, p.4)

1831  At Yale the Skull and Bones society was founded. Boneswomen were not admitted until 1991.
 (USAT, 1/15/97, p.6D)

1831  US copyright protections were expanded to cover musical compositions.
 (SFC, 4/8/02, p.E1)

1831  The anti-Mason Party met in Baltimore for the first presidential nominating convention in the US. The 116 delegates selected William Wirt of Maryland.
 (Hem, 8/96, p.86)

1831  New York Senator William L. Marcy made the statement, "To the victor belong the spoils of the enemy," on the floor of the U.S. Senate in 1831.  Marcy was responding to attacks on Secretary of State Martin van Buren made by Senator Henry Clay with regard to the use of patronage for party purposes, known as the "spoils system." Marcy, who retired from the senate in 1833, became known as the "champion of the spoils system." He went on to serve as secretary of war and secretary of state.
 (HNQ, 9/23/99)

1831  George Yount was given a 35,000-acre land grant in Napa, Ca. by Gen. Vallejo.
 (WCG, 7/95, p.21)(SFEC, 2/22/98, p.T4)

1831  In the US the first federally financed artwork was a $400 bust John Jay, the first Chief Justice of the US.
 (WSJ, 12/1/95, p.A-1)

1831  Robert A. Kinzie paid $127.68 for 102 acres of land that became much of Chicago.
 (SFC, 2/26/00, p.B3)

1831  In New Hampshire Joseph Foster began building reed organs and melodeons. In 1845 he moved from Winchester to Keene and was joined by his brother Ephraim. The firm became known as "J&E Foster." They worked together until Joseph died in 1875.
 (SFC, 2/18/98, Z1 p.3)

1831   The Ohio city of Cincinnati became known as "Porkopolis". Strategically located on the banks of the Ohio River, Cincinnati gained the nickname because it was then America‘s greatest meat packing center.
 (HNQ, 3/16/00)

1831  The lawn mower was invented in England.
 (SFC, 7/14/99, p.4)

1831  Stephen Girard (b.1750), shipping, real estate, banking and insurance magnate, died. His $7 million estate was the largest in the nation and he bequeathed it to create and sustain a school for orphan boys. His value in 1999 dollars totalled $56 billion.
 (WSJ, 1/2/97, p.6)

1831  The original Zouaves, Zouaoua tribesmen from Algeria, formed their brightly dressed fighting force and later gained renown for their bravery during the Crimean and Franco-Austrian wars. American units imitated both the dress and battle courage of these fierce fighters.
 (HNQ, 10/12/01)

1831  In London a 9-bedroom residence was built for a nobleman that in 1931 became the Abbey Road recording studio.
 (Sky, 9/97, p.53)

1831  The Garrick Club was founded in London for actors, writers and politicians.
 (SFEC, 8/16/98, p.A20)(NW, 4/24/03, p.55)

1831  Slaves in Jamaica were emancipated.
 (SFC, 12/10/99, p.AA8)

1831  Takashsimaya was founded in Kyoto, Japan, as a kimono shop. It grew to become the nation’s largest department store chain.
 (SFC, 6/11/96, p.A14)

1831-1837 Abraham Lincoln lived in New Salem, Ill. During this time he enlisted in the Black Hawk War. [see 1832]
 (AM, Mar/Apr 97 p.)(SFEC, 3/22/98, p.T4)

1831-1870 Louis Remy Mignot, painter. He was a landscape artist of the Hudson River School and painted in North America, Europe and South America.
 (WSJ, 11/5/96, p.A20)

1831-1892 The 16 ½ mile Savannah-Ogeechee Canal in Savannah, Georgia, was built by slaves and Irish workers to transport cotton and timber between the 2 rivers. Plans for restoration of the canal were made in 1998.
 (SFEC, 8/23/98, p.T3)

1831-1899 Othniel Charles Marsh, born in Lockwood, New York, becomes Professor of Paleontology at Yale Univ. and vertebrate Paleontologist to the US Geological Survey. His expeditions unearthed 80 new species of dinosaur.
 (T.E.-J.B. p.24)

1831-1919 Amelia Edith Barr, American author and journalist "The fate of love is that it always seems too little or too much."
 (AP, 3/29/98)

1832  Jan 6, Gustave Dore, illustrator (Inferno, Ancient Mariner), was born in Strasbourg, France.
 (MC, 1/6/02)

1832  Jan 13, Horatio Alger, Jr., the author of more than 100 inspirational books for young people from the Civil War to the turn of the 20th century, was born the son of a Unitarian minister. Rejected by the Union Army because of asthma, Horatio Alger was a poet, teacher and newspaper correspondent before he eventually followed in his father's footsteps and became a minister on Cape Cod. Alger is best-known, however, for his books with rags-to-riches themes. In Alger's world, everyone, no matter how poor or powerless, could succeed through hard work, honesty and high moral values. His "pluck and luck" books of hope in the face of adversity were always bestsellers and almost every home, school and church owned a large collection. More than 250 million copies of his books have been sold worldwide. His books included "Ragged Dick" and "Tattered Tom."
 (HNPD, 1/13/99)

1832  Jan 23, Edouard Manet (d.1883), French impressionist painter. His work was a major influence on the young artists who created the Impressionist movement. His style was influenced by the Spanish masters, particularly Velasquez. His work included the "Execution of Maximilian," "Luncheon on the Grass," the pastel "Portrait of Mademoiselle Lemaire," "In the Boat," "La Promenade" and "Le Journal Illustre" (ca. 1878-79).
 (WUD, 1994, p.871)(WSJ, 7/1/96, p.A11)(SFC, 8/21/96, p.A9)(AAP, 1964)(WUD, 1994, p.871)(WSJ, 2/13/97, p.A16)(DPCP 1984)

1832  Jan 27, Charles Lutwidge Dodgson (d.1898), who wrote "Alice’s Adventures in Wonderland" in 1865 under the pen name Lewis Carroll, was born in Cheshire, England. He was also know as a skilled photographer and did nude photography with an "intense focus on his subjects’ personalities." Dodgson lectured on mathematics at Oxford from 1855 to 1881 and made up the stories about Alice in Wonderland for his daughter Alice and her sisters. He wrote "Through the Looking Glass" in 1872 and other children’s books. His most important mathematical work was the 1879 "Euclid and His Modern Rivals." "If you limit your actions in life to things that nobody can possibly find fault with, you will not do much." In 1995 Morton N. Cohen published an authoritative biography titled "Lewis Carroll: A Biography."
 (WSJ, 11/9/95, p.A-20)(AP, 1/14/98)(AP, 1/27/98)

1832  Feb 6, A US ship destroyed a Sumatran village in retaliation for piracy.
 (MC, 2/6/02)
1832  Feb 6, There was an appearance of cholera at Edinburgh, Scotland.
 (MC, 2/6/02)

1832  Feb 13, Cholera appeared in London for the 1st time.
 (MC, 2/13/02)

1832  Feb 20, Charles Darwin visited Fernando Noronha in Atlantic Ocean.
 (MC, 2/20/02)

1832  Feb 22, Johann Wolfgang von Goethe (b.1749), poet, (Faust, Egmont) died in Weimar, Germany. He completed "Faust" just before his death: "When Ideas fail, words come in handy." In 1988 Kenneth Weisinger authored "The Classical Facade: A Non-Classical Reading of Goethe's Criticism."
 (SFEC, 7/27/97, p.T6)(SFEC, 4/26/98, Z1 p.8)(MC, 2/22/02)(SFC, 8/7/03, p.A19)

1832  Feb 26, Jo George Nicolay, private secretary to Abraham Lincoln and his biographer, was born.
 (HN, 2/26/98)(SC, 2/26/02)
1832  Feb 26, The Polish constitution was abolished by Czar Nicholas I.
 (SC, 2/26/02)

1832  Mar 10, Muzio Clementi (79), Italian composer, died.
 (MC, 3/10/02)

1832  Mar 11, Franz Melde, German physicist (Melde test), was born.
 (MC, 3/12/02)

1832  Mar 12, Charles Boycott, estate manager who caused boycotts, was born in Ireland.
 (MC, 3/12/02)

1832  Mar 17, Daniel Conway Moncure, U.S. clergyman, author, abolitionist, was born.
 (HN, 3/17/98)

1832  Mar 23, British Parliament passed a reform bill.
 (SS, 3/23/02)

1832  Mar 24, Mormon founder, martyr Joseph Smith was beaten, tarred and feathered in Ohio.
 (MC, 3/24/02)

1832  Mar 26, Famed western artist George Catlin began his voyage up the Missouri River aboard the American Fur Company steamship Yellowstone. Painted Warriors.
 (HN, 3/26/99)

1832  Apr 4, Charles Darwin aboard HMS Beagle reached Rio de Janeiro.
 (MC, 4/4/02)

1832  Apr 8, Charles Darwin began a trip through Rio de Janeiro.
 (MC, 4/8/02)
1832  Apr 8, Some 300 American troops of the 6th Infantry left Jefferson Barracks, St. Louis, to confront the Sauk Indians in what would become known as the Black Hawk War.
 (HN, 4/8/99)

1832  Apr 13, James Wimshurst, British designer, inventor (electric static generator), was born.
 (MC, 4/13/02)

1832  Apr 15, Wilhelm Busch, German artist, was born. He created the precursor to the cartoon strip.
 (HN, 4/15/02)

1832  Apr 19, Lucretia Rudolph, President Garfield’s first lady, was born.
 (HN, 4/19/97)

1832  Apr 21, Abraham Lincoln (23) assembled with his New Salem neighbors for the Black Hawk War on the Western frontier. Illinois Governor John Reynolds had called for volunteers to beat back a new Indian threat. Black Hawk, chief of the Sac and Fox Indians, had returned to his homeland at the head of a band of 450 warriors, intent on forcibly reversing the treaty he had signed 28 years earlier that ceded control of the tribe’s ancestral home in northwestern Illinois to the U.S.  government.
 (HNQ, 7/21/00)

1832  May 5, H.H. Bancroft, historian, publisher (History of Pacific States), was born.
 (MC, 5/5/02)

1832  May 12, Gaetano Donizetti's opera "L'elisir d'amore," premiered in Milan.
 (MC, 5/12/02)

1832  May 14, Felix Mendelssohn's "Hebrides," premiered.
 (MC, 5/14/02)

1832  May 18, Bonafacio Asioli, composer, died.
 (SC, 5/18/02)

1832  May 21, The first Democratic National Convention got under way, in Baltimore and re-nominated Andrew Jackson.
 (Hem, 8/96, p.86)(AP, 5/21/97)

1832  May 30, Evariste Galois gave his theory on free assembly (died in duel May 31).
 (MC, 5/30/02)

1832  Jul 4, The song "America" was sung publicly for the first time at a Fourth of July celebration by a group of children at Park Street Church in Boston. The words were written on a scrap of paper in half an hour by Dr. Samuel Francis Smith, a Baptist minister, and were set to the music of "God Save the King."
 (IB, Internet, 12/7/98)

1832  Jul 5, The German government began curtailing freedom of the press after German Democrats advocate a revolt against Austrian rule.
 (HN, 7/5/98)

1832  Jul 10, President Andrew Jackson vetoed legislation to re-charter the Second Bank of the United States.
 (AP, 7/10/97)

1832  Jul 13, Henry Schoolcraft discovered the source of the Mississippi River in Minnesota. Henry Rowe Schoolcraft came upon the lake where the Mississippi starts and intended to call it Veritas Caput, the Latin for "true head." The name was too long and got shortened at both ends to Itasca.
 (SFC, 10/5/96, p.E3)(HN, 7/13/98)

1832  Jul 22, Napoleon FKJ Bonaparte (21), [l'Aiglon], king of Rome, died.
 (MC, 7/22/02)

1832  Jul 25, The 1st US railroad accident was at Granite Railway, Quincy, Mass., and 1 died.
 (SC, 7/25/02)

1832  Aug 2, Some 1,300 Illinois militia under General Henry Atkinson massacred Sauk Indian men, women and children who were followers of Black Hawk at the Bad Axe River in Wisconsin. Black Hawk himself finally surrendered three weeks later, bringing the Black Hawk War to an end.
 (HN, 8/2/98)(MC, 8/2/02)

1832  Aug 27, Black Hawk, leader of Sauk-Indians, gave himself up.
 (MC, 8/27/01)

1832  Aug 31, Jean Nicolas Auguste Kreutzer, composer, died at 53.
 (MC, 8/31/01)

1832  Sep 25, William Le Baron Jenney, US, architect and "father of the skyscraper," was born.
 (MC, 9/25/01)

1832  Oct 4, William Griggs, inventor (photo chromo lithography), was born.
 (MC, 10/4/01)

1832  Oct 14, Blackfeet Indians attacked American Fur Company trappers near Montana’s Jefferson River, killing one.
 (HN, 10/14/98)

1832  Oct 22, Leopold Damrosch, composer, was born.
 (MC, 10/22/01)

1832  Nov 14, Charles Carroll (95), large landowner and signer Declaration of Independence, died.
 (MC, 11/14/01)
1832  Nov 14, The first streetcar—a horse-drawn vehicle called the John Mason—went into operation in New York City.
 (AP, 11/14/97)

1832  Nov 15, Felix Mendelssohn's Symphony # 5 ("Reformation") premiered.
 (MC, 11/15/01)

1832  Nov 24, South Carolina passed an Ordinance of Nullification. The US government had enacted a tariff. South Carolina nullified it and threatened to secede. Pres. Jackson threatened armed force on his home state  but a compromise was devised by Henry Clay that ducked the central problem.
 (WSJ, 9/19/97, p.A13)(MC, 11/24/01)

1832  Nov 26, Public streetcar service began in New York City. The fare: 12 ½ cents.
 (AP, 11/26/97)

1832  Nov 29, Louisa May Alcott (d.1888), American author who wrote "Little Women," was born. Under the pen name A.M. Barnard she wrote stories of violence and revenge that included "Pauline’s Passion and Punishment." "It takes people a long time to learn the difference between talent and genius, especially ambitious young men and women."
 (WUD, 1994, p.35)(SFC, 6/17/97, p.E3)(AP, 7/12/98)(HN, 11/29/98)

1832  Dec 5, Andrew Jackson was re-elected US president. The US anti-Mason Party with William Wirt drew 8% of the vote against Henry Clay and the eventual winner, Andrew Jackson. Clay led the Whig Party which coalesced against the power of Andrew Jackson. The Whigs came from the conservative, nationalist wing of the Jeffersonian Republicans.
 (Hem, 8/96, p.86)(WSJ, 7/8/99, p.A16)(MC, 12/5/01)

1832  Dec 15, Alexandre-Gustave Eiffel, designed named the tower in Paris, was born.
 (HN, 12/15/98)

1832  Dec 22, HMS Beagle and Charles Darwin reached Barnevelts Islands.
 (MC, 12/22/01)

1832  Dec 25, Charles Darwin celebrated Christmas in St. Martin at Cape Receiver.
 (MC, 12/25/01)

1832  Dec 28, John C. Calhoun became the first vice president of the United States to resign, stepping down over differences with President Jackson. Van Buren served as vice president under Andrew Jackson from 1833 to 1837.
 (SFC, 9/19/96, p.A18)(AP, 12/28/97)(HNQ, 9/19/99)

1832  Uriah Phillips Levy, a US naval lieutenant, commissioned a statue of Thomas Jefferson by Paris sculptor Piere-Jean David D’Anger. In 1847 Pres. Polk set the statue in front of the white House, where it stood for 27 years.
 (SFC, 11/23/01, p.D8)

1832  Delacroix painted the Moroccan scene "A Street in Meknes."
 (WSJ, 9/27/00, p.A24)

1832  Jean Ingres, French artist, painted the portrait of the self-made newspaperman "Louis-Francois Bertin."
 (WSJ, 5/28/99, p.W12)

1832  The Durham Steer was painted by Austin Neame for the Kent & Canterbury Show of livestock.
 (WSJ, 9/66/96, p.B8)

1832  Jean Giono wrote his 1954 novel: "The Horseman on the Roof." In 1996 it was made into a film directed by Jean-Paul Rappeneau and is set in plague-stricken Provence in 1832.
 (WSJ, 5/17/96,p.A-12)

1832  A lexicon of famous hand gestures was written by a canon of the Cathedral of Naples. In 2000 it was translated by to English by Andrea de Jorio.
 (SFCM, 3/11/01, p.32)

1832  In France Berlioz composed "Lelio."
 (SFC, 6/28/97, p.E1)

1832  The Hudson Bay Company founded its trading post of Fort Nisqually. 2nd source has it established in 1833, 15 miles south of Tacoma as the hub of the Puget Sound Agricultural Company.
 (AM, Vol. 48, No. 3)(HT, 3/97, p.8)

1832  Pres. Jackson sent the frigate Potomac to bombard the pirate lair of Kuala Batu.
 (WSJ, 10/9/01, p.A22)

1832  The US Congress passed a law that required all US citizens to fast and pray one day a week. It was neither enforced nor observed.
 (SFC, 10/31/98, p.D4)

1832  Phrenology, the "science" of reading the human personality from bumps on the skull, was brought to America by German physician Johann Spurzheim. It was founded on the theory that the brain had 35 to 45 sectors, each the site of a particular character trait such as appetite, combativeness and benevolence. Phrenology gained an enthusiastic following in America and spawned a whole industry producing phrenological paraphernalia. Cranial "maps" could be purchased to chart the topography of the skull and reveal the subject's true self. Although phrenology was ultimately rejected as having no basis in scientific fact, it reflected 19th-century scientists' growing interest in the workings of the human brain.
 (HNPD, 5/20/99)

1832  Jeremy Bentham, social reformer, had his body preserved at the Univ. College, London. Bentham is considered the father of utilitarianism.
 (NG, 1990, p. 121)(WSJ, 4/15/99, p.A20)

1832  Alfred Mosher Butts, an architect in Poughkeepsie, N.Y., invented the game he called "Lexico." He made millions after the name was changed to "Scrabble." [see 1938]
 (SFEC, 2/9/97, z1 p.6)

1832  A cholera epidemic hit Baltimore and at least 853 people were killed. Fundamentalist Christians blamed the deaths on the "judgement of God."
 (SFEC, 3/5/00, Z1 p.4)

1832  Charles Carroll, one of the signers of the US Declaration of Independence, died at age 95.
 (SFEC, 7/27/97, Z1 p.7)

1832  Franz Sacher, a chef in the employ of Prince Metternich, invented the torte. Family documents at the Hotel Sacher in Vienna support the claim.
 (SFEM, 10/13/96, p.14)

1832  Honore Daumier, French artist, was imprisoned for 6 months for his barbs against King Louis-Philippe.
 (WSJ, 3/10/00, p.W16)

1832  In Kazakstan Akmolinsk was founded. It was later renamed Tselinograd and then Akmola. In 1998 it became the capital and was renamed Astana, which means capital.
 (SFC, 5/22/98, p.A14)

1832  In Sweden King Karl XIV Johan inaugurated the Göta Canal.
 (SFEC, 4/20/97, p.T8)

1832-1889 Juan Montalvo, Ecuadorian essayist and political writer: "There is nothing harder than the softness of indifference."
 (AP, 7/23/99)

1832-1904 Luigi Palma di Cesnola was born in Italy and later served for the Union Army in the Civil War. He was appointed as American Consul to Cyprus in 1865, where he collected many artifacts. He later sold his collection to the NYC Metropolitan Museum.
 (AM, 7/00, p.60)

1832-1907 Moncure D. Conway, American clergyman and author: "It is the darling delusion of mankind that the world is progressive in religion, toleration, freedom, as it is progressive in machinery."
 (AP, 3/19/99)

1833  Jan 3, Britain seized control of the Malvina Islands (Falkland Islands) in the South Atlantic. Almost 150 years later, Argentina seized the islands from the British, but Britain took them back after a 74-day war.
 (AP, 1/3/98)

1833  Jan 8, Boston Academy of Music, 1st US music school, was established.
 (MC, 1/8/02)

1833  Jan 19, Louis J. Ferdinand Herold (41), French composer (Zampa), died.
 (MC, 1/19/02)

1833  Jan 26, Gaetano Donizetti’s tragic opera "Lucrezia Borgia," premiered in Milan.
 (WSJ, 7/27/98, p.A12)(MC, 1/26/02)

1833  Jan 28, Charles George "Chinese" Gordon, general (China, Khartoum), was born in London.
 (MC, 1/28/02)

1833  Feb 11, Melville Weston Fuller, 8th U.S. Supreme Court Chief Justice was born.
 (HN, 2/11/97)

1833  Feb 13, William Whedbee Kirkland (d.1915), Brig Gen (Confederate Army), was born.
 (MC, 2/13/02)

1833  Mar 14, Lucy Hobbs Taylor, first woman dentist, was born.
 (HN, 3/14/98)

1833  Mar 16 Susan Hayhurst became the first woman to graduate from a pharmacy college.
 (HN, 3/16/98)

1833  Mar 20, The United States and Siam (now Thailand) concluded a commercial treaty in Bangkok.
 (AP, 3/20/97)

1833  Apr 9, The US first tax-supported public library was founded in Peterborough, N.H.
 (AP, 4/9/97)

1833  Apr 24, A patent was granted for the first soda fountain.
 (HN, 4/24/98)

1833  May 7, Composer Johannes Brahms was born in Hamburg, Germany, and died on Apr 3, 1897. His works number through Opus 122 and included: the "Hungarian Dances," the "Haydn Variations," the "Violin Concerto in D Major," "Lullaby" and compositions for the pianoforte, organ, chamber music, orchestral compositions, numerous songs, small and large choral works. A biography of his life and work was written by Karl Geiringer in 1934 titled: "Brahms: His Life and Work." In 1997 Jan Swafford published the biography: "Johannes Brahms." In 1998 Styra Avins published "Johannes Brahms: Life and Letters."
 (BLW, Geiringer, 1963 ed.)(AP, 5/7/97)(WSJ, 12/3/97, p.A20)(WSJ, 5/4/98, p.A20)(HN, 5/7/99)

1833  Jun 27, Prudence Crandall, a white woman, was arrested for conducting an academy for black women in Canterbury, Conn. The academy was eventually closed.
 (HN, 6/27/99)

1833  Jul, In Australia the native warrior Yagan was shot dead by teenage bounty hunters. He had been a go-between for his people and European settlers in Western Australia and later an implacable foe. His head and the tribal tattoo on his back were hacked off and taken to Britain for study and display. The body parts were returned in Sep 1997. A statue was erected in his honor on an island park in Perth in 1983. It was repeatedly vandalized and its head was sawed off in 1997 shortly after the homecoming of Yagan’s real head.
 (SFEC, 10/5/97, p.A20)

1833  Aug 9, Maximilian, German Prince of Wied, reached Fort McKenzie, the westernmost outpost of white settlement on the Missouri River. He was a student of natural history and planned to collect native plants and animals and to study the native people. He was accompanied by Swiss artist Karl Bodmer. Maximilian’s "Travels in the Interior of North America" was published between 1839 and 1843.
 (SFC, 2/6/01, p.10)

1833  Aug 11, Robert G. Ingersoll (d.1899), American lawyer and statesman and advocate of scientific realism and humanistic philosophy, was born. "Heresy is what the minority believe; it is the name given by the powerful to the doctrines of the weak." "The history of the world shows that when a mean thing was done, man did it; when a good thing was done, man did it." "Courage without conscience is a wild beast."
 (AP, 6/28/97)(AP, 6/7/98)(AP, 7/20/98)(HN, 8/10/98)

1833  Aug 17, The first steam ship to cross the Atlantic entirely on its own power, the Canadian ship Royal William, began her journey from Nova Scotia to The Isle of Wight.
 (HN, 8/17/98)

1833  Aug 20, Benjamin Harrison, the 23rd president of the United States (1889-1893) and grandson of President William Henry Harrison, was born in North Bend, Ohio.
 (HN 8/20/97)(AP, 8/20/99)(MC, 8/20/02)

1833  Apr 22, Richard Trevithick (62), inventor (steam locomotive), died.
 (MC, 4/22/02)

1833  May 2, Czar Nicholas banned the public sale of serfs.
 (MC, 5/2/02)

1833  May 6, John Deere made his 1st steel plow.
 (MC, 5/6/02)

1833  May 15, Edmund Kean (46), English actor (Shylock), died.
 (MC, 5/15/02)

1833  May 28, Johann Christian Friedrich Haeffner (74), composer, died.
 (MC, 5/28/02)

1833  May 29, William Marshall (84), composer, died.
 (SC, 5/29/02)

1833  Jul 27, Bartolommea Capitanio (26), Italian monastery founder, saint, died.
 (MC, 7/27/02)

1833  Aug 28, Edward Burne-Jones, British painter, was born.
 (RTH, 8/28/99)

1833  Dec, William Beaumont (d.1853), a US Army assistant surgeon, published his new book: "Experiments and Observations on the Gastric Juice and the Physiology of Digestion. It was based on the digestive system of Alexis St. Martin, a fur trader who was accidentally shot in the abdomen at Fort Mackinac in 1822.
 (ON, 1/02, p.6)

1833  Sep 3, First successful penny newspaper was published. Benjamin H. Day issued the first copy of "The New York Sun". By 1826, circulation was the largest in the country at 30,000.
 (SFEM, 11/8/98, p.12)(MC, 9/3/01)

1833  Sep 4, Barney Flaherty (10) answered an ad in "The New York Sun" and became the first newsboy, what we now call a paperboy.
 (MC, 9/4/01)

1833  Sep 8, Charles Darwin departed to Buenos Aires.
 (MC, 9/8/01)

1833  Sep 20, Petroleum V. Nasby (David Ross Locke), humorist, was born. His work was enjoyed by Abraham Lincoln.
 (HN, 9/20/00)
1833  Sep 20, Charles Darwin rode a horse to Buenos Aires.
 (MC, 9/20/01)

1833  Sep 27, Charles Darwin rode a horse to Santa Fe.
 (MC, 9/27/01)

1833  Sep 28, Lemuel Haynes, Revolutionary War veteran, died at 88.
 (MC, 9/28/01)

1833  Sep 29, King Ferdinand of Spain died and his daughter Isabella was proclaimed as queen. A civil war broke out in Spain between Carlisists, who believed Don Carlos deserved the throne, and supporters of Queen Isabella.
 (HNQ, 8/20/98)(HN, 9/29/98)

1833  Oct 1, Charles Darwin reached Rio Tercero, Argentina.
 (MC, 10/1/01)

1833  Oct 2, The NY Anti-Slavery Society was organized.
 (MC, 10/2/01)

1833  Oct 12, Charles Darwin began his return trip to Buenos Aires.
 (MC, 10/12/01)

1833  Oct 19, Adam Lindsay Gordon, Australian poet, was born.
 (HN, 10/19/00)

1833  Oct 20, Charles Darwin reached the river mouth of Parana.
 (MC, 10/20/01)

1833  Oct 21, Alfred Bernhard Nobel (d.1896) was born in Sweden. The chemist, engineer and industrialist who invented dynamite, later established the prestigious Nobel prizes to honor the world’s greatest scientists, writers and peacemakers. In 1859, after four years in the United States, Nobel returned to Sweden and built a factory to manufacture the explosive nitro-glycerine. In 1864 the factory accidentally blew up, killing Nobel’s youngest brother and four others. Two years later, Nobel invented dynamite, a safe and manageable form of nitro-glycerine. A pacifist by nature, Nobel hoped that the destructive power of his invention would bring an end to wars.  By the time of his death on December 10, 1897, Nobel had acquired a massive fortune. In his will, he left instructions that the bulk of his estate should endow the annual Nobel prizes for those who had most contributed to the areas of physics, chemistry, medicine, literature and peace. In 1968, a sixth award for economics was established.
 (WUD, 1994, p.969)(SFEC,12/797, Par p.28)(HNPD, 10/21/98)(HNPD, 10/21/99)

1833  Nov 12, Aleksandr Porfirievich Borodin (d.1887), physician, chemist, composer (Prince Igor), was born in Russia.  His work included the "Sunless" and the opera "Prince Igor,’ which was left incomplete.
 (SFEC, 6/27/99, p.T11)(WSJ, 2/6/00, p.A16)(MC, 11/12/01)(LGC, 1970, p.338)

1833  Nov 13, Edwin Thomas Booth, actor (Hamlet), was born.
 (MC, 11/13/01)

1833  Nov 14, Charles Darwin departed by horse to Montevideo.
 (MC, 11/14/01)

1833  Nov 20, Charles Darwin reached Punta Gorda and saw Rio Uruguay.
 (MC, 11/20/01)

1833  Nov 28, Charles Darwin rode through Las Pietras while returning to Montevideo.
 (MC, 11/28/01)

1833  Dec 3, Carlos Juan Finlay, Cuban epidemiologist, was born.
 (HN, 12/3/00)
1833  Dec 3, Oberlin College in Ohio, the first truly coeducational school of higher learning in the United States, opened its doors.
 (AP, 12/3/98)

1833  Dec 4, American Anti-Slavery Society was formed by Arthur Tappan in Phila.
 (MC, 12/4/01)

1833  Dec 6, John Singleton Mosby (d.1916), lawyer and Col. ("Grey Ghost" of Confederate Army), was born. He later gave riding lessons to young George Patton.
 (MC, 12/6/01)
1833  Dec 6, HMS Beagle and Charles Darwin departed Rio de la Plata.
 (MC, 12/6/01)

1833  Dec 12, Matthias Hohner (d.1902), German manufacturer (harmonica), was born.
 (MC, 12/12/01)

1833  Dec 13, HMS Beagle and Charles Darwin arrived in Port Deseado, Patagonia.
 (MC, 12/13/01)

1833  Dec 25, Charles Darwin celebrated Christmas in Port Desire, Patagonia.
 (MC, 12/25/01)

1833  John Marshall Harlan (d.1911), later US Supreme Court Justice, was born.
 (WSJ, 5/28/02, p.D7)

1833  John Mohler Studebaker was born in Gettysburg, Pennsylvania. In 1858 joined his two older brothers in a South Bend firm producing wagons. The company went on to become the world’s largest producer of farm wagons and carriages, coining the slogan: "Always give more than you promise. From the 1920s until its closing, Studebaker was a leader in styling and engineering. Studebaker went out of business after its 1966 Avanti model.
 (WSJ, 6/13/96, p.A12)(HNQ, 1/21/02)

1833  In NYC Benjamin Day founded the New York Sun newspaper. He appealed to a general readership and charged a penny a copy.
 (SFEM, 11/8/98, p.12)

1833  Mexico took mission property from the Church and turned out the Acagchemem Indians at Mission San Juan Capistrano.
 (HT, 3/97, p.61)

1833  Sylvester Graham, Presbyterian minister, preached against overindulging the appetites and warned that intemperance would lead to "diseased irritability and inflammation, painful sensibility, and finally, disorganization and death." His whole wheat Graham flour was the main ingredient in Graham crackers.
 (WSJ, 9/29/00, p.W17)

1833  George C. Yount planted the first grape vines in Napa Valley, Ca.
 (SFEC, 2/22/98, p.T4)

1833  In New Orleans the Lafayette Cemetery No. 1 opened to take in the victims of yellow fever.
 (Hem., 1/97, p.65)

1833  The McKesson Corp. began as a drugstore in NYC.
 (SFEC, 5/23/99, p.B1)

1833  Charles Babbage abandoned his calculator project completely in favor of a programmable machine. It was to be controlled by punched cards adapted from the devices French weavers used to control thread sequences in their looms.
 (I&I, Penzias, p.95)

1833  An improved version of the typographer (typewriter) was made in France. The early versions were chiefly for the blind as they produced embossed writing.
 (SJSVB, 3/25/96, p.27)

1833  George Fibbleton invented the first shaving machine. It was an imperfect device that left numerous scars on his face.
 (SFEC, 3/23/97, z1 p.7)

1833  Walter Hunt of NY state invented a lock stitching sewing machine, but it was never patented.
 (ON, 11/00, p.9)

1833  M. Tournal published his paper General Consideration on the Phenomenon of Bone Caverns. His work is one of the first accounts which produced evidence of the contemporaneity of man and extinct animals.
 (RFH-MDHP, p.84)

1833  James Audubon visited Canada’s Grand Manan Island off the southeast coast of new Brunswick to see herring gulls nesting in trees.
 (NH, 9/96, p.58)

1833  England passed stronger measures regulating child labor.
 (WSJ, 1/11/99, p.R28)

1833  Slavery in the British colonies in the West Indies was ended. The British Emancipation Act began the abolition of slavery in the West Indies effective see Aug 1, 1834.
 (V.D.-H.K.p.276)(MT, 3/96, p.14)

1833  In Jamaica Annie Palmer, a "white witch," was murdered in her bed. She had reportedly murdered 3 husbands and various lovers and slaves. She was later said to haunt Rose Hall.
 (SFEC, 2/14/99, p.T7

1833  In Paris the St. Vincent de Paul Society was founded to provide aid to the poor.
 (SFC, 9/15/98, p.A9)

1833  Sir Henry C. Rawlinson was sent to Persia as one of a group of British officers charged with reorganizing the Shah’s army.
 (RFH-MDHP, p.193)

1833-1841 Lawyer and poet Francis Scott Key was the U.S. attorney for the District of Columbia serving under three presidents. Key penned the verses to "The Star-Spangled Banner" after watching the British bombardment of Fort McHenry on the night of September 13, 1814, during the War of 1812. Key’s four-stanza verse was later put to the tune of a British drinking song and became enormously popular. It officially became the American national anthem on March 3, 1931. These were the only lyrics Key ever composed.
 (HNQ, 8/3/99)

1833-1868 The Carlist Wars comprised the dynastic struggle in Spain between Isabelline liberalism and the reactionary rural traditionalism represented by Don Carlos. With the death of Ferdinand on September 29, 1833, and the proclamation of his daughter Isabella as queen—excluding Ferdinand’s brother Don Carlos from the succession—the First Carlist War was ignited.
 (HNQ, 8/20/98)

1833-1905 Baron Ferdinand von Richthofen, German geographer and geologist. He coined the expression "Silk Road" to describe the ancient trade routes between China and the West.
 (AM, 7/00, p.72)

1834  Jan 10, Lord Acton [John E.E. Dalberg], English historian and editor of The Rambler, a Roman Catholic monthly, was born.
 (HN, 1/10/99)

1834  Jan 29, President Jackson ordered the 1st use of US troops to suppress a labor dispute. Jackson ordered the War Department to put down a "riotous assembly" near Willamsport, Maryland, among Irish laborers constructing the Chesapeake and Ohio Canal.
 (HNQ, 1/23/99)(MC, 1/29/02)

1834  Feb 8, Dmitri Ivanovich Mendeleyev (d.1907), Russian chemist, was born. He formulated the periodic table of elements.
 (V.D.-H.K.p.324)(HN, 2/8/01)

1834  Feb 9, Franz Xaver Witt, composer, was born.
 (MC, 2/9/02)

1834  Feb 26, New York and New Jersey ratified the 1st US interstate crime compact.
 (SC, 2/26/02)

1834  Mar 6, The city of York in Upper Canada was incorporated as Toronto.
 (AP, 3/6/98)

1834  Mar 22, Horace Greeley published "New Yorker," a weekly literary and news magazine and forerunner of Harold Ross' more successful "The New Yorker."
 (HN, 3/22/01)

1834  Mar 24, John Wesley Powell, US, geologist, explorer, ethnologist, was born.
 (HFA, '96, p.26)(MC, 3/24/02)
1834  Mar 24, William Morris, English craftsman, poet, socialist, was born.
 (HN, 3/24/98)

1834  Mar 28, The U.S. Senate voted to censure President Jackson for the removal of federal deposits from the Bank of the United States. The Senate declared that President Andrew Jackson: "in the last executive proceedings in relation to the public revenue, has assumed upon himself authority and power not conferred by the constitution and laws, but in derogation of both."
 (AP, 3/28/97)(MC, 3/28/02)

1834  Apr 1, Isidore Edouard Legouix, composer, was born.
 (MC, 4/1/02)

1834  Apr 2, Frederic-Auguste Bartholdi, sculptor, was born.
 (HN, 4/2/01)

1834  Apr 13, HMS Beagle anchored at river mouth of Rio Santa Cruz, Patagonia.
 (MC, 4/13/02)

1834  Apr 15, The Honore Daumier painting "Rue Transnonain, le 15 Avril 1834" showed the ghastly aftermath of a civilian massacre by French government forces.
 (WSJ, 5/9/00, p.A24)

1834  Apr 18, William Lamb became the prime minister of England.
 (HN, 4/18/98)

1834  Apr 26, Artemus Ward, (Charles Farrar Browne), humorist, was born.
 (MC, 4/26/02)

1834  Apr 29, Charles Darwin's expedition saw the top of Andes from Patagonia.
 (MC, 4/29/02)

1834  May 5, The first mainland railway line opened in Belgium.
 (HN, 5/5/98)
1834  May 5, Charles Darwin's expedition continued at Rio Santa Cruz.
 (MC, 5/5/02)

1834  May 20, Marie-Joseph-Paul-Yves-Roch-Gilbert de Motier, Marquis de Lafayette nobleman and French General, died.
 (MC, 5/20/02)

1834  Jun 2, The 5th national black convention met in NYC.
 (SC, 6/2/02)

1834  Jun 21, Cyrus Hall McCormick received a patent for his reaping machine.
 (AP, 6/21/97)(HN, 6/21/98)

1834  Jul 10, James Abbott McNeil Whistler (d.1903), US expatriate painter famous for painting his mother, was born.
 (HN, 7/10/98)(WUD, 1994 p.1628)

1834  Jul 15, Lord Napier of England arrived at Macao, China as the first chief superintendent of trade.
 (HN, 7/15/98)

1834  Jul 19, Hilaire Germain Edgar Degas (d.1917), French impressionist painter. His mother was a Creole and he journeyed to New Orleans in 1872. His work included "The Millinery Shop," "Combing the Hair," "Nude Fixing Her Hair," "Two Dancers" (c1890-1898), "Frieze of Dancers" (1893-1898), "Self Portrait" (c1863-1865 & c1895-1900) and "Blue Dancers" (1895). He also collected art and by the time of his death had amassed more than 500 paintings and 5,000 prints. The collection was auctioned off in Paris from Mar 1918 to Jul 1919. His time in New Orleans is covered in the 1997 book "Degas in New Orleans: Encounters in the Creole World of Kate Chopin and George Washington Cable" by Christopher Benfey.
 (WSJ, 7/1/96, p.A11)(AAP, 1964)(WUD, 1994, p.380)(WSJ, 10/2/96, p.B5)(SFC, 10/22/96,p.E8)(WSJ,10/21/97,p.A20)(SFEC, 1/4/98, BR p.9)(HN, 7/19/98)

1834  Jul 23, James Gibbons, American religious leader and founder of Catholic University, was born.
 (HN, 7/23/98)

1834  Aug 1, England ended slavery in the West Indies and all its Caribbean holdings effective on this date. Slavery was abolished throughout the British Empire with compensation to the owners. Some 35,000 salves were freed in the Cape Colony. [see 1833]
 (NH, 7/98, p.29)(HN, 8/1/98)(EWH, 4th ed, p.885)

1834  Aug 31, Amilcare Ponchielli, composer (La Gioconda), was born in Paderno, Italy.
 (MC, 8/31/01)

1834  Sep 9, Parliament passed the Municipal Corporations Act, reforming city and town governments in England.
 (HN, 9/9/98)

1834  Sep 27, Charles Darwin returned to Valparaiso.
 (MC, 9/27/01)

1834  Oct 8, Francois-Adrien Boiledieu (58), composer (La Dame Blanche), died.
 (MC, 10/8/01)

1834  Oct 16, London Parliament caught fire and many historic documents were burned.
 (MC, 10/16/01)

1834  Oct, Constantine Samuel Rafinisque submitted an essay to the Royal Institute of France on the language of the Delaware Indians.
 (NH, 10/96, p.16)

1834  Nov 1, The 1st published reference to poker was as Mississippi riverboat game.
 (MC, 11/1/01)

1834  Nov 10, HMS Beagle with Charles Darwin sailed from Valparaiso.
 (MC, 11/10/01)

1834  Nov 14, William Thomson entered Glasgow Univ. at 10 yrs 4 months.
 (MC, 11/14/01)

1834  Nov 21, HMS Beagle anchored at Bay of San Carlos, Chile.
 (MC, 11/21/01)

1834  Nov 23, Hector Berlioz's "Harold in Italy," premiered.
 (MC, 11/23/01)

1834  Nov 25, Jean-Baptist Colyns, composer, was born.
 (MC, 11/25/01)
1834  Nov 25, Delmonico's, one of NY's finest restaurants, provided a meal of soup, steak, coffee & half a pie for 12 cents.
 (SFEC, 5/18/97, Z1 p.6)(MC, 11/25/01)

1834  Nov 25, The Delmonico restaurant in New York City charged 12 cents for soup, steak, half a pie and coffee.
 (SFEC, 5/18/97, Z1 p.6)

1834  Nov, John Heckewelder, Moravian missionary, published a list of Lenape Indian names, a Delaware Indian tribe.
 (NH, 10/96, p.16)

1834  Dec 3, 1st US dental society was organized in NY.
 (MC, 12/3/01)

1834  Dec 23, Thomas R. Malthus, English vicar, economist (moral restraint), was born.
 (MC, 12/23/01)
1834  Dec 23, Joseph Hansom of London received a patent for Hansom cabs.
 (MC, 12/23/01)

1834  Dec 25, Charles Darwin celebrated Christmas on Beagle at Tres Montes, Chile.
 (MC, 12/25/01)

1834  Dec, Constantine Samuel Rafinisque submitted a supplement to the Royal Institute of France to his essay on the language of the Delaware Indians.
 (NH, 10/96, p.16)

1834  James McNeill Whistler (d.1903), American painter and etcher, was born in Lowell Mass., the son of a civil engineer. He grew up in St. Petersburg, Russia, where his father was overseeing a railway line. He attended West Point and was expelled. He left the US for good at age 21 and painted beside Gustave Courbet. He worked in France and England after 1855. He painted "The White Girl."
 (AAP, 1964)(WUD, 1994, p.1628)(WSJ, 5/31/95, p. A-14)

1834  Honore Daumier created his lithograph "The Legislative Belly."
 (WSJ, 5/9/00, p.A24)

1834  "Turkey in the Straw" became a popular tune in the US.
 (SFEC, 5/31/98, Z1 p.8)

1834  Gaetano Donizetti had the premier of his opera "Rosmonda d’Inghilterra," a story of Rosamond Clifford, who was put in a tower by her lover King Henry II.
 (WSJ, 11/10/98, p.A20)

1834  A new brass plaque was forged in 1996 for the San Francisco Pioneer Monument that reads: With their efforts over in 1934, the missionaries left behind about 56,000 converts- and 150,000 dead. Half the original native American population had perished during this time from diseases, armed attacks and mistreatment.
 (SFC, 4/17/96, p.A-13)

1834  Pres. Jackson had special 1804 silver dollars minted for the sultan of Muscat (later Oman) and the King of Siam (later Thailand) for trade treaties negotiated by Edmund Roberts.
 (SFEC, 8/8/99, p.A6)

1834  New York and New Jersey made a compact over Ellis Island, then a 3-acre site that held that the surrounding submerged land belonged to New Jersey. By 1998 the island was 27.5 acres due to landfill and its ownership was under contention.
 (SFC, 1/13/98, p.A2)

1834  Orders to secularize the California missions arrived from Mexico and ended mission ownership by the Franciscans. General Mariano Vallejo also arrived to Mission San Francisco Solano de Sonoma. General Vallejo’s job was to establish a town and so Sonoma was designed around a central plaza.
 (WCG, p.58)(SFEC, 3/1/98, p.W34)

1834  Lord Sandys, English governor of Bengal, took a sample of an Indian sauce to an apothecary in Worcester, 100 miles northwest of London, and asked the pharmacists John Wheeley Lea and William Perrins to make a similar batch. The new batch tasted awful until it was allowed to age for a while. They then put together what became known worldwide as Worcestershire Sauce. [2nd source gave an 1835 date]
 (WSJ, 7/22/96, p.A1)(SFC, 4/12/97, p.E3)

1834  Sardines were canned in Europe for the first time.
 (SFEC, 5/31/98, Z1 p.8)

1834  Henry Fox Talbot, a wealthy English gentleman, began experimenting with silver chloride to produce photographic images.
 (ON, 4/00, p.9)

1834  William Russell Birch (b.1755), English-born artist, died. He had settled in Philadelphia with his son in 1794 and in 1800 published 28 drawn and engraved hand-colored images of Philadelphia.
 (SFC, 5/18/02, p.E6)

1834  Samuel Taylor Coleridge, poet, died. His work included "The Rime of the Ancient Mariner," "Frost at Midnight" and "Kubla Khan." In his later life he authored the "Bibliographia Literaria," a work of literary theory. In 1999 Richard Holmes published "Coleridge: Darker Reflections, 1804-1834," which focused on the poet's later life. His volume "Coleridge: Early Visions" was published in 1989.
 (WSJ, 4/15/99, p.A20)

1834  Eleuthere Irenee du Pont de Nemours, founder of a large gun powder operation, died. The company was re-charted as a partnership and then the French and original stockholders were all bought out buy the family. General Henry du Pont, the 2nd son of E.I. du Pont led the company till his death in 1899.
 (WSJ, 1/11/99, p.R46)

1834  The Marquis de Lafayette (78), US Revolutionary War hero (Marie Joseph Paul Yves Roche Gilbert du Motier), died in France. He was the 1st foreigner to address Congress. In 2002 Congress moved to make him an honorary US citizen.
 (WSJ, 1/15/97, p.A12)(SFC, 7/23/02, p.A2)

1834  Banco Economico SA was founded in Brazil. In 1995 this 8th largest bank in Brazil and the oldest bank in Latin America failed and was taken over by the central bank.
 (WSJ, 8/15/95, p. A-6)

1834  In London Joe Hansom put his Hansom cabs onto the streets.
 (SFEC, 5/31/98, Z1 p.8)

1834  A Frenchman invented a wire nail-making machine.
 (SFEC, 5/31/98, Z1 p.8)

1834  Carl Friedrich Uhlig of Germany developed the German concertina.
 (BAAC, 8/96, p.6)

1834  Slavery was abolished in Guyana and people from India were brought in to work on sugar plantations.
 (SFC, 3/19/01, p.A8)

1834  The maharaja of Jammu was able to annex Ladakh, a West Tibetan kingdom.
 (SFEC,12/14/97, p.T4)

1834-1840 10-20,000 Afrikaners set out on the Great Trek to get away from British rule. This was less than 20% of the Afrikaners of the frontier districts.
 (NG, Oct. 1988, p. 563)

1834-1888 Currier and Ives lithographs, manufactured in New York and form a sweeping pictorial record of mid-19th century America. When he first opened his shop, Nathaniel Currier had just finished an apprenticeship in lithography, an 18th-century printing process involving making images from inked stones. When an 1835 fire destroyed much of old New Amsterdam, Currier rushed a lithograph of the disaster into print. Ruins of the Merchant's Exchange, NY (shown above) sold briskly and launched Currier's career in pictorial journalism. In 1852, Currier hired bookkeeper and lithographer James Ives, making him a business partner in 1857. Together the two men built Currier and Ives into the most successful lithography house of their time and left a legacy of more than 7,000 prints that document the humor, political climate, current events and sentiments of mid-19th-century American life.
 (HNPD, 11/15/98)

1834-1894 Philip G. Hamerton, English artist and essayist: "Have you ever observed that we pay much more attention to a wise passage when it is quoted than when we read it in the original author?"
 (AP, 5/2/99)

1834-1896 William Morris, founder of the Socialist League and active in painting, designing, printing and literature. He was born in Walthamstow (near London), England. His biography is written by Fiona MacCarthy in 1995 and titled: William Morris: A Life for Our Time. She describes Morris as wearing Nietzsche’s "mask of the great man," i.e. one who embraces a gargantuan cause not out of conviction but simply because he feels that this is what he is supposed to do.
 (WSJ, 9/15/95, p.A-14)

1834-1896 Heinrich von Treitschke, German historian. Treitschke coined the word and concept of "lebensraum"-German for "living space"-which was later embraced by Hitler in his drive for domination of Europe. Von Treitschke believed Prussia should be a world power and should seize whatever land it needed.  German geographer Karl Haushofer took the idea to justify Germany’s need for more territory for a growing population, and that notion was subsequently taken up by Hitler and the Nazis.  Haushofer became one of Hitler’s closest advisers and his theories, known as "Weltpolitik" were among the cornerstones of Nazi expansion.
 (WUD, 1994, p.1509)(HNQ, 4/9/99)

1834-1902 Lord Acton, English historian: "Liberty is not a means to a higher political end. It is itself the highest political end."
 (AP, 10/4/99)
1834-1902 John Wesley Powell, American scientist and explorer. He explored the canyons of the Green and Colorado Rivers. he was the first director of the Bureau of Ethnology and a director of the Geological Survey (1881-1892).
 (HFA, ‘96, p.127)

1834-1910 Leon Walras, French economist. He founded the marginalist school of economic thought, which held that prices depend on the level of customer demand. He developed a mathematical formulation of the mechanics of the price system with equations that tied together theories of production, exchange, money and capital. His general equilibrium theory is called "Walrasion general equilibrium" and is still part of modern economic theory.
 (WSJ, 1/11/99, p.R20)

1834-1919 Ernst Haeckel, German biologist, morphologist and philosopher. He coined the terms ecology and phylogeny and proposed the theory that "ontogeny recapitulates phylogeny."
 (WUD, 1994, p.635)(NH, 12/98, p.4,56)

1835  Jan 17, Antanas Baranauskas (d.1902), Lithuanian poet and bishop, was born in Anyksciai.
 (LC, 1998, p.8)(LHC, 1/17/03)

1835  Jan 18, Cesar A. Cui, fort architect, composer, was born in Vilnius, Lithuania.
 (MC, 1/18/02)

1835  Jan 31, A man with two pistols misfired at President Andrew Jackson, also known as 'Old Hickory,' at the White House. In the US Capital Richard Lawrence fired 2 pistols at Pres. Andrew Jackson during funeral services for Rep. Warren Davis. Jackson wasn’t hit and Lawrence, who thought he was the king of England and that Jackson owed him money, was found to be insane.
 (SFC, 7/25/98, p.A6)(HN, 1/31/99)(SFC, 2/5/00, p.B3)

1835  Feb 20, Concepcion, Chile, was destroyed by earthquake and some 5,000 died.
 (MC, 2/20/02)

1835  Feb 22, HMS Beagle with Charles Darwin left Valdivia, Chile.
 (MC, 2/22/02)

1835  Mar 3, Congress authorized a US mint at New Orleans, LA.
 (SC, 3/3/02)

1835  Mar 4, HMS Beagle moved into Bay of Concepcion.
 (SC, 3/4/02)

1835  Mar 6, Charles Ewing (d.1883), Brig General (Union volunteers), was born.
 (MC, 3/6/02)

1835  Mar 7, HMS Beagle returned from Concepcion to Valparaiso.
 (MC, 3/7/02)

1835  Mar 10, Charles Darwin in a letter to Carolyn Darwin described a massive earthquake in Concepcion, Chile.
 (NH, 5/96, p.7)

1835  Mar 12, Simon Newcomb, US scientist, mathematician, astronomer, was born.
 (MC, 3/12/02)

1835  Mar 13, Charles Darwin departed Valparaiso for Andes crossing.
 (MC, 3/13/02)

1835  Mar 18, Charles Darwin departed Santiago, Chile, on his way to Portillo Pass.
 (MC, 3/18/02)

1835  Mar 23, Charles Darwin reached Los Arenales in the Andes.
 (SS, 3/23/02)

1835  Mar 27, The Mexican army massacred Texan rebels at Gohad.
 (HN, 3/27/99)

1835  Mar 29, Elihu Thomson, the English-born American inventor of electric welding and arc lighting, was born.
 (HN, 3/29/99)

1835  Apr 10, Charles Darwin returned to Santiago, Chile.
 (MC, 4/10/02)

1835  Apr 26, Frederic Chopin’s "Grand Polonaise Brillante," premiered in Paris.
 (MC, 4/26/02)

1835  May 6, The 1st edition of NY Herald was priced at 1 cent. The Herald specialized in crime with an emphasis on murder. James Gordon Bennett was the Scottish-born steward of the Herald. Within a few years of the 1936 Jewett murder case, a coalition of clergymen, financiers and rival editors waged a "Moral War" against Bennett and his newspaper
 (SFEM, 11/8/98, p.12)(SFEM, 8/6/00, p.45)(MC, 5/6/02)

1835  May 12, Charles Darwin visited the copper mines in North Chile.
 (MC, 5/12/02)

1835  May 13, 1st foreign embassy in Hawaii was established.
 (SS, Internet, 5/13/97)
1835  May 13, John Nash, British town planner, architect (Regent's Park), died.
 (MC, 5/13/02)

1835  May 14, Charles Darwin reached Coquimbo in Northern Chile.
 (MC, 5/14/02)

1835  May 26, Edward Porter Alexander, brigadier general of artillery, was born.
 (HN, 5/26/98)
1835  May 26, A resolution was passed in the U.S. Congress stating that Congress has no authority over state slavery laws.
 (HN, 5/26/99)

1835  Jun 2, St. Pius X, 257th Roman Catholic pope (1903-14), was born.
 (SC, 6/2/02)
1835  Jun 2, P.T. Barnum and his circus began 1st tour of US.
 (SC, 6/2/02)

1835  Jul 4, The Boston and Worcester Railroad was inaugurated.
 (WSJ, 7/3/96, p.A8)

1835  Jul 6, John Marshall, the third chief justice of the Supreme Court, died at the age of 79. Two days later, while tolling in his honor in Philadelphia, the Liberty Bell cracked.
 (HN, 7/6/98)
1835  Jul 8, The US Liberty Bell in Philadelphia cracked while being tolled for Chief Justice John Marshall. It was never rung again.
 (HFA, ‘96, p.34)(HN, 7/6/98)(WSJ, 12/10/96, p.A20)

1835  Jul 26, The 1st sugar cane plantation was started in Hawaii.
 (MC, 7/26/02)

1835  Jul 28, King Louis Napoleon of France survived an assassination attempt by Giuseppe Maria Fleschi, who rigged 25 guns together and fired them all with the pull of a single trigger.
 (HN, 7/28/98)

1835  Aug 31, Angry mob in Charleston, South Carolina, seized U-S mail containing abolitionist literature and burned it in public.
 (MC, 8/31/01)

1835  Sep 15, HMS Beagle and Charles Darwin reached Galapagos Islands, a scattering of 19 small islands and scores of islets.
 (SFC, 12/4/94, p. T-5)(MC, 9/15/01)

1835  Sep 17, Charles Darwin landed on Chatham in the Galapagos-archipelago.
 (MC, 9/17/01)

1835  Sep 23, HMS Beagle sailed to Charles Island in the Galapagos archipelago.
 (MC, 9/23/01)

1835  Sep 26, Gaetano Donizetti's opera "Lucia di Lammermoor," premiered in Naples.
 (MC, 9/26/01)

1835  Sep, Texans petitioned for statehood separate from Coahuila. They wrote out their needs and their complaints in The Declaration of Causes. This document was designed to convince the Federalists that the Texans desired only to preserve the 1824 Constitution, which guaranteed the rights of everyone living on Mexican soil. But by this time, Santa Anna was in power, having seized control in 1833, and he advocated the removal of all foreigners. His answer was to send his crack troops, commanded by his brother-in-law, General Martin Perfecto de Css, to San Antonio to disarm the Texans.
 (HNQ, 3/24/01)

1835  Oct 2, The first battle of the Texas Revolution took place as American settlers defeated a Mexican cavalry near the Guadalupe River.
 (AP, 10/2/97)

1835  Oct 8, HMS Beagle and Charles Darwin reached James Island, Galapagos archipelago.
 (MC, 10/8/01)

1835  Oct 9, Camille Saint-Saens, composer (Carnival of the Animals, Organ Symphony, Samson et Dalilah), was born in Paris, France.
 (MC, 10/9/01)

1835  Oct 20, HMS Beagle left the Galapagos Archipelago and sailed to Tahiti.
 (MC, 10/20/01)

1835  Oct 23, Adlai Ewing Stevenson, (D) 23rd VP (1893-97), was born.
 (MC, 10/23/01)

1835  Oct 29, The radical urban wing of the Democratic Party, which emerged in New York in opposition to Andrew Jackson‘s banking policies, was known by the nickname Loco-Focos. Also known as Equal Rights men, the Loco-Focos fought those financial interests aided by the regular Democratic Party in applying for bank and corporation charters from the legislature.  They also advocated hard money, elections by direct popular vote, direct taxes, free trade, abolition of monopolies and Jeffersonian strict construction. They got the name Loco-Focos from an incident that occurred at a party primary meeting in New York‘s Tammany Hall on October, 29, 1835. After party regulars pushed through a ticket over the objections of the Equal Rights men, the radicals refused to vacate the hall. To get them to leave, the party regulars turned out the gas lights. At that, the radicals lit candles with the new self-igniting friction matches known as loco-focos, and continued to nominate their own ticket and formulate their program.
 (HNQ, 12/17/99)

1835  Oct 31, Adelbert Ames (d.1933), Bvt Major General (Union Army), was born.
 (MC, 10/31/01)
1835  Oct 31, J.F.W. Adolf Ritter von Baeyer, German chemist (Nobel 1905), was born.
 (MC, 10/31/01)

1835  Oct, Before the Alamo, Mexican General Css led troops against the small community of Gonzales, since enshrined in history as the "Lexington of Texas." San Antonio de Bixar went under military rule, with 1,200 Mexican troops under General Css’ command. When Css ordered the small community of Gonzales, about 50 miles east of San Antonio, to return a cannon loaned to the town for defense against Indian attack--rightfully fearing that the citizens might use the cannon against his own troops--the Gonzales residents refused. "Come and take it!" they taunted, setting off a charge of old chains and scrap iron, shot from the mouth of the tiny cannon mounted on ox-cart wheels. Although the only casualty was one Mexican soldier, Gonzales became enshrined in history as the "Lexington of Texas." The Texas Revolution was on.
 (HNQ, 3/24/01)

1835  Nov 1, Godfrey Weitzel, (Union volunteers Major general, died in 1884), was born.
 (MC, 11/1/01)

1835  Nov 4, Lunsford Lindsay Lomax (d.1913), Major General (Confederate Army), was born.
 (MC, 11/4/01)

1835  Nov 13, Texans officially proclaimed Independence from Mexico, and called itself the Lone Star Republic, after its flag, until its admission to the Union in 1845. In 2001 Randy Roberts and James S. Olson authored "A Line in the Sand," a narrative of the Texas drive for independence.
 (HN, 11/13/98)(WSJ, 2/9/00, p.W6)

1835  Nov 15, HMS Beagle and Charles Darwin reached Tahiti.
 (MC, 11/15/01)

1835  Nov 16, Charles Darwin's voyage account was published in Cambridge Philosophical Society.
 (MC, 11/16/01)

1835  Nov 19, Fitzhugh Lee (d.1905), Major General (Confederate Army), was born.
 (MC, 11/19/01)

1835  Nov 23, Henry Burden invented the first machine for manufacturing horseshoes. He then made most of the horseshoes for the Union Cavalry in the Civil War. Burden patented a Horseshoe manufacturing machine in Troy, NY.
 (SFC, 7/13/96, p.E3)(MC, 11/23/01)

1835  Nov 24, Texas Rangers, a mounted police force, was authorized by the Texas Provisional Government. The Mexicans called them Los Diablos Tejanos -The Texas Devils.
 (MC, 11/24/01)(HNQ, 4/7/02)

1835  Nov 25, Andrew Carnegie (d.1919), American industrialist, was born to a poor weaver in Dunfermline, Scotland. He emigrated to the US in 1848 and worked as a superintendent for the Pennsylvania Railroad. In invested in iron manufacturing, railroad cars and oil and moved into the steel business by 1873 where he improved quality and lowered costs. He sold his interests at age 65 and retired to Scotland. He donated $5 million to a pension fund for his workers and gave away an estimated $350 million over the next 2 decades for public libraries, church organs and other causes: There is no idol more debasing than the worship of money."
 (WSJ, 1/11/98, p.R18)(AP, 11/25/99)

1835  Nov 26, HMS Beagle left Tahiti for NZ.
 (MC, 11/26/01)

1835  Nov 30, Samuel Langhorne Clemens (d.1910), author, -- better known under his penname as Mark Twain -- was born in Florida, Mo. In 1999 Ron Powers published "Dangerous Water: A Biography of the Boy Who Became Mark Twain." "Truth is stranger than fiction, but it is because fiction is obliged to stick to possibilities; truth isn't." "Everybody's private motto: It's better to be popular than right." "Let us be thankful for the fools. But for them, the rest of us could not succeed." "Why is it that we rejoice at a birth and grieve at a funeral? It is because we are not the person involved."
 (HFA, '96, p.18)(AHD, 1971, p.1385)(WUD, 1994, p.276)(AP, 6/2/97)(AP, 10/17/97)(AP, 11/30/97)(AP, 4/1/98)(AP, 4/21/98)(SFEC, 8/8/99, BR p.3)

1835  Dec 1, Hans Christian Andersen published his 1st book of fairy tales.
 (MC, 12/1/01)

1835  Dec 3, 1st US mutual fire insurance company issued 1st policy in RI.
 (MC, 12/3/01)

1835  Dec 4, Samuel Butler (d.1902), English writer and painter, was born. His work included "Erewhon" and "The Way of All Flesh." "There are two great rules of life, the one general and the other particular. The first is that everyone can, in the end, get what he wants if he only tries. This is the general rule. The particular rule is that every individual is more or less an exception to the general rule." "A hen is only an egg’s way of making another egg." "Life is one long process of getting tired."
 (AP, 4/25/97)(SFEC, 3/1/98, Z1 p.8)(AP, 4/22/98)(HN, 12/4/00)

1835  Dec 7, German railway Nurnberg-Furth opened.
 (MC, 12/7/01)

1835  Dec 13, Phillips Brooks, the American Episcopal bishop, was born in Boston. He wrote the words to "O Little Town of Bethlehem."
 (AP, 12/13/99)

1835  Dec 16, A fire in New York City destroyed property estimated to be worth $20,000,000. Beginning in a store at Pearl and Merchant (Hanover) Streets, it lasted two days, ravaged 17 blocks (52 acres), and destroyed 674 buildings including the Stock Exchange, Merchants' Exchange, Post Office, and the South Dutch Church. 13 acres were scorched. 23 of the city’s 26 fire-insurance companies were forced into bankruptcy.
 (HN, 12/16/98)(WSJ, 9/14/00, p.A24)(WSJ, 9/4/02, p.B1)

1835  Dec 21, HMS Beagle sailed into Bay of Islands, New Zealand.
 (MC, 12/21/01)

1835  Dec 25, Charles Darwin celebrated Christmas in Pahia, New Zealand.
 (MC, 12/25/01)

1835  Dec 30, Cherokees were forced to move across the Mississippi River after gold was discovered in Georgia. A minority faction of Cherokee agreed to the emigration of the whole tribe from their lands by signing the Treaty of New Echota. The Treaty of New Echota resulted in the cession of all Cherokee land to the U.S. and provided for the transportation of the Cherokee Indians to land beyond the Mississippi. The removal of the Cherokee was completed by 1838.
 (NG, 5/95, p.86)(HNQ, 6/21/98)(MC, 12/30/01)
1835  Dec 30, HMS Beagle and Charles Darwin sailed from NZ to Sydney.
 (MC, 12/30/01)

1835  Karl Baedeker (1801-1859), German publisher, published "Travel on the Rhine." It was later widely considered as the 1st modern guidebook.
 (SSFC, 11/30/02, p.C3)

1835  Hagop Melik-Agopian, Armenian novelist known as "Raffi", helped develop a nationalist literature.
 (Compuserve Online Enc. / Armenia)

1835  John Lloyd Stephens authored "Incidents of Travel in Arabia Petra."
 (ON, 12/99, p.5)

1835  Alexis de Tocqueville wrote "Democracy in America." He predicted that henceforth equality would always increase everywhere, and justice be thereby served in the life of mankind. He also foresaw that democratic man, no longer protected by traditional institutions, found himself in danger of being exposed to the absolute tyranny of the state that he himself had created, i.e. a case of totalitarianism. He also predicted that the extremes of social diversity would be lost and that more human beings would tend to cluster around a central norm. He stated that: "Americans of all ages, all conditions and all dispositions constantly form associations." In 1938 George Wilson Pierson wrote "Tocqueville in America."
 (V.D.-H.K.p.233)(Smith., 4/1995, p.134)(SFEC, 6/14/98, Par p.10)

1835  Frederic Chopin composed his Waltz #2 in C# Minor. Chronologically this was his 5th published waltz.
 (BAAC PN, Chambers, 1/8/96)

1835  The 1825 Missouri abortion law was rewritten to prohibit instrumental abortions as well as those induced by poisons.
 (SFEM, 2/1/98, p.13)

1835  There was a workers’ walkout and strike in Lowell, Mass.
 (SFEC, 9/29/96, BR p.10)

1835  Solomon Laurent Juneau, a fur trader, laid out the eastern part of Milwaukee and became the first president of the village in 1837. Juneau was born in Montreal and in 1818 settled on the site of Milwaukee and established a trading business. Juneau, who became a U.S.  citizen in 1831, was elected the city‘s first mayor in 1846.
 (HNQ, 2/6/00)

1835  George Calvert Yount chose to settle in the heart of the Napa Valley at what is now called Yountville.
 (SFC, 6/9/96, DB p.69)

1835  Richard Henry Dana, writer, arrived in SF aboard the brig Pilgrim.
 (SFEC, 3/1/98, p.W34)

1835  Pres. Andrew Jackson succeeded in retiring the national debt.
 (WSJ, 2/6/97, p.C18)

1835  Natural gas was used for cooking.
 (WSJ, 1/11/99, p.R14)

1835  Orlando Reeves, a soldier, was shot with an arrow by a Seminole Indian warrior during a fight. The city of Orlando, Florida is named after Orlando Reeves.
 (Hem, Mar. 95, p.27)

1835   The Ottoman Porte divided Albanian-populated lands into vilayets of Janina, Manastir, Shkodra, and Kosova with Ottoman administrators.
 (www, Albania, 1998)

1835  Madame Tussaud opened her London Wax Museum.
 (SFEC, 7/18/99, Par p.4)

1835-1853 The Lost Woman of San Nicolas. A report by a Captain Hubbard, whose schooner carried away the Indians of Ghalast-at, mentioned a girl who jumped into the sea and returned to the Island of San Nicolas. Records of a Captain Nidever record that 18 years later, a young woman living alone was picked up from San Nicolas. She was taken to the Santa Barbara Mission under the protection of Father Gonzales and died there. Her skirt of green cormorant feathers was sent to Rome. Her story is told by Scott O’Dell in his novel: Island of the Blue Dolphins.
 (IBD, 1960, p.183)
 
1835-1868 Adah Isaacs Menken, a Jewish poet and actress, was born near New Orleans and learned French, German, Spanish and Hebrew in school. She shocked American and European audiences in the 1860s for her bold acting style and became notorious for her role in the play Mazeppa, where she appeared on stage barely clothed tied to the back of a running horse. Around 1856 she published her first book of poems and married Alexander Isaacs Menken, whose name she kept through divorce and subsequent remarriages and liaisons. Called the most perfectly developed woman in the world, she moved between Europe and the United States as she performed. Adah Isaacs Menken died of tuberculosis in Paris and was buried there in the Montparnasse Cemetery.
 (HNPD, 11/16/98)

1835-1868 Lesotho acted as a buffer between the Afrikaner’s and British colonial interests and supplied seasonal farm workers to both.
 (WSJ, 3/25/98, p.A11)(EWH, 4th ed, p.885)
 
1835-1909 Augusta Jane Evans, American novelist: "Life does not count by years. Some suffer a lifetime in a day, and so grow old between the rising and the setting of the sun."
 (AP, 2/11/99)

1835-1916 Hetty Green, investor, was known as the "Witch of Wall street." She began investing in the financials markets after inheriting some $10 million from her shi-owner father. She married a wealthy trader, Edward Green, who went bankrupt, but maintained her wealth with separate accounts. She refused to treat her son for a knee injury and the leg was amputated. She left about $100 million when she died.
 (WSJ, 1/11/98, p.R18)

1836  Jan 5, Davy Crockett arrived in Texas just in time to die at the Alamo.
 (MC, 1/5/02)

1836  Jan 18, Knife aficionado Jim Bowie arrived at the Alamo to assist its Texas defenders.
 (HN, 1/18/99)

1836  Jan 27, Leopold von Sacher-Masoch, Austrian writer (masochism), was born.
 (MC, 1/27/02)

1836  Feb 7, The essays "Sketches by Boz" were published by Charles Dickens.
 (MC, 2/7/02)

1836  Feb 12, Mexican General Santa Anna crossed the Rio Grande en route to the Alamo.
 (HN, 2/12/99)

1836  Feb 17, HMS Beagle and Charles Darwin left Tasmania.
 (MC, 2/17/02)

1836  Feb 18, Swami Ramakrishna [Gadadhar Chatterji], Indian mystic, Hindu leader, was born.
 (MC, 2/18/02)

1836  Feb 21, Leo Delibes, ballet composer (Coppelia), was born in Saint-Germain-du-Val, France.
 (MC, 2/21/02)

1836  Feb 23, The Alamo was besieged by Santa Anna. Thus began the siege of the Alamo, a 13-day moment in history that turned a ruined Spanish mission in San Antonio, Texas, into a shrine known and revered the world over.
 (HN, 2/23/98)(AP, 2/23/98)

1836  Feb 24, Winslow Homer (d.1910), American painter, was born. He began his career as an illustrator for Harper's Weekly during America's Civil War. He is believed to have died a virgin and took up a hermit’s life in his mid 40s. He captured the look and spirit of 19th century American life.
 (WSJ, 4/2/96, p.A-12)(HN, 2/24/99)(WSJ, 7/21/00, p.W2)
1836  Feb 24, Some 3,000 Mexicans under Gen. Santa Ana launched an assault on the Alamo, with its 182 Texan defenders. The siege lasted 13 days.
 (HN, 2/24/98)(MC, 2/24/02)

1836  Feb 25, Samuel Colt patented the first revolving barrel multi-shot firearm.
 (HN, 2/25/98)(AP, 2/25/98)

1836  Mar 2, Texas declared its independence from Mexico on Sam Houston's 43rd birthday. The first vice-president was Lorenzo de Zavala. Mexico refused to recognize Texas but diplomatic relations were established with the US, Britain and France. Texas was an independent republic until 1845.
 (WSJ, 11/21/95, p.A-12)(WP, 6/29/96, p.A15)(SFC, 4/28/97, p.A3)(AP, 3/2/98)(HN, 3/2/99)

1836  Mar 5, Samuel Colt manufactured the 1st pistol, a 34-caliber "Texas" model.
 (MC, 3/5/02)

1836  Mar 6, The Alamo fell after fighting for 13 days. Angered by a new Mexican constitution that removed much of their autonomy, Texans seized the Alamo in San Antonio in December 1835. Mexican president General Antonio Lopez de Santa Anna marched into Texas to put down the rebellion. By late February, 1836, 182 Texans, led by Colonel William Travis, held the former mission complex against Santa Anna’s [3,000] 6,000 troops. At 4 a.m. on March 6, after fighting for 13 days, Santa Anna’s troops charged. In the battle that followed, all the Alamo defenders were killed while the Mexicans suffered about 2,000 casualties. Santa Anna dismissed the Alamo conquest as "a small affair," but the time bought by the Alamo defenders’ lives permitted General Sam Houston to forge an army that would win the Battle of San Jacinto and, ultimately, Texas’ independence. Mexican Lt. Col. Pena later wrote a memoir: "With Santa Anna in Texas: Diary of Jose Enrique de la Pena," that described the capture and execution of Davy Crockett and 6 other Alamo defenders. In 1975 a translation of the diary by Carmen Perry (d.1999) was published. Apparently, only one Texan combatant survived Jose María Guerrero, who persuaded his captors he had been forced to fight. Women, children, and a black slave, were spared.
 (AP, 3/6/98)(HN, 3/6/98)(HNPD, 3/6/99)(SFC, 6/15/99, p.C6)(MC, 3/6/02)
1836  Mar 6, HMS Beagle and Darwin reached King George's Sound, Australia.
 (MC, 3/6/02)

1836  Mar 16, Andrew S. Hallidie, inventor (cable car), was born.
 (MC, 3/16/02)
1836  Mar 16, The Republic of Texas approved a constitution.
 (AP, 3/16/97)

1836  Mar 23, Coin Press was invented by Franklin Beale.
 (SS, 3/23/02)

1836  Mar 27, The first Mormon temple was dedicated, in Kirtland, Ohio.
 (AP, 3/27/97)(HN, 3/27/98)(NW, 9/10/01, p.48)

1836  Mar 31, The first monthly instalment of The Pickwick Papers by Charles Dickens was published in London.
 (HN, 3/31/01)

1836  Apr 9-10, Helen Jewett, a prostitute in a Thomas St. bordello in Manhattan, was murdered. Her boyfriend, Richard P. Robinson (17), a clerk for a local merchant and engaged to a woman of good pedigree, was tried for the murder but acquitted. In 1998 Patricia Cline Cohen published "The Murder of Helen Jewett," an account of the story.
 (WSJ, 8/21/98, p.W6)(SFEM, 11/8/98, p.12)

1836  Apr 20, The Territory of Wisconsin was established by Congress.
 (AP, 4/20/97)(HN, 4/20/98)
1836  Apr 20, Johan I Jozef (75), monarch of Liechtenstein, field marshal, died.
 (MC, 4/20/02)

1836  Apr 21, Texans led by Sam Houston defeated the Mexican army under Gen. Antonio Lopez de Santa Anna at San Jacinto. At the Battle of San Jacinto, Texas, won independence from Mexico.
 (AP, 4/21/97)(HN, 4/21/98)(MC, 4/21/02)

1836  May 6, Christian Ignatius Latrobe (78), composer, died.
 (MC, 5/6/02)

1836  May 9, HMS Beagle with Charles Darwin departed Port Louis, Mauritius.
 (MC, 5/9/02)

1836  May 16, Edgar Allan Poe (27) married Virginia Clem (13) in Richmond, Virginia.
 (SFEM, 1/25/98, p.67)

1836  May 17, Joseph Norman Lockyer, discovered helium, was born. He founded Nature magazine.
 (HN, 5/17/98)(MC, 5/17/02)

1836  May 18, Wilhelm Steinitz was born. The Czech-born world chess champion (1866-94) later became a naturalized American.
 (HN, 5/18/99)(SC, 5/18/02)

1836  May 27, Jay Gould, US railroad executive, financier, was born.
 (MC, 5/27/02)

1836  May 31, HMS Beagle anchored in Simons Bay, Cape of Good Hope.
 (MC, 5/31/02)

1836  Jun 10, Yamaoka Tesshu, Japanese swordsman, was born.
 (HN, 6/10/98)
1836  Jun 10, Andre M. Ampere, French mathematician, physicist (Amp), died.
 (MC, 6/10/02)

1836  Jun 15, Arkansas became the 25th state.
 (AP, 6/15/97)

1836  Jun 23, Congress approved the Deposit Act, which contained a provision for turning over surplus federal revenue to the states.
 (AP, 6/23/97)

1836  Jun 26, Claude-Joseph Rouget de Lisle, author, composer ("La Marseillaise"), died.
 (MC, 6/26/02)

1836  Jun 28, James Madison (85), the 4th president of the United States (1809-17), died in Montpelier, Va. His writings included the 29 Federalist essays. In 1999 "James Madison: Writings," edited by Jack N. Rakove, was published. In 2002 Garry Wills authored James Madison."
 (AP, 6/28/97)(WSJ, 2/2/95, p.A-16)(WSJ, 9/1/99, p.A24)(WSJ, 3/26/02, p.A21) (MC, 6/28/02)

1836  Jun, In NYC Richard P. Robinson was found not guilty of the murder of Helen Jewett by a jury after 10 minutes of deliberation.
 (SFEM, 11/8/98, p.12)

1836  Jul 4, The territorial government of Wisconsin was established.
 (IB, Internet, 12/7/98)

1836  Jul 4, Narcissa Prentiss Whitman and Eliza Hart Spaulding made a marker at South Pass Wyoming as the first European women to cross the continent.
 (SFC, 8/18/98, p.A8)

1836  Jul 6, French General Thomas Bugeaud defeated Abd al-Kader’s forces beside the Sikkak River in Algeria.
 (HN, 7/6/98)

1836  Jul 15, William Winter, drama critic and essayist for The New York Times, was born.
 (HN, 7/15/98)

1836  Jul 20, Charles Darwin climbed Green Hill on Ascension.
 (MC, 7/20/02)

1836   Aug 25, Bret Harte (d.1902), American author and journalist, was born in Albany, NY. "The only sure thing about luck is that it will change." [1839 also given as a birth date]
 (WUD, 1994 p.648)(AP, 4/2/98)(SFEC, 9/3/00, BR p.6)

1836  Sep 1, Protestant missionary Dr. Marcus Whitman led a party to Oregon. His wife, Narcissa, was one of the first white women to travel the Oregon Trail.
 (HN, 9/1/99)
1836  Sep 1, Reconstruction began on Synagogue of Rabbi Judah Hasid in Jerusalem.
 (MC, 9/1/02)

1836  Sep 5, Sam Houston was elected president of the Republic of Texas.
 (AP, 9/5/97)

1836  Sep 10, Joseph Wheeler II, Maj Gen of the Confederacy, Cavalry, Army of Tennessee, was born.
 (MC, 9/10/01)

1836  Sep 12, Mexican authorities crushed the revolt which broke out on August 25.
 (HN, 9/12/98)

1836  Sep 14, Aaron Burr, the 3rd US Vice President, died. He had served as vice-president under Thomas Jefferson. In 1999 Roger W. Kennedy authored "Burr, Hamilton and Jefferson: A Study in Character."
 (WUD, 1994, p.199)(WSJ, 10/27/99, p.A16)(MC, 9/14/01)

1836  Oct 2, Darwin returned to England aboard HMS Beagle after 5 years abroad. He visited Brazil, the Galapagos Islands, and New Zealand. His studies were important to his theory of evolution, which he put forth in his groundbreaking scientific work of 1859, "The Origin of Species by Means of Natural Selection."
 (MC, 10/2/01)

1836  Oct 22, Sam Houston was inaugurated as the first constitutionally elected president of the Republic of Texas.
 (AP, 10/22/97)(HN, 10/22/98)

1836  Oct 24, A. Phillips patented the match.
 (HN, 10/24/98)(MC, 10/24/01)

1836  Nov 6, Charles X (79), King of France (1824-30), died.
 (MC, 11/6/01)

1836  Nov 10, Louis Napoleon was banished to America.
 (MC, 11/10/01)

1836  Nov 18, William S. Gilbert (d.1911), English playwright, librettist and humorist, was born. He was one half of Gilbert & Sullivan.  "Life is a joke that's just begun."
 (HN, 11/18/00)

1836  Nov 27, Carle [Antoine CH] Vernet, French painter and lithographer, died.
 (MC, 11/27/01)

1836  Dec 7, Martin Van Buren (d.1862) was elected the eighth president of the United States and served one term. He was known as the "Little Magician" and the "Red Fox of Kinderhook." The eighth president earned these monikers for his political adroitness and skill at keeping his thoughts close to the vest.
 (AP, 12/7/97)(HNQ, 9/19/99)

1836  Dec 28, Spain recognized the independence of Mexico.
 (MC, 12/28/01)

1836  Leopold von Sacher-Masoch was born in Lemberg, Galicia. He was the author of "Venus in Furs." He voluntarily enslaved himself to Fanny von Pister and later to his bride Aurore Rumelin. The term masochism was derived from his name.
 (WSJ, 2/7/96, p.A-12)

1836  Thomas Cole, Hudson River School painter, painted "The Course of Empire," a series of 5 paintings chronicling the rise and fall of a great civilization.
 (WSJ, 9/19/02, p.D12)

1836  Auguste Mayer painted "Scene from the Battle of Trafalgar."
 (WSJ, 5/7/02, p.D7)

1836  Constantine Samuel Rafinisque (1783-1840), naturalist, wrote "The American Nations," which contained what he claimed to be the deciphered ancient document written by the Lenape (Delaware) Indians called the Walam Olum.
 (NH, 10/96, p.14)

1836  Meyerbeer composed his opera "Les Huguenots" with a libretto by Scribe. It was set around the 16th century Catholic and Protestant struggle that exploded with the 1572 St. Bartholomew's Day Massacre.
 (WSJ, 11/23/99, p.A21)

1836  George Yount built the first structure in Sonoma, Ca. and planted the first grapes, the coarse Mission variety.
 (WCG, 7/95, p.21)

1836  Father Veniaminov, later canonized, as St. Innokenty of Alaska, spent 3 months at Fort Ross, Ca., baptizing, burying and teaching.
 (SFEC, 3/23/97, p.T14)

1836  Pres. Jackson vetoed the bill to renew the charter of the Second Bank of the United States in 1836. Not until the Federal Reserve Act of 1911 did the US Government get back its monopoly on the creation of money. [see the New York Free Banking Act of 1838]
 (WSJ,11/24/95, p.A-8)

1836  Pres. Jackson named Martin Van Buren as his successor and Col. Richard Johnson as the vice presidential candidate, despite Johnson’s mulatto mistress and 2 illegitimate children.
 (WSJ, 8/15/00, p.A26)

1836  The US Congress voted to accept the 100,000 gold sovereign donation of Englishman James Smithson and establish the Smithsonian Institution for the increase and diffusion of knowledge among men. The actual Institution was not established until 1846. [see 1826 and 1846]
 (SFEC, 8/25/96, p.T6)

1836  The 4-wheeled steam locomotive John Hancock was built with vertical boilers, cylinders and driving rods that gave its class the nickname "grasshoppers."
 (SFEC, 4/25/99, p.T6)

1836  Nathan Rothschild, son of Mayer Amschel Rothschild, died in London. His younger brother James took charge of the business.
 (WSJ, 11/17/98, p.21)

1836  The London-based Anti Slavery International human rights group was founded.
 (WSJ, 1/11/99, p.R28)

1836  The 107-foot-tall Egyptian Obelisk reached Paris. [see 1829]
 (SFC, 5/15/98, p.D3)

1836  The oldest shop in the Galerie Vivienne, Paris, France, is Librarie Jousseaume (nos. 45,46,47), which opened in 1836 and has been owned for the past 100 years by the Joussseaume family. Books span the 18th century to the present.
 (Hem., 10/’95, p.109)

1836-1838 Sam Houston (1793-1863), US soldier and political leader, was president of the Republic of Texas.
 (WUD, 1994, p.689)

1836-1845 Texas was an independent republic.
 (SFC, 4/28/97, p.A3)

1836-1926 Joseph G. Cannon, Speaker of the U.S. House of Representatives: "By descent, I am one-fourth German, one-fourth Irish, one-fourth English, and another quarter French. My God! If my ancestors are permitted to look down upon me, they might perhaps upbraid me. But I am also an American!"
 (AP, 2/19/00)

1837  Jan 2, Mili Alexeyevich Balakirev, composer (Tamara), was born in Nizhny-Novgorod, Russia.
 (MC, 1/2/02)

1837  Jan 11, John Field (54), Irish pianist, composer (Nocturnes), died.
 (MC, 1/11/02)
1837  Jan 11, Francois Gerard (66), French baron, painter, died.
 (MC, 1/11/02)

1837  Jan 22, An earthquake in southern Syria killed thousands.
 (MC, 1/22/02)

1837  Jan, 26, Michigan became the 26th state of the US.
 (HFA, ‘96, p.22)(AP, 1/26/98)

1837  Feb 5, Dwight L. Moody (d.1899), evangelist, was born. He founded the Moody Bible Institute. "No man can resolve himself into Heaven."
 (AP, 7/26/00)(HN, 2/5/01)

1837  Feb 7, Sir James Augustus Henry Murray, Scottish lexicographer and editor, was born. He created the Oxford Dictionary.
 HN, 2/7/01)(MC, 2/7/02)

1837  Feb 8, The Senate selected Richard Mentor Johnson as the vice president of the United States. Johnson was nominated for vice president on the Democratic ticket with Martin Van Buren in 1836. When Johnson failed to receive a majority of the popular vote, the election was thrown into the Senate for the first and only time. Johnson won the election in the Senate by a vote of 33 to 16.
 (AP, 2/8/99)(HNQ, 3/8/99)(MC, 2/8/02)

1837  Feb 13, There was a riot in NY over the high price of flour.
 (MC, 2/13/02)

1837  Mar 1, William Dean Howells (d.1920), US author, critic and editor, was born. He edited the work of William James at the Atlantic Monthly. "We are creatures of the moment; we live from one little space to another; and only one interest at a time fills these." "If we like a man's dream, we call him a reformer; if we don't like his dream, we call him a crank."
 (WUD, 1994, p.689)(SFEC, 11/3/96, BR p.10)(AP, 3/3/98)(AP, 11/13/98)(HN, 3/1/01)

1837  Mar 3, US President Andrew Jackson and Congress recognized the Republic of Texas.
 (SC, 3/3/02)
1837  Mar 3, Congress increased Supreme Court membership from 7 to 9.
 (SC, 3/3/02)
 
1837  Mar 4, Martin Van Buren was inaugurated as 8th President.
 (SC, 3/4/02)
1837  Mar 4, The Illinois state legislature granted a city charter to Chicago.
 (AP, 3/4/99)
1837  Mar 4, Weekly Advocate changed its name to the Colored American.
 (SC, 3/4/02)

1837  Mar 17, Upon his return to his home in Tennessee, Andrew Jackson, the seventh president of the U.S., proclaimed that he left office "with barely $90 in my pocket." The old soldier and war hero who had served as president for eight years, spoke those words when he returned to his home in Tennessee.
 (HNQ, 8/6/98)

1837  Mar 18, Stephen Grover Cleveland , was born Caldwell, N.J. He was the 22nd (1885-1889) and 24th (1893-1897) president of the United States, the only President elected for two nonconsecutive terms.
 (AP, 3/18/97)(HN, 3/18/02)

1837  Mar 24, Canada gave blacks the right to vote.
 (MC, 3/24/02)

1837  Mar 28, Felix Mendelssohn married Cecile Jeanrenaud.
 (MC, 3/28/02)

1837  Mar 31, John Constable (60), English painter, water colors painter, died.
 (MC, 3/31/02)

1837  Mar, Pres. Jackson left office. There followed a financial crash and a bitter depression and the government was again forced to borrow money. Pres. Jackson had returned surplus government funds to the state governments as bonuses.
 (WSJ, 2/6/97, p.C18)(WSJ, 6/26/00, p.A1)

1837  Apr 3, John Burroughs (d.1921), American author and naturalist, was born. "Time does not become sacred to us until we have lived it, until it has passed over us and taken with it a part of ourselves."
 (HN, 4/3/01)(AP, 5/28/98)

1837  Apr 5, Algernon Charles Swinburne (d.1909), English poet (Atalanta in Calydon), was born.
 (MC, 4/5/02)

1837  Apr 7, J. Pierpont Morgan (J.P. Morgan, d.1913), American financier, was born in Hartford, Conn. He later owned U.S. Steel and International Harvester. In 1999 Jean Strouse published the biography "Morgan: American Financier."
 (WUD, 1994 p.931)(WSJ, 3/30/99, p.A24)(HN, 4/7/99)

1837  Apr 15, Horace Porter (d.1921), Bvt Brig General (Union Army), was born.
 (MC, 4/15/02)

1837  May 2, Henry Martyn Roberts, parliamentarian (Robert's Rules of Order).
 (HN, 5/2/02)

1837  May 5, Niccolo Antonio Zingarelli (85), Italian composer, bandmaster, died.
 (MC, 5/5/02)

1837  May 9, "Sherrod" burned in Mississippi River below Natchez, Miss., and 175 died.
 (MC, 5/9/02)

1837  May 27, Legendary gunfighter James Butler "Wild Bill" Hickok was born in Troy Grove, IL. As a youth, Hickok helped his father operate an Underground Railroad stop for runaway slaves and during the Civil War became a daring Union scout. After the war Hickok's fame as a skilled marksman, Indian fighter and frontier marshal grew, leading to a stint as a featured attraction with Buffalo Bill Cody's Wild West Show. On August 2, 1876, Hickok was shot from behind and killed while playing poker in Saloon No. 10 in Deadwood, Dakota Territory. Contrary to his custom, Hickok was sitting with his back to the door.
 (HNPD, 5/28/99)(MesWP)

1837  May 29, Luca Fumagalli, composer, was born.
 (SC, 5/29/02)
1837  May 29, Alexander F. de Savornin Lohmann, Dutch minister, party leader (CHU), was born.
 (SC, 5/29/02)

1837  May 31, Astor Hotel opened in NYC. It later became the Waldorf-Astoria. John Jacob Astor bought up foreclosed properties during the financial bust. He later sold them for a 10-fold profit.
 (WSJ, 1/11/99, p.R43)(MC, 5/31/02)

1837  Jun 17, Vincent Strong, Civil War Union Colonel (killed in action at Gettysburg in 1863), was born.
 (MC, 6/17/02)

1837  Jun 20, Queen Victoria (18) ascended the British throne following the death of her uncle, King William IV (b.1765). She ruled for 63 years to 1901.
 (AP, 6/20/97)(WSJ, 4/27/00, p.A24)(HN, 6/20/01)

1837  Jul 31, William Clarke Quantrill (d.1865), Confederate raider, was born. He was known as one of the most vicious butchers of the American Civil war.
 (HN, 7/31/02)(MC, 7/31/02)

1837  Aug 28, Pharmacists John Lea & William Perrins began to manufacture Worcester Sauce. [see 1834]
 (MC, 8/28/01)

1837  Sep 6, The Oberlin Collegiate Institute of Ohio went co-educational. [see Oct 30, 1838]
 (AP, 9/6/97)

1837  Sep 21, Charles Lewis Tiffany (1812-1902) founded his jewelry and china stores.
 (MC, 9/21/01)(SSFC, 9/7/03, p.I4)

1837  Oct 1,  Robert Gould Shaw was born to a prominent abolitionist family. He became commander of the 54th Massachusetts Regiment, the first unit of black soldiers in the Civil War. He was later asked by the governor of Massachusetts to organize the first regiment of black troops in a Northern state. Shaw recruited free blacks from all over New England. On May 13, 1863, the 54th Massachusetts Regiment was mustered into service in the Union Army with Shaw as its commanding officer. After leading the regiment in a handful of smaller actions, Shaw and the 54th joined two brigades of white troops in an assault on Confederates holding Battery Wagner on the South Carolina coast. Although the action was unsuccessful and Shaw himself died leading the charge, the courage of black troops under fire was proven beyond any doubt. This Kurz and Allison print honors Shaw and the 54th Massachusetts at Fort Wagner.
 (HNPD, 10/1/98)(HN, 10/1/98)
1837  Oct 1, A treaty was made with the Winnebago Indians.
 (MC, 10/1/01)

1837  Oct 9, Francis Parker, educator and founder of progressive elementary schools, was born.
 (HN, 10/9/00)

1837  Oct 11, Samuel Wesley, composer (Exultate Deo), died at 71.
 (MC, 10/11/01)

1837  Oct 17, Johann Nepomuk Hummel, Austrian composer, died at 58.
 (MC, 10/17/01)

1837  Oct 21, Under a flag of truce during peace talks, U.S. troops sieged the Indian Seminole Chief Osceola in Florida.
 (HN, 10/21/98)

1837  Oct 31, The collision of river boats Monmouth & Trement on Mississippi left 300 dead.
 (MC, 10/31/01)

1837  Nov 7, A mob attack on the Alton, Illinois, office newspaper editor Elijah P. Lovejoy and the subsequent killing of Lovejoy was inspired by the editor’s anti-slavery writings. Several persons were indicted in the killing, but they were found not guilty. Lovejoy was killed while defending a newly arrived printing press.  People opposed to Lovejoy‘s mission had already destroyed three previous presses.
 (HNQ, 3/18/99)(HNQ, 6/26/00)

1837  Nov 8, Mount Holyoke Seminary, the 1st US college exclusively for women, opened in South Hadley, Massachusetts.
 (AP, 11/8/00)(MC, 11/8/01)

1837  Nov 15, Isaac Pitman introduced his steno system.
 (MC, 11/15/01)

1837  Nov 21, Thomas Morris of Australia skipped rope 22,806 times.
 (MC, 11/21/01)

1837  Nov 28, John Wesley Hyatt, inventor (celluloid), was born.
 (MC, 11/28/01)

1837  Dec 2, Dr. Joseph Bell, British physician, was born. He is believed to be the prototype of Sir Arthur Conan Doyle's detective 'Sherlock Holmes.'
 (HN, 12/2/99)

1837  Dec 5, Hector Berlioz' "Requiem," premiered.
 (MC, 12/5/01)

1837  Dec 9, Charles Emile Waldteufel, waltz composer (Skaters), was born in Strasbourg, France.
 (MC, 12/9/01)

1837  Dec 25, In the Battle of Okeechobee US forces defeated the Seminole Indians.
 (MC, 12/25/01)

1837  Dec 26, George Dewey, Admiral of the Navy, was born: Spanish-American War: hero of Manila: "You may fire when you are ready, Gridley."
 (440.com)

1837  Dec 29, Canadian militiamen destroyed the Caroline, a U.S. steamboat docked at Buffalo, N.Y.
 (AP, 12/29/97)
1837    Dec 29, A threshing machine powered by a single horse treadmill was patented in Winthrop, Maine, by twins Hiram A. and John A. Pitts.
 (DM, 8/5/03)

1837  Mary Harris (d.1931), aka Mother Jones, was born in County Cork, Ireland. [see May 1, 1830]
 (SSFC, 2/25/01, BR p.5)

1837  Thomas Moran (d.1936), American painter, was born. His paintings of Yellowstone helped persuade Congress to designate it a national park. Moran painted "The Valley of the Cuernavaca." The painting was stolen around 1975 from the National Museum of American Art in Washington DC. It was recovered in 1995 at an auction house not far from the museum. Moran was best known for works on the Grand Canyon and Yellowstone National Park. Steven Good in Denver compiled a catalogue raisonne on Moran and verified the above work.
 (WSJ, 5/11/95, p. A-14)(SFC,10/15/97, p.D3)

1837  The Dickens novel "Great Expectations" was set in this year. A 1998 version of the novel by Australian writer Peter Carey was titled "Jack Maggs."
 (WSJ, 2/4/98, p.A20)

1837  Nathaniel Hawthorne wrote "Twice Told Tales."
 (xx, xxx)

1837  Noah Webster’s Spelling Book had an estimated printing of 15 million. First published in 1783 as "A Grammatical Institute of the English Language," the Spelling Book was influential in standardizing and differentiating, from the British forms, English spelling and pronunciation in America. By 1890, more than 70 million copies of the book had been printed.
 (HNQ, 8/9/98)

1837   Oliver Wendell Holmes referred to a speech given by Ralph Waldo Emerson in 1837 as "our intellectual Declaration of Independence." Emerson, a philosopher and author born in Boston on May 25, 1803, gave the speech, entitled "The American Scholar," to the Phi Beta Kappa Society of Harvard. It called for an indigenous national culture and defined the functions of the intellectual in the light of Transcendentalism. He urged the mottoes: "Know Thyself" and "Study Nature." In 1838 Emerson’s address to the Harvard Divinity School criticized orthodox Christianity and led to accusations that he was an atheist. It was 30 years before he was invited again to speak at Harvard. He died on April 27, 1882.
 (HNQ, 6/14/98)

1837  Washington Irving wrote "The Adventures of Captain Bonneville."
 (HT, 3/97, p.38)

1837  In Maine the Edwards Dam on the Kennebec River was constructed.
 (SFC,11/26/97, p.A7)

1837  Conflicts broke up the Mormon communities in Missouri and Ohio.
 (NW, 9/10/01, p.48)

1837  The Presbyterian Church split into two denominations.
 (SFC, 7/21/97, p.A11)

1837  A US treaty with the Chippewa Indians in Minnesota guaranteed their right to hunt and fish and gather wild rice on territory relinquished to the federal government.
 (SFC, 3/25/99, p.A8)

1837  US Chief Justice Taney justified the government use of eminent domain in the Charles River case and wrote: "the object and end of all government is to promote the happiness and prosperity of the community by which it is established."
 (Wired, 10/96, p.133)

1837  A Michigan Public Act declared that the Univ. of Michigan would "provide the inhabitants of the State with the means of acquiring a thorough knowledge of the various branches of literature, science, and the arts... (and) be open to all residents of this state."
 (LSA., Fall 1995, p.11)

1837  The B&O Railroad and the C&O Canal both reached Harper's Ferry. At this point the B&O built a bridge across the Potomac and began an inland route up the mountains to Martinsburg.
 (SFEC, 4/25/99, p.T7)

1837  Sir Thomas Crapper came out with a flush model, valve controlled, water closet. Henry Wadsworth Longfellow installed one in his home in 1840 and sparked public attention. Briton Thomas Crapper is popularly credited with inventing the water closet and held three patents, although he may simply have bought the siphon discharge system patent from Albert Giblin and marketed it himself. All experts agree that Crapper existed and was involved in the plumbing business.
 (SFEC, 10/29/00, Z1 p.2)(HNQ, 11/25/00)
 
1837  Samuel F.B. Morse incorporated the discoveries of Sturgeon and Henry in the first practical telegraph, separating the magnet from the switch by some five hundred yards of wire. [see 1844]
 (I&I, Penzias, p.96)

1837  In California Jose Maria Amador led a "recapturing expedition." They found and murdered 200 Indians.
 (SFC, 12/31/00, BR p.12)

1837  A parliamentary commission’s report indicated that there were nearly 30,000 charitable endowments in Britain at this time.
 (WSJ,11/24/95, p.A-8)

1837  In St. Petersburg Alexander Pushkin (b.1799), poet, was killed in a duel with his wife's suitor, D'Anthes, a French nobleman. Pushkin's work included "Eugene Onegin," a novel-in-verse, and "Boris Godunov," made famous in the Mussorgsky opera. In 1993 an English translation of "Strolls With Pushkin" by Abram Tertz (Andrei Sinyavsky) was published. In 1999 Elaine Feinstein published "Pushkin: A Biography."
 (SFC, 6/3/99, p.C2)(WSJ, 7/15/99, p.A16)(WSJ, 8/3/99, p.A23)

1837  In Scotland Fife Pottery in Kirkcaldy was purchased by Mary and Robert Heron. They developed a new style of decoration for pottery and called the pieces Wemyss Ware. the pottery was decorated on the clay before it was glazed. the factory closed in 1920 and rights were purchased by a pottery in Devon.
 (SFC, 9/2/98, Z1 p.6)

1837-1841 Martin Van Buren became 8th President of the US. His term was marred by depression and financial panic.
 (A&IP, ESM, p.96b, photo)(HFA, ‘96, p.46)

1837-1901 The Victorian Era was covered by Peter Gay in his 5-volume work: The Bourgeois Experience: Victoria to Freud." The 5th volume "Pleasure Wars" came out in 1998. Other volumes were titled: Education of the Sense," "The Tender Passion," and "The Cultivation of Hatred."
 (SFEC, 1/11/98, BR p.9)

1837-1899 The Countess de Castiglione, mistress to Napoleon III, actively collaborated in the making of some 500 images of herself in a wide variety of costume and pose mostly photographed by Pierre-Louis Pierson. She advertised herself as "The Most Beautiful Woman of the Century."
 (SFEC, 9/19/99, p.C13)

1838  Jan 4, Charles Sherwood Stratton (d.1883), later known as the dwarf Tom Thumb, was born in Bridgeport, Conn. In 1842, P.T. Barnum discovered Charles, who measured 25 inches              and weighed 15 pounds, only six pounds more than his birth weight.
 (www.barnum-museum.org)

1838  Jan 6, Max Bruch, composer Scottish Fantasy), was born in Cologne, Germany.
 (MC, 1/6/02)
1838  Jan 6, Samuel Morse first publicly demonstrated his telegraph, in Morristown, N.J. [see Jan 8]
 (AP, 1/6/98)

1838  Jan 7, John Joseph Hughes (aka "Dagger John") was consecrated as bishop of New York. He encouraged the formation of the Society for the Protection of Destitute Catholic Children and helped form the Irish Emigrant Society.
 (WSJ, 3/17/97, p.A18)

1838  Jan 8, 1st telegraph message using dots & dashes was sent in NJ. [see Jan 6]
 (MC, 1/8/02)

1838  Jan 26, Tennessee became the 1st state to prohibit alcohol.
 (MC, 1/26/02)

1838  Feb 6, Having failed to obtain land by trickery from the Zulus of South Africa, the Boar leader Piet Retief was executed as a witch.
 (HN, 2/6/99)

1838  Feb 16, Henry Adams (d.1918), was born. He was the son and grandson of the presidents who became a U.S. historian and wrote "The Education of Henry Adams."
 (HN, 2/16/99)(SFEC, 4/23/00, BR p.6)

1838  Feb 20, Ludwig Boltzmann (d.1906), Austrian atomic physics engineer, was born. [see 1844]
 (HN, 2/20/98)

1838  Feb 21, Alexis De Rochon, Spyglass Developer, was born.
 (HN, 2/21/98)

1838  Feb 23, Gilbert Moxley Sorrel (d.1901), Brig General (Confederate Army), was born.
 (MC, 2/23/02)

1838  Feb 24, Thomas Benton Smith (d.1923), Brig. General (Confederate Army), was born.
 (MC, 2/24/02)

1838  Mar 3, Rebellion at Pelee Island, Ontario, Canada.
 (SC, 3/3/02)

1838  Mar 7, Soprano Jenny Lind ("the Swedish Nightingale") made her debut in Weber's opera Der Freischultz.
 (HN, 3/7/01)

1838  Mar 16, Nathaniel Bowditch (b.1773), mathematician, astronomer, polyglot, author (Marine Sextant), died. In 1802 he published "The New American Practical Navigator."
 (SS, 3/26/02)(AH, 12/02, p.22)

1838  Mar 18, Randal Cremer, British trade unionist, pacifist (Nobel 1903), was born.
 (MC, 3/18/02)

1838  Apr 3, Leon Michel Gambetta, French attorney, premier (1881-82), was born.
 (MC, 4/3/02)
1838  Apr 3, Francesco Antommarchi (57), Napoleon's physician on St Helena, died.
 (MC, 4/3/02)

1838  Apr 8, The steamship "Great Western" made its maiden voyage  from Bristol, England, to NYC.
 (MC, 4/8/02)

1838  Apr 12, John Shaw Billings, American librarian, army physician, was born.
 (HN, 4/12/98)

1838  Apr 17, J. Schopenhauer (71), writer, died.
 (MC, 4/17/02)

1838  Aug 18, A 6-ship American expedition sailed from Hampton Roads, Virginia, under Lt. Charles Wilkes to search for the continent of Antarctica.
 (ON, 3/00, p.6)

1838  Apr 21, John Muir (d.1914), naturalist, was born in Dunbar, Scotland. He discovered glaciers in the High Sierras of California.
 (HN, 4/21/98)(SFEC, 1/2/00, DB p.23)(SFC, 2/2/00, p.A21)

1838  Apr 22, English steamship "Sirius" docked in NYC after Atlantic crossing.
 (MC, 4/22/02)

1838  Apr 27, Fire destroyed half of Charleston.
 (MC, 4/27/02)

1838  May 10, John Wilkes Booth, assassin of Abraham Lincoln, was born.
 (HN, 5/10/98)

1838  May 17, Pennsylvania Hall in Philadelphia was burned following an abolitionist meeting.
 (SFEC, 1/3/99, BR p.1)
1838  May 17, Charles-Maurice duke of Talleyrand-Perigord (84), French revolutionary, bishop, died.
 (MC, 5/17/02)

1838  Jun 12, The Iowa Territory was organized.
 (AP, 6/12/97)

1838  Jun 27, Bankim Chandra Chatterjee, Bengali novelist (Anandamath), was born.
 (SC, 6/27/02)

1838  Jun 28, Britain’s Queen Victoria was crowned in Westminster Abbey.
 (AP, 6/28/98)

1838   Jul 1, Charles Darwin presented a paper on his theory of evolution to the Linnaean Society in London.
 (HN, 7/1/01)

1838  Jul 8, Count Ferdinand von Zeppelin (d.1917), German designer and manufacturer of airships, was born.
 (HN, 7/8/98)(WUD, 1994, p.1660)

1838  Jul 11, John Wanamaker, U.S. merchant who founded a chain of stores in Philadelphia, was born.
 (HN, 7/11/98)

1838  Aug 1, Slavery was abolished in Jamaica.
 (HFA, ‘96, p.36)

1838  Aug 18, Six US Navy ships departed Hampton Roads, Va., led by Lt. Charles Wilkes on a 3-year mission called the US South Seas Exploring Expedition, the "U.S. Ex. Ex." The mission proved Antarctica to be a continent. In 2003 Nathaniel Philbrick authored "Sea of Glory," an account of the expedition.
 (NG, 10/1988, Geographica)(ON, 3/00, p.6)(WSJ, 11/12/03, p.D12)

1838  Aug 23, One of the first colleges for women, Mount Holyoke Female Seminary in South Hadley, Mass., graduated its first students.
 (AP, 8/23/97)

1838  Sep 1, William Clark (68), 2nd lt. of Lewis and Clark Expedition, died.
 (MC, 9/1/02)

1838  Sep 2, Lydia Kamekeha Liliuokalani (d.1917), last sovereign before annexation of Hawaii by the United States, was born. Lili’uokalani, the last monarch of Hawaii (1891-1893). She composed Hawaii’s most famous song "Aloha Oe."
 (WSJ, 1/23/97, p.A12)(HN, 9/2/98)

1838  Sep 3, Frederick Douglass, American Negro abolitionist, escaped slavery disguised as a sailor. He would later write "The Narrative Life of Frederick Douglass," his memoirs about slave life.
 (HFA, ‘96, p.38)(HN, 9/3/98)

1838  Sep 6, The steamship Foxfarshire with some 60 passengers and crew suffered engine failure and drifted onto Big Harkar Rock near the Longstone Lighthouse on the Farne Islands in northeast England. Over 40 people drowned. Grace Darling (22) rowed with her father (54), light keeper, to rescue survivors.
 (ON, 10/00, p.9)

1838  Sep 10, The opera "Benvenuto Cellini," by Hector Berlioz, premiered in Paris.
 (MC, 9/10/01)

1838  Sep 11, John Ireland, US archbishop of St. Paul, was born in Ireland.
 (MC, 9/11/01)

1838  Sep 16, James J. Hill, railroad builder, was born.
 (HN, 9/16/00)

1838  Sep 23, Victoria Chaflin Woodhull, feminist, was born. Woodhull was the first woman newspaper publisher. She was also a militant suffragist, advocated free love and was the first woman presidential candidate (1872) in the United States.
 (HN, 9/23/98)(HNPD, 4/28/00)(MC, 9/23/01)
1838  Sep 23, Victoria Woodhull (d.1927), American presidential candidate (1872), was born into a family of charlatans in Ohio. She was Wall Street's first female broker after attracting Cornelius Vanderbilt and the first woman to address Congress. Her story is documented in The Woman Who Ran for President: The Many Lives of Victoria Woodhull by Lois Beachy Underhill. In 1998 Mary Gabriel published "Notorious Victoria: The Life of Victoria Woodhull, Uncensored. In 1998 Barbara Goldsmith published "Other Powers--The Age of Suffrage, Spiritualism and the Scandalous Victoria Woodhull."
 (WSJ, 7/25/95, p.A-10)(SFEC, 2/22/98, BR p.5)(SFEC, 3/8/98, Par p.14)

1838  Oct 25, Georges Alexandre-Cesar-Leopold Bizet, French composer (Carmen), was born.
 (HN, 10/25/98)(MC, 10/25/01)

1838  Oct 30, Oberlin Collegiate Institute in Lorian County, Ohio became the first college in the U.S. to admit female students. [see Sep 6, 1837]
 (HN, 10/30/00)

1838  Oct 31, A mob of about 200 attacked a Mormon camp in Missouri, killing 20 men, women and children. In the massacre at Haun’s Mill in western Missouri 17 Mormon settlers were killed. Joseph Smith was arrested and the Mormons were driver from the state.
 (HN, 10/31/98)(NW, 9/10/01, p.48)

1838  Nov 8, Victor Hugo's "Ruy Blas," premiered in Paris.
 (MC, 11/8/01)

1838  Nov 13, Joseph F. Smith, 6th president of Mormon church, was born.
 (MC, 11/13/01)

1838  Nov 30, Mexico declared war on France.
 (HN, 11/30/98)

1838  Dec 13, Alexis Millardet, botanist who developed the first successful fungicide, was born.
 (HN, 12/13/00)

1838  Dec 16, Boers led by Andreas Pretorius defeated the Zulus in the Battle of Blood River and settled in Natal. The Afrikaners while escaping from British rule encountered resistance from the native black peoples. In the Battle of Blood River a few hundred Boers repelled an attack by more than 10,000 warriors of the Zulu king Dingaan.
 (EWH, 4th ed, p.885)(NG, Oct. 1988, p. 563)

1838  The Norwegian violinist Ole Bull visited Memphis but the local whites preferred the fiddling of the slave musicians.
 (WSJ, 8/14/97, p.A16)

1838  Charles Babbage published his paper on Time Reckoning by Tree Ring Counts.
 (RFH-MDHP, 1969, p.53)

1838  Charlotte Bronte authored her novella "Stancliffe’s Hotel." It was published for the 1st time in 2003.
 (SFC, 3/15/03, p.A2)

1838  Edgar Allan Poe became assistant editor of Gentleman’s Magazine in Philadelphia. In 1998 Ronald Weber published "Hired Pens: Professional Writers in America’s Golden Age of Print," that covered professional writing in the US from Edgar Allen Poe to the present.
 (SFEC, 1/12/97, p.T5)(SFEC, 4/26/98, Par p.8)

1838  Gustav Schwab, German historian, authored his compendium "Die Sagen des Klassischen Altertums" (Stories from Classical Antiquity). The 1st English version was published in 1946. It was republished in 2001 as "Gods and Heroes of Ancient Greece."
 (WSJ, 11/7/01, p.A20)

1838  The first Braille Bible was published by the American Bible Society.
 (WSJ, 8/7/98, p.W13)

1838  Mammoth Cave in Kentucky was purchased by Franklin Gorin as a tourist attraction. Stephen L. Bishop, a slave of Gorin’s, explored and mapped the caves over the next two decades. His first comprehensive depiction was published in 1845. Bishop was freed in 1856 and using money earned in tips as tour guide he bought some adjoining land. Bishop died a year later and was buried near the cave’s original entrance.
 (NG, 5/95,Geographica)

1838  In New Harmony Indiana’s oldest public lending library was founded. The town was founded by the millennialist Harmonie Society and later bought by Robert Owen, a social reformer and educator.
 (WSJ, 7/22/98, p.A12)

1838  Frederick Augustus Washington Bailey escaped from slavery in Maryland and travelled to new England where he changed his name to Frederick Douglass.
 (AHD, 1971, p.394)(ON, 7/02, p.6)

1838  New York passed the Free Banking Act and the idea of state-chartered banks spread across the country. Each bank issued its own bills in various shapes and sizes. [see 1863, the National Bank Act]
 (WSJ,11/24/95, p.A-8)

1838  Amid rising debts and rumors of polygamy, the Mormons moved from Ohio to Far West, Mo., where they clashed violently with other settlers. [see 1839]
 (SFC, 4/9/96, A-7)

c1838  In North Atlanta the head of a buck was mounted on a post near a settler’s crossing. Now the intersection of Peachtree, Roswell and Paces Ferry Roads marks the heart of the Buckhead section of Atlanta.
 (Hem., 7/96, p.55)

1838  Francis Drexel founded a bank that later developed into Drexel Burnham Lambert Corp. His son, Joseph Drexel, later partnered with J.P. Morgan and in 1876 went on to serve as the director of the New York Metropolitan Museum of Art.
 (SFC, 3/24/00, p.W4)

c1838  The Proctor & Gamble Company was formed.
 (WSJ, 1/15/97, p.A12)

1838  Friedrich Wilhelm Bessel, German astronomer, made the first reliable parallax measurement for a star known as 61 Cygni. This gave a distance from the sun of 10.9 light-years. Thomas Henderson, Scottish astronomer, measured the parallax of Alpha Centauri whose distance is calculated to be 4.3 light-years from the Sun.
 (SCTS, p.137)

1838  In California Monterey became the state capital under Juan Bautista Alvarado. He named Mariano Vallejo commandante general.
 (SFEC, 3/1/98, p.W34)

1838  In California a major earthquake opened a huge fissure from SF to Santa Clara.
 (SFEC, 3/1/98, p.W34)

1838  In London the National Gallery opened on Trafalgar Square. It was designed by William Wilkins. A 10-year renovation was completed in 1999.
 (SFC, 9/22/99, p.E3)

1838  In England William Ridgway, Son & Co. began using the "Humphrey clock" mark on its dishware.
 (SFC, 3/11/98, Z1 p.5)

1838  Gideon Barr of England borrowed money to buy an oceangoing schooner and sailed to Borneo, called Kalimantaan by the natives. He put down a rebellion against the sultan of Brunei and became the rajah of the territory. The 1998 novel "Kalimantaan" by C.S. Godshalk was based on these events.
 (SFEC, 3/22/98, BR p.6)

1838  Greece made an attempt to restart the Olympics.
 (WSJ, 7/19/96, p.R16)

1838  In Hong Kong obscure oil paintings show a sophisticated irrigation system on the Island.
 (SFEC, 11/10/96, p.A18)

1838  India’s British governor general dispatched to Kabul the Army of the Indus to protect British interests from growing Russian influence.
 (SSFC, 10/28/01, p.C8)

1838-1839 Aug, some 12,000 Cherokee Indians in 13 ragtag parties followed the Trail of Tears west 800 miles to eastern Oklahoma. Estimates have placed the death toll in camps and in transit as high as 4,000. They followed the trail already set by the Choctaw out of Mississippi, the Creek from Alabama, the Chickasaw from Arkansas and Mississippi, and the Seminole from Florida.
 (NG, 5/95, p.82)

1838-1840 In Germany Architect Gottfried Semper, designer of the Dresden Semper Opera House, designed the Dresden Jewish synagogue that was built over this time.
 (SFC, 1/6/97, p.A10)

1838-1916 Ernst Mach, Austrian physicist, proposed that the inertia of every bit of matter resulted from the mutual interaction of all matter in the universe. In other words, a mass resists acceleration because of the influence on it of all the rest of the masses everywhere. He is also associated with the relationship of the velocity of aircraft with the velocity of sound.
 (TNG, Klein, p.147)

1838-1918 Henry Brooks Adams, American Historian and philosopher, son of Charles Francis Adams. "One friend in a lifetime is much; two are many; three are hardly possible." "A teacher affects eternity; he can never tell where his influence stops."
 (AHD, 1971, p.14)(AP, 3/21/97)(AP, 1/28/99)

1838-1923  John, Viscount Morley of Blackburn, English journalist: "The great business of life is to be, to do, to do without, and to depart."
 (AP, 8/13/98)

1839  Jan 2, French photographic pioneer Louis Jacques Mande Daguerre took the first photograph of the moon. Soon after his first photograph of people was a shoeshine scene on a Paris boulevard.
 (HN, 1/2/99)(SFEC, 1/16/00, Z1 p.2)(ON, 4/00, p.10)

1839  Jan 9, The Daguerreotype photo process was announced at the French Academy of Science. [see Mar 9]
 (MC, 1/9/02)
 
1839  Jan 19, Paul Cezanne (d.1906), French painter, was born in Aix-en-Provence in southern France. He was considered a founding figure in 20th century art. He departed from the Impressionists in his desire to render perspective through color. His work had a profound influence on the Cubists. A catalogue of his work was made by John Rewald (1912-1994) and published posthumously as: "The Paintings of Paul Cezanne: A catalogue Raisonne." His work includes: "The Feast" (late 60s), "Portrait of Achille Emperaire" (1869-70), "Self-Portrait" (c1875), "Rocks at L’Estaque" (1879-82), "Flowerpots" (c1885), "Chestnut Trees at Jas de Bouffan" (1885-86), "The Kitchen Table" (1888-90), "Madame Cezanne in a Yellow Chair" (1893-95), "The Lac d’Annecy" (1896), "Pyramid of Skulls" (1898-1900), "Garden at Le Lauves" (c1906), "Large Bathers" (1906), "Mont Ste.-Victoire Seen from Les Lauves." He is best remembered for his works Card Players and L'Oeuvre.
 (SFC, 5/30/96, p.E1)(WSJ, 2/10/96, p.A16)(DPCP 1984)(HN, 1/19/99)

1839  Jan 20, Chile defeated a confederation of Peru and Bolivia in the Battle of Yungay.
 (AP, 1/20/98)

1839  Jan 24, Charles Darwin was elected member of Royal Society.
 (MC, 1/24/02)

1839  Jan 28, William Henry Fox Talbot (1800-1877), English inventor, presented his discoveries and methods of photography to the Royal Society of London. His callotype, a negative to positive process, allowed multiple reproductions of a single image for the 1st time. Talbot suggested a daguerreotype camera with extra parts to hold mercury.
 (ON, 4/00, p.10)(SFC, 6/12/96, Z1 p.5)(SFC, 12/26/02, p.E9)

1839  Jan 29, Charles Darwin married Emma Wedgwood.
 (MC, 1/29/02)

1839  Feb 7, Henry Clay declared in Senate "I had rather be right than president."
 (MC, 2/7/02)

1839  Feb 12, Aroostook War took place over a boundary dispute between Maine and New Brunswick.
 (MC, 2/12/02)

1839  Feb 20, Congress prohibited dueling in the District of Columbia.
 (AP, 2/20/98)

1839  Feb 24, A steam shovel was patented by William Otis, Philadelphia.
 (MC, 2/24/02)

1839  Mar 8, James Mason Crafts, US chemist (Friedel-Crafts-synthesis), was born.
 (MC, 3/8/02)

1839  Mar 9, Felix Huston Robertson (d.1928), Brig General (Confederate Army), was born.
 (MC, 3/9/02)
1839  Mar 9, Modest Petrovich Moussorgsky (Mussorgsky), Russian composer, was born (d.1881). His work included "Boris Godunov" and "Songs and Dances of Death." His work "Khovanshchina" was finished and orchestrated by Shostakovich. [see Mar 21]
 (WUD, 1994, p.936)(WSJ, 3/24/99, p.A25)(MC, 3/9/02)
1839  Mar 9, The Daguerreotype photo process was announced at the French Academy of Science. [see Jan 9]
 (HN, 3/9/98)
1839  Mar 9, Prussian government limited the work week for children to 51 hours.
 (MC, 3/9/02)

1839  Mar 21, Modest Mussorgsky, composer (Boris Godunov, Night on Bald Mt), was born. [see Mar 9]
 (MC, 3/21/02)

1839  Mar 23, 1st recorded use of "OK" [oll korrect] was in Boston's Morning Post.
 (SS, 3/23/02)

1839  Mar 25, William Bell Wait, educator of the blind, was born.
 (HN, 3/24/98)

1839  Spring, In Japan a craze for costume dancing swept Kyoto for a few weeks.
 (WSJ, 12/1/98, p.A20)

1839  Apr 5, Robert Smalls, black congressman from South Carolina, 1875-87, was born.
 (HN, 5/5/97)

1839  Apr 11, John Galt (59), Scottish writer (Last of the Lairds), died.
 (MC, 4/11/02)

1839  Apr 17, Guatemala formed a republic.
 (MC, 4/17/02)

1839  Apr 20, Giuseppe Rossini, father of Italian composer Gioacchino Rossini, died.
 (MC, 4/20/02)

1839  May 1, Louis-Maire-Hilaire Bernigaud, French chemist, inventor of rayon, was born.
 (HN, 5/1/01)

1839  May 18, Carolina [Maria A] Bonaparte (57), countess of Lipona (anagram of Napoli), died and was buried in Bologna.
 (SC, 5/18/02)(http://gutenberg.net)

1839  May 25, John Eliot, English meteorologist, was born.
 (SC, 5/25/02)

1839  Jun 7, Hawaiian Declaration of Rights was signed.
 (SC, 6/7/02)

1839  Jun 12, Baseball was said to have been invented. On the 100th anniversary of the day Abner Doubleday supposedly invented the sport, the National Baseball Hall of Fame and Museum was dedicated in Cooperstown, N.Y. in 1939. Americans began playing baseball in the 1840s. It was derived from the British game called rounders.
 (AP, 6/12/97)(WSJ, 1/11/99, p.R34)(WSJ, 7/19/01, p.A20)

1839  Jun 28, Cinque, originally Senghbe, and 52 other Africans were kidnapped in Sierra Leone and sold into slavery in Cuba. They were carried on a Spanish ship to Cuba where 43 surviving slaves revolted. They killed the captain and ordered the crew back to Africa but the ship sailed north and ran aground [was captured by the US Navy] on Long Island. A legal battle ensued in New London, Conn., that went to the Supreme court where former Pres. John Quincy Adams argued for their freedom and won. An 1855 novella by Herman Melville, "Benito Cereno" looked at the rebellion through the eyes of an American interloper. Barbara Chase-Ribaud later wrote "Echo of Lions," a novel based on the Amistad. In 1996 Steven Spielberg announced plans to direct a film based on the incident titled "Amistad." The film was to be released in 1997. A 1997 opera production, "Amistad," by Anthony Davis premiered in Chicago.
 (SFC, 11/13/96, p.E2)(SFC, 9/5/97, p.C3)(SFEC,10/26/97, DB p.57)(USAT, 11/19/97, p.2D)(WSJ, 12/5/97, p.A16)(SFEC,12/797, DB p.44)(WSJ, 12/16/97, p.A18)(SFC,12/26/97, p.C6)(HN, 6/28/99)

1839  Jul 5, British naval forces bombarded Dingai on Zhoushan Island in China and occupy it.
 (HN, 7/5/98)

1839  Jul 8, John D. Rockefeller (d.1937), financier, philanthropist, founder of Standard Oil, was born on a farm in Richford, New York. He moved into the refining end of the oil business and gobbled up competitors. The 1890 Sherman Anti-Trust Act forced the breakup of his Standard Oil Co. Ron Chernow later published "Titan: The Life of John D. Rockefeller." His philanthropy totalled over $500 million and included the founding of the Univ. of Chicago and the Rockefeller Inst. For medical Research, later Rockefeller Univ.
 (HN, 7/8/98)(WSJ, 1/11/98, p.R18)(AP, 7/8/99)

1839  Jul 27, Chartist riots broke out in Birmingham, England.
 (MC, 7/27/02)

1839  Jul 30, Slave rebels took over the slave ship Amistad.
 (MC, 7/30/02)

1838  Aug 18, A 6-ship American expedition sailed from Hampton Roads, Virginia, under Lt. Charles Wilkes to search for the continent of Antarctica.
 (ON, 3/00, p.6)

1839  Aug 19, At a meeting of the French Academy of Sciences in Paris a new photographic process was unveiled by Louis-Jacques-Mandé Daguerre. He "was able to capture images directly onto small, silvered plates; and in England where William Henry Fox invented what he called "photogenic drawing." This process produced a negative image on paper from which positive images could be made... but it took more than an hour to take a picture and the fuzzy prints were difficult to see. The daguerreotype enabled the photographer to create a highly detailed image. The process consisted of polishing a copper plate, using iodine to sensitize it, and developing it over mercury after exposing it to light in a camera. Daguerreotypes became so popular in the United States that New York City boasted more than 70 daguerreotype studios by 1850.
 (Smith., 5/95, p.72)(HNQ, 10/28/98)

1839  Aug 28, William Smith, British geologist, died. In 1815 he made the 1st geological map of England and became impoverished in the process. In 2001 Simon Winchester authored "The Map That Changed the World."
 (RTH, 8/28/99)(WSJ, 8/17/01, p.W6)

1839  Sep 6, The Cherokee Nation formed.
 (MC, 9/6/01)

1839  Sep 9, Frances Folsom Cleveland, the wife of President Grover Cleveland, gave birth to a daughter, Esther, in the White House.
 (MC, 9/9/01)
1839  Sep 9, John Herschel took the 1st glass plate photograph.
 (MC, 9/9/01)

1839  Sep 18, John Aitken, physician and meteorologist, was born.
 (HN, 9/18/00)

1839  Sep 28, Frances E.C. Willard, founder of the Woman's Christian Temperance Union, was born in NY.
 (MC, 9/28/01)

1839  Oct 21, Georg von Siemens, founder of Deutsche Bank, was born.
 (MC, 10/21/01)

1839  Oct 30, Alfred Sisley (d.1899), impressionist artist, was born in Paris of English parents. He studied in London and then in Paris in the studio of Charles Gleyre. He painted landscapes almost exclusively. His work included "A Turn in the Road" (1873)..
 (DPCP 1984)(HN, 10/30/00)

1839  Oct 1, The British government decided to send a punitive naval expedition to China.
 (HN, 10/1/98)

1839  Oct 3, John Lloyd Stephens and Frederick Catherwood departed NYC for Central America. They arrived in Guatemala 3 weeks later.
 (ON, 12/99, p.5)

1839  Nov 3, The first Opium War between China and Britain broke out. Lin Zexu, a Qing official, started the Opium War when he ordered the dumping of 3 million pounds of Western-owned opium into the sea. 2 British frigates engaged several Chinese junks.
 (SFC, 6/10/97, p.D4)(AP, 11/3/97)(MC, 11/3/01)

1839  Nov 16, Louis-Honore Frechette, Canadian poet, was born.
 (HN, 11/16/00)

1839  Nov 17, Catherwood and Stephens arrived at Copan, Honduras, and proceeded to explore the Mayan ruins in the area.
 (ON, 12/99, p.7)

1839  Nov 27, The American Statistical Association was founded in Boston.
 (AP, 11/27/97)

1839  Nov 30, John Lloyd Stephens left Copan for Guatemala City to locate the government of the United Provinces of Central America.
 (ON, 12/99, p.8)

1839  Dec 4, The Whig Party opened a national convention in Harrisburg, Pa., where delegates nominated William Henry Harrison for president.
 (AP, 12/4/99)

1839  Dec 5, George Armstrong Custer, Union cavalry leader who met his fate against Native Americans at the Battle of the Little Bighorn, was born.
 (HN, 12/5/98)

c1839  H. Biberstein created an allegorical portrait of Marquis de Sade.
 (SFEC, 7/25/99, BR p.3)

1839  Cesar Otway wrote "Tour of Connacht."
 (SFEC, 4/12/98, p.T8)

1839  Stendhal, Marie-Henri Beyle, wrote his novel "Charterhouse of Parma" in 52 days. A 1st edition from the library of Marie Louise, 2nd wife of Napoleon, sold for $157,310 in 1999.
 (WSJ, 1/2/96, p. A-7)(WSJ, 3/25/97, p.A16)

1839  Giuseppe Verdi’s 1st opera, "Oberto, Conte de San Bonifaccio," was produced.
 (SFEM, 9/10/00, p.20)

1839  Felix Mendelssohn conducted the premier of the "C Major Symphony" by Franz Schubert (d.1828).
 (SFEM, 9/10/00, p.20)

1839  Jean Vioget laid out the 1st plan of Yerba Buena (San Francisco) and showed the later Union Square site as a future park.
 (SSFC, 7/21/02, p.F2)

1839  In Washington DC the Gen’l. Post Office Building was constructed. In 1998 it was leased by the Kimpton Hotel and Restaurant Group for conversion into a 172-room luxury hotel.
 (SFC, 4/14/98, p.B2)

1839  In the US the Virginia Military Institute (VMI) for young men was founded in Lexington, Virginia.
 (WSJ, 6/27/96, p.B7)(SFEC, 7/20/97, p.A20)

1839  Richard Henry Dana, author, obtained a grant of 37,887 acres near San Luis Obispo, Ca., built an adobe house, and raised a family of 21 children.
 (SFEC,12/14/97, BR p.7)

1839  Capt. John Sutter (1803-1880), a Swiss who claimed to have been an officer in the French army arrived in California. Sutter was born in present-day Germany and lived much of his early years in Switzerland. He convinced the Mexican governor to grant him lands on the Sacramento River. He established a fort on a hill near the American River east of Sacramento Ca. A biography of Sutter was later written by Richard Dillon.
 (SFEC, 7/6/97, p.T3)(SFC, 12/28/98, p.A13)(HNQ, 11/18/00)

1839  [Legend has it that:] Abner Doubleday chased cows out of Elihu Phiney’s pasture and invented the game of baseball at Cooperstown, New York, now home of the National Baseball Hall of Fame and the Cooperstown Bat Company.
 (SFE, 10/1/95, p.T-11)

1839  New York Gov. William Seward (1801-1872) made his 1st inaugural address.
 (WSJ, 11/20/01, p.A16)

1839  Joseph Smith escaped from a Missouri prison and the Mormons left Far West, Mo., and started buying land for a new settlement in Nauvoo, Ill. [see1844]
 (SFC, 4/9/96, A-7)(NW, 9/10/01, p.48)

1839  Charles Goodyear found the right formula for making rubber impervious to temperature, a combination of chemicals and heat that became know as vulcanization.
 (WSJ, 7/31/02, p.D10)

1839  Photography first appeared in 1839 as something of a miracle.
 (SFE Mag., 2/12/95, p. 8)

1839  Louis Jacques Mande Daguerre announced to the world his process for fixing a photographic image . [See 1765-1833, Nicephore Niepce, French lithographer, and 1816]
 (WSJ, 9/14/95, p.A-16)

1839  The photovoltaic effect, where light produces a current, was 1st noticed.
 (SFC, 4/14/03, p.E1)

1839  The basic idea for electrocombustion, the combination of oxygen and hydrogen to generate electricity and water, was discovered. This later provided the basis for fuel cell technology.
 (Wired, 10/96, p.128)(SFC, 9/28/01, p.B9)

1839  The annual Miner’s Circular, published by the USDI, listed the mining disasters of the previous year. 50 gas explosions and mine fires caused 200 deaths in the US.
 (NOHY, 3/90, p.135)

1839  A British army marched to Kabul and replaced Dost Mohammad, the Amir of Afghanistan, with a more docile ruler. Britain had decided that Persian and Russian intrigues posed a threat to their control of India.
 (WSJ, 8/25/98, p.A14)

1839  Britisher Sir James Brooke arrived in an armed schooner to Sarawak, Malaysia, and helped the Sultan of neighboring Brunei subdue rebel, headhunting Iban (Dayak) tribes. As a reward he was made the Raja of Sarawak, and his heirs continued to rule until 1946.
 (Hem, 6/96, p.133)

1839  The British and Foreign Anti-Slavery Society was founded.
 (SFEM, 8/16/98, p.13)

1839  The London Treaty, in which all the European powers guaranteed Belgian neutrality, was signed.
 (HNQ, 7/24/98)

1839  The British & North America Royal Mail Steam Packet Co. formed. It later became Cunard and then a unit of Carnival Corp.
 (WSJ, 10/2/03, p.B4)

1839  France began to mass produce women’s corsets about this time. See the discussion by Marilyn Yalom in her 1997 book: "History of the Breast."
 (SFEC, 2/9/97, z1 p.3)

1839  Parisian tailors revolted and destroyed the new sewing machines.
 (WSJ, 1/11/99, p.R25)

1839  John Lloyd Stephens and Frederick Catherwood explored Copan. John L. Stephens attempted to purchase the Mayan city of Copan in Honduras.
 (RFH-MDHP, p.217)(NG, 12/97, p.80)

1839  In India a Sikh kingdom under Ranjit Singh ruled the Punjab until this time.
 (WSJ, 10/12/01, p.W17)

1839  Jews in Mashad, Iran, were forcibly converted to Shiite Islam following a pogrom.
 (SFC, 10/20/01, p.A10)

1839  In the Netherlands the locomotive named "De Arend" was the first and pulled a train from Amsterdam to Haarlem with a top speed of 23 mph.
 (SFC, 6/18/99, p.D4)

1839-1840 The Liberals of the United Provinces of Central America under leader Francisco Morazan were defeated in a civil war led by Rafael Carrera. The confederation dissolved into its 4 component states: El Salvador, Honduras, Nicaragua and Costa Rica.
 (EWH, 1968, p.857)

1839-1843 The Erebus and Terror Expedition had aboard the botanist-surgeon J.D. Hooker, who described the diatoms of the sea.
 (NOHY, 3/90, p.158)

1839-1861 Abdul Meçid succeeded Mahmud II in the Ottoman House of Osman.
 (Ot, 1993, xvii)

1839-1897 Henry George, American economist.
 (V.D.-H.K.p.253)

1839-1902 Thomas B. Reed, American lawyer and legislator: "One, with God, is always a majority, but many a martyr has been burned at the stake while the votes were being counted."
 (AP, 7/27/99)

1839-1908 Joaquin Maria Machado de Assis, mulatto writer. His novels included "The Posthumous Memoirs of Bras Cubas," (1880) and "Dom Casmurro," (1899). The works were republished in 1998 by the Oxford Library of Latin America.
 (WSJ, 2/3/98, p.A20)

1839-1908 Ouida (Marie Louise de la Ramee), English writer, "queen of the romantic potboiler." "A cruel story runs on wheels, and every hand oils the wheels as they run."
 (WSJ, 11/15/96, p.A14)(AP, 2/7/01)

1839-1911 William Keith, American landscape painter.
 (SSFC, 2/4/01, DB p.65)

1839-1912 Frank Furness, American architect. His students included Louis Sullivan and George Howe. His work included the Pennsylvania Academy of the Fine Arts and the Univ. of Pennsylvania Library. In 2001 Michael J. Lewis authored "Frank Furness: Architecture and the Violent Mind."
 (WS, 6/26/01, p.A21)

1839-1925 Edward S. Morse, educator. He introduced modern ideas in archaeology and zoology to Japan at Tokyo Univ.
 (AM, Mar/Apr 97 p.34)

1840  Jan 16, Officers Henry Eld and William Reynolds sighted mountains on Antarctica from their ship, the Peacock. Their captain, William Hudson, did not bother to confirm the sighting.
 (ON, 3/00, p.7)

1840  Jan 18, "Electro-Magnetic Intelligencer", 1st US electrical journal, appeared.
 (MC, 1/18/02)

1840  Jan 19, Charles B. Wilkes, captain of the US flagship Vincennes, claimed the discovery of Antarctica. Wilkes Land was later named in his honor. The American explorer, born April 3, 1798, coasted along part of the Antarctic barrier from about 150 degrees east to 108 degrees east, the areas that were subsequently named Wilkes Land. Wilkes’ officers disputed the Jan 19 sighting but acknowledged that land was sighted Jan 28 and Feb 15.
 (HNQ, 1/12/99)(ON, 3/00, p.8)

1840  Feb 5, Hiram Stevens Maxim (d.1916), inventor of the automatic single-barrel rifle, was born in Sangerville, Maine. He invented the hair-curling iron, and patented such items as a mousetrap, a locomotive headlight, a method of manufacturing carbon filaments for lamps, and an automatic sprinkling system.
 (V.D.-H.K.p.267)(MC, 2/5/02)

1840  Feb 10, Britain’s Queen Victoria married Prince Albert of Saxe-Coburg-Gotha.
 (HN, 2/10/97)(AP, 2/10/97)

1840  Feb 11, Gaetano Donizetti's Opera "La Fille du Regiment," premiered in Paris.
 (MC, 2/11/02)

1840  Mar 23, Draper took 1st successful photo of the Moon (daguerreotype).
 (SS, 3/23/02)

1840  Mar 30, "Beau" Brummell, the English dandy and former favorite of the prince regent, died in a French lunatic asylum for paupers.
 (HN, 3/30/99)

1840  Mar 31, 1840, American President Martin Van Buren issued an executive order extending the "10-hour system" to all laborers and mechanics employed on federal public works. The movement for the 10-hour workday grew after Eastern city building trades workers and the municipal government of Philadelphia instituted it in the early 1830s. The average daily hours of factory workers in 1840 was estimated at 11.4. By 1860 the 10-hour day was standard among most skilled workers and laborers.
 (HNQ, 3/15/99)

1840  Apr 2, Emile Zola (d.1902), French novelist, reporter (Nana) , was born.
 (HN, 4/2/98)(SFC, 12/29/00, p.C6)

1840  Apr 7, John Lloyd Stephens and Frederick Catherwood left Guatemala City and travelled north into Mexico where they explored Palenque.
 (ON, 12/99, p.8)

1840  Apr 25, Peter Ilyich Tchaikovsky, Russian composer (1812 Overture), was born. [see May 7]
 (SS, 4/25/02)

1840  Apr 27, Edward Whymper, first to climb the Matterhorn on the border of Switzerland and Italy, was born.
 (WUD, 1994, p.885)(HN, 4/27/98)

1840  May 1, The 1st adhesive postage stamps, the" Penny Blacks" from England, were issued.
 (MC, 5/1/02)

1840  May 5, Matthaus Fischer (76), composer, died.
 (MC, 5/5/02)

1840  May 6, Frederick William Stowe, was born He was the son of the famous Harriet Beecher Stowe and fighter in the Civil War for the Union.
 (HN, 5/6/99)

1840  May 7, Peter Ilyich Tchaikovsky (d. Nov 6,1893) was born in Kamsko-Votinsk, the Ural region of Russia (d.1893). His family moved to St. Petersburg in 1850 and there he studied until he graduated from the school of Jurisprudence where he entered the Ministry of Justice as a clerk, first-class in 1859. He didn't start to study music seriously until he was 21 under Nicolai Zaremba, and enrolled into the St. Petersburg Conservatory when it opened in 1862. His work included the 1812 Overture. In 1985 Roland John Wiley wrote "Tchaikovsky’s Ballets." [see Apr 25]
 (LGC-HCS, p.354-355)(AP, 5/5/97)(WSJ, 11/18/97, p.A20)(HN, 5/7/99)
1840  May 7, A tornado struck Natchez, Miss., and killed 317.
 (MC, 5/7/02)

1840  May 8, Alexander Wolcott patented a photographic process.
 (MC, 5/8/02)

1840  May 10, Mormon leader Joseph Smith moved his band of followers to Illinois to escape the hostilities they experienced in Missouri.
 (HN, 5/10/99)

1840  May 13, Alphonse Daudet, writer, was born.
 (MC, 5/13/02)

1840  May 14, English Lt. Richmond Shakespear left Herat (later Afghanistan) on a 700-mile mission to Khiva (later Uzbekistan) to persuade the ruling Khan to free all his Russian slaves. The Khan continued to hold a large number of Persian slaves.
 (ON, 4/00, p.7)

1840  May 21, New Zealand was declared a British colony. Treaty of Waitangi, signed by Maori chiefs of New Zealand granted sovereignty over all New Zealand to Queen Victoria, but only guaranteed the Maoris the land they wished to retain.
 (NG, Aug., 1974, C. McCarry, p.197)(AP, 5/21/97)

1840  May 27, Nicolo Paganini (57), Italian legendary violinist, died in Nice. The local bishop refused to bury him in consecrated ground due to his scandal-ridden past. His remains were transferred to Parma in 1876. His 1742 violin, "the Canon," was put to rest in a museum in Genoa and later played annually by the winner of the Int'l. Paganini Competition. In 1980 John Sugden authored the biography "Nicolo Paganini: Supreme Violinist or Devil’s Fiddler"
 (SFC, 8/15/96, p.D5)(SFC, 11/12/98, p.E1)(SFC, 4/26/99, p.E2)(ON, 3/02, p.7)

1840  May 29, Hans Makart, Austrian painter (Plague in Florenz), was born.
 (SC, 5/29/02)

1840  Jun 2, Thomas Hardy, English novelist and poet, was born in Higher Bockhampton and almost given up for dead until an observant midwife noticed he was breathing. He was driven by a sense of somber doom by the failure of his readers to wake up to the dreary fraud of their beliefs, and he devoted the last half of his long life to writing poems that expressed his haunted vision. When Hardy died (1928) his heart was removed and buried in the churchyard of St. Michael’s in Stinsford in the grave of his first wife, Emma, and his second wife, Florence. His ashes were buried in the Poet’s Corner of Westminster Abbey in London. His work included "Tess of D'Ubervilles" and "Jude the Obscure."
 (SFC, 12/4/94, p. T-4)(V.D.-H.K.p.279)(HN, 6/2/99)

1840  Jun 20, Samuel F.B. Morse, a popular artist, patented his telegraph.
 (MC, 6/20/02)

1840  Jun 29, Lucien Bonaparte (65), prince of Canino, Musignano, died.
 (MC, 6/29/02)

1840  Jul 4, The Cunard Line took just over 14 days to make its first Atlantic crossing with the paddle steamer "Britannia", which embarked from Liverpool.
 (IB, Internet, 12/7/98)

1840  Jul 25, Flora Adams Darling, founded Daughters of American Revolution, was born.
 (SC, 7/25/02)

1840  Aug 15, English Lt. Richmond Shakespeare began a 500-mile trek with 416 freed Russian slaves from Khiva (Uzbekistan) to the Russian Fort Alexandrovsk on the Caspian Sea.
 (ON, 4/00, p.8)

1840  Sep 3, Jacob Fabricius, composer, was born.
 (MC, 9/3/01)

1840  Sep 12, Composer Robert Schumann married Clara Wieck.
 (MC, 9/12/01)

1840  Sep 27, Alfred T. Mahan, navy admiral who wrote "The Influence of Seapower on History" and other books that encouraged world leaders to build larger navies, was born. Although a brilliant naval historian and noted theorist on the importance of sea power to national defense, Alfred Thayer Mahan hated the sea and dreaded his duties as a ship’s captain.
 (HN, 9/27/98)
1840  Sep 27, Thomas Nast, caricaturist, was born. He created the Democratic donkey and the Republican elephant.
 (HN, 9/27/00)

1840  Oct 8, King William I of Holland abdicated.
 (HN, 10/8/98)

1840  Nov 3, English Lt. Richmond Shakespeare reached St. Petersburg, Russia, where Czar Nicholas thanked him for freeing Russian slaves from the Khan of Kiva.
 (ON, 4/00, p.8)

1840  Nov 5, Afghanistan surrendered to the British.
 (HN, 11/5/98)

1840  Nov 12, Auguste Rodin, French sculptor who created "The Kiss," was born.
 (HN, 11/12/98)

1840  Nov 14, Claude Monet (d.1926), French Impressionist painter, best known for his late work done at Giverney, northwest of Paris after 1890. He came up with the idea of series pictures, which feature a single subject shown again and again under varying conditions of light and weather. He studied in Paris with Charles Gleyre, a Swiss academic painter, and there met Frederic Bazille, Pierre-Auguste Renoir and Alfred Sisley. Together they developed open-air painting which came to be known as Impressionism.
 (WSJ, 7/25/95, p.A-10)(HN, 11/14/98)

1840  Dec 2, William Henry Harrison was elected president of US. Whig candidate William Henry Harrison, Old Buckeye, and his running mate John Tyler ran and won in a landslide against Democrat Pres. Martin Van Buren. Depression and financial panic had marked Van Buren’s term. Fans of the Harrison Party rolled huge balls of paper, rope and tin through Midwestern towns and into the Pennsylvania convention. "Hard cider" Whigs disrupted the Democratic gathering in Baltimore.
 (HFA, ‘96, p.46)(Hem, 8/96, p.84)(WSJ, 8/15/00, p.A26)(MC, 12/2/01)
1840  Dec 2, Gaetano Donizetti's opera "La Favorita," premiered in Paris.
 (MC, 12/2/01)

1840  Dec 7, Hermann Goetz, composer, was born.
 (MC, 12/7/01)

1840  Francis William Edmonds painted "The City and the Country Beaux."
 (WSJ, 2/2/00, p.W2)

1840  John Martin (1789-1854), British artist, painted "Assuaging of the Waters."
 (SFEM, 5/11/97, p.6)

1840  J.M.W. Turner (1775-1851) painted "Rockets and Blue Lights (Close at Hand) to Warn Steamboats of Shoal Water."
 (WSJ, 8/21/03, p.D8)

1840  Richard Dana published his novel "Two Years Before the Mast." It was based on his voyage from Boston to California around Cape Horn.
 (WSJ, 2/10/98, p.A16)

1840  William Whewell wrote his treatise "The Philosophy of Inductive Sciences."
 (SFEC, 3/22/98, BR p.4)

1840  Niels Gade, Dutch composer, wrote the overture "Echoes of Ossian."
 (SFC, 3/24/00, p.B1)

c1840  The Boston rocker appeared about this time in New England. They had a rolled seat front, arms and rockers that extended in the back. The backs had 7-9 spindles often decorated with stencil designs.
 (SFC, 12/23/96, z-1 p.5)

1840  John Janey was chairman of the Whig Party Convention in Virginia that nominated W.H. Harrison for president. Janey and John Tyler were the nominees for the vice presidency. The convention vote was a tie and Janey voted for John Tyler, who became president when William Henry Harrison died in 1841.
 (SFC, 12/17/96, p.E8)

1840  In his re-election campaign Van Buren was attacked for "wallowing lasciviously in raspberries."
 (WSJ, 9/9/96, p.A16)

1840  The US census categorized the population as "Free White persons, free Colored persons, and slaves."
 (SFC,12/26/97, p.A21)

1840  In South Carolina land was taken from the Catawba Indians. In 1993 they received a $50 million settlement.
 (SFC, 7/4/97, p.A10)

c1840  Railroads in the US began bringing milk to inland towns.
 (SFC, 10/12/96, p.E3)

1840  More than 2,000 ships were engaged full-time carrying timber from North America to the British Isles. Human cargo fills the ships on their return journey.
 (NOHY, Weiner, 3/90, p.51)

c1840  The word "tuberculosis" appeared in print for the first time.
 (WP, 1951, p.5)

1840  Louis Agassiz (1807-1873), Swiss naturalist, author and educator, advanced his theory that Earth had experienced an ice age.
 (DD-EVTT, p.129)(AHD,1971, p.24)(SFC, 1/22/00, p.B3)

1840  Wilhelm Beer of Germany drew the first full map of Mars. It included dark "seas" and light "continents."
 (SFC, 11/29/96, p.A16)

1840  An earthquake hit the island of Nevis and destroyed the birthplace of Alexander Hamilton.
 (Hem., 12/96, p.30)

1840  Fanny Burney (b.1752), English writer, died. Her books included "Evelina." In 1911 she underwent a mastectomy without anesthesia. In 2001 Claire Harman authored the biography: "Fanny Burney."
 (SSFC, 12/23/01, p.M5)

1840  Caspar David Friedrich (b.1774), German Romantic painter, died.
 (WSJ, 9/21/01, p.W2)(WSJ, 10/17/01, p.A24)

1840  In Australia Polish explorer Paul Strzelecki named the highest peak in honor of the Polish national hero Tadeusz Kosciusko. Early surveyors messed up the transcription and the peak was named Mt. Kosciusko. There was a move in 1996 to restore the missing z to the name.
 (SFEC, 11/24/96, T7)

1840  The British seized Hong Kong. [see 1841.][see 1842] Hong Kong was seized following the first opium war.
 (SFC, 7/2/96, p.A10)(SFEC, 11/10/96, Par p.14)(SFC, 3/11/97, p.A12)

1840  In London the World Anti-Slavery Convention was held. Lucretia Mott and Elizabeth Cady Stanton were denied seats because of their sex.
 (SFEM, 6/28/98, p.30)

1840  Britain issued the world's first postage stamp, "penny black," with a picture of Queen Victoria. Up to this time postage was collected from the recipient.
 (WSJ, 1/11/99, p.R49)

1840  Zulu king Dingaan was defeated by his rival Umpanda, who accepted the rule of the Boers.
 (EWH, 4th ed, p.885)

1840  Zanzibar became the capital of Oman and the sultan ruled from Stone Town.
 (SFEC, 4/23/00, p.T6)

1840s  Oct 31-Nov 2, The Celts of Ireland, Great Britain and northern France celebrated Oct. 31 to Nov 2 as their New Year from around 1000-500BC. The pagan harvest event incorporated masks to ward off evil ones, as dead relatives were believed to visit families on the first evening. The Catholic holiday of All Saints' Day, set for Nov. 1, was instituted around 700 AD to supplant the Druid holiday. Halloween was transplanted to the US in  the 1840s.
 (WSJ, 10/28/99, p.A24)(WSJ, 10/29/99, p.W17)

1840s  Stereographs were first developed as parlor entertainment, but did not enjoy widespread appeal until the 1860s. A stereograph is a pair of photographic images taken with lenses at slightly different angles. When viewed separately through a device called a stereoscope—one image for each eye—stereographs, like the one shown above, provide the illusion of normal depth perception and three-dimensional viewing. By the late 19th century, stereoscopes were common in middle-class drawing rooms, with educational, travel-oriented scenes being the most popular.
 (HNPD, 8/10/98)

1840s  Stephen Perry took out a patent for the rubber band.
 (SFC, 9/19/98, p.E3)

1840s  Painters from the Hudson River School such as Frederic Church and Thomas Cole arrived on the Maine coastline at what is now Acadia Nat’l. Park.
 (SFC, 7/21/96, p.T6)

1840s   A Spaniard shipped the first grapefruit trees to Florida.
 (SFC, 5/27/00, p.B3)

1840s  A New York merchant brought the first red bananas to the US from Cuba.
 (SFC, 5/27/00, p.B3)

1840s  Leprosy began to appear in Hawaii.
 (SFEC, 9/8/96, T3)

1840s  French explorer Dumont d’Urville named the Adelie penguin after his wife.
 (WSJ, 7/1/97, p.A6)

1840s  In Portugal the National Theater was built in Lisbon.
 (SFEC, 2/1/98, p.T7)

1840-1842 The Opium War between Britain and China started when Beijing tried to stop Western imports of the narcotic. The British won by steaming gunboats up the Yangtze River to the Grand Canal an then cutting off grain and other supplies to Beijing.
 (SFC, 6/10/97, p.D4)(WSJ, 1/11/99, p.R51)

1840-1860 The Fourierist system was a phenomena of the mid 19th century which called for the establishment of small communities-called phalanxes-of about 1,500 persons devoted to an agrarian-handicraft economy based on voluntarism. While private property and inheritance were not abolished, goods produced were the property of the phalanx.  Inspired by French reformer Charles Fourier and promoted in the U.S. by Albert Brisbane, the Fourierist system was the most notable example of the Association movement. Some 40 phalanxes were established in America, beginning in the 1840s. All had disbanded by 1860.
 (HNQ, 9/9/99)

1840-1876 Myles Keogh was born in County Carlow, Ireland. He was killed at the Battle of the Little Bighorn and fought in papal armies before joining the U.S. Army in 1862. He left Ireland for Italy in 1860 at the age of 20 to fight in the defense of Pope Pius IX as part of the Saint Patrick Battalion. He distinguished himself at the siege of Ancona, earning an appointment in the Papal Army. On St. Patrick’s Day, 1862, Keogh booked passage to the U.S. after being recruited into the Union Army. "Myles Keogh: The Life and Legend of an ‘Irish Dragoon’ in the Seventh Cavalry," edited by Langellier, Cox and Pohanka, published by Upton & Sons, El Segundo, CA,1991.
 (HNQ, 8/5/99)

1840-1889 Father Demien, a Belgian priest, worked with lepers on Molokai, Hawaii.
 (SFEC, 7/6/97, Par p.2)

1840-1897 Edward Drinker Cope, born in Philadelphia, competed with Dr. Marsh in search of fossils. He is best know for his work on Permian reptiles and Cenozoic mammals. He also discovered 56 new species of dinosaur.
 (T.E.-J.B. p.25)

1840-1900  The dense forests that covered most of New Zealand’s Banks Peninsula, east of Christchurch on the country’s east coast, were cut for timber and burned to make way for sheep grazing.
 (PacDis, Spring ‘94, p.3)

1840-1902 German-born illustrator Thomas Nast, widely recognized as the father of political cartooning, is also responsible for our modern-day concept of Santa Claus. Nast, who came to the United States from Germany at age 6, received his art education at New York's National Academy of Design. At 15, he began working for Frank Leslie's Illustrated Newspaper for $4 a week. During his long career, Nast illustrated major news stories for many periodicals, but he is perhaps best remembered for his imaginative Christmas drawings that first appeared in Harper's Weekly in 1862 and continued for 30 years. Inspired by Clement Moore's poem "Twas the Night Before Christmas," Nast pictured Santa Claus as a jolly, white-bearded elf who lived at the North Pole and brought gifts only to good children. His drawings also portrayed many modern symbols we associate with Christmas--holly, toys under the Christmas tree and the reindeer-drawn sleigh on a snowy roof.
 (WUD, 1994, p.951)(HNPD, 12/25/98)

1840-1902 Emile Zola, French novelist, tried to wake the consciousness of the fin de siecle.
 (V.D.-H.K.p.279)

1840-1910 William Graham Sumner, American sociologist and economist: "All history is only one long story to this effect: men have struggled for power over their fellow men in order that they might win the joys of earth at the expense of others, and might shift the burdens of life from their own shoulders upon those of others."
 (AP, 8/31/98)

1840-1911 Henry Broadhurst, English politician: "Praise undeserved is satire in disguise."
 (AP, 1/22/00)

1840-1916 Odilon Redon, French painter and etcher.
 (WUD, 1994, p.1203)

Go to 1841-1849