Return to shelbyjackman.com

1862  Jan 4, In the Romney Campaign Stonewall Jackson occupied Bath.
 (MC, 1/4/02)

1862  Jan 7, Battle of Manassas Junction, VA.
 (MC, 1/7/02)

1862  Jan 8, Frank Nelson Doubleday, founder of Doubleday publishing house, was born.
 (HN, 1/8/99)

1862  Jan 10, Battle of Big Sandy River, KY (Middle Creek).
 (MC, 1/10/02)
1862  Jan 10, Battle of Romney, WV.
 (MC, 1/10/02)
1862  Jan 10, Samuel Colt (47), inventor (6 shot revolver), died.
 (MC, 1/10/02)

1862  Jan 11, Lincoln accepted Simon Cameron's resignation as Secretary of War.
 (HN, 1/11/99)

1862  Jan 13, President Lincoln named Edwin M. Stanton Secretary of War.
 (HN, 1/13/99)

1862  Jan 18, Confederate Territory of Arizona formed.
 (MC, 1/18/02)
1862  Jan 18, The 10th president of the United States, John Tyler (71), was buried at Hollywood Cemetery in Richmond, Va. He drank a mint julep every morning for breakfast. Tyler had joined the Confederacy after his presidency and was designated a "sworn enemy of the United States."
 (AP, 1/18/98)(SFEC, 11/15/98, Z1 p.10)(SFEC, 12/20/98, Z1 p.8)(HN, 1/18/99)

1862  Jan 22, Confederate government raised the premium for volunteers from $10 to $20.
 (MC, 1/22/02)

1862  Jan 24, Edith Wharton (d.1937), U.S. novelist was born. Her novels included Age of Innocence," House of Mirth," "Summer," and "Ethan Frome." She also wrote books on home design. "There are two ways of spreading light: to be the candle, or the mirror that reflects it." "The essence of taste is suitability. Divest the word of its prim and priggish implications, and see how it expresses the mysterious demand of the eye and mind for symmetry, harmony and order." In 1978 Gore Vidal edited the "Edith Wharton Omnibus." Eleanor Dwight wrote her 1994 biography: "An Extraordinary Life."
 (AP, 8/17/97)(WSJ, 12/9/97, p.A20)(AP, 1/11/98)(HN, 1/24/99)(SSFC, 1/14/01, BR p.8)

1862  Jan 27, President Abraham Lincoln issued General War Order No. 1, setting in motion the Union armies.
 (HN, 1/27/99)

1862  Jan 29, William Quantrill and his Confederate raiders attack Danville, Kentucky.
 (HN, 1/29/00)

1862  Jan 30, The USS Monitor was launched at Greenpoint, Long Island.
 (HN, 1/30/99)

1862  Feb 1, "The Battle Hymn of the Republic" was first published in "Atlantic Monthly" as an anonymous poem. The lyric was the work of Julia Ward Howe and was based on chapter 63 of the Old Testament's Book of Isaiah. "The Battle Hymn of the Republic" soon became the most popular Union marching song of the Civil War  and is still being sung and to the tune of a song titled, "John Brown's Body". Julia Ward Howe (b.1819-1908) was an influential social reformer and wife of fellow reformer and educator Samuel Gridley Howe. She was prominent in the anti-slavery movement, woman's suffrage, prison reform and the international peace movements. Julia Ward Howe was the first woman elected to the American Academy of Fine Arts and Letters in 1908. Ralph Waldo Emerson, said: "I honor the author of 'The Battle Hymn' ... she was born in the city of New York. I could well wish she were a native of Massachusetts. We have no such poetess in New England."
 (440 Int'l, 2/1/1999)(HNQ, 1/31/00,5/21/02)

1862  Feb 6, Ulysses S. Grant began a military campaign in Mississippi. The Battle of Fort Henry, Tenn., began the Mississippi Valley campaign.
 (HN, 2/6/99)(MC, 2/6/02)

1862  Feb 8, Union troops under Gen. Ambrose Burnside defeated a Confederate defense force at the Battle of Roanoke Island, N.C.
 (HN, 2/8/99)

1862  Feb 13, Four-day Battle of Fort Donelson, Tenn., began. General Grant said, "What determined my attack on Donelson was as much the knowledge I had gained of its commanders in Mexico as anything else."
 (HN, 2/13/98)

1862  Feb 14, Galena, the 1st US iron-clad warship for service at sea, was launched in Conn.
 (MC, 2/14/02)

1862  Feb 15, Grant launched a major assault on Fort Donelson, Tenn.
 (HN, 2/15/98)

1862  Feb 16, During the Civil War, some 14,000 Confederate soldiers surrendered at Fort Donelson, Tenn. Gen. Ulysses S. Grant's victory earned him the nickname "Unconditional Surrender Grant." Nathan Bedford Forrest escaped.
 (AP, 2/16/98)(HN, 2/16/98)

1862  Feb 18, Charles M. Schwab, "Boy Wonder" of the steel industry, was born. He became president of both U.S. Steel and Bethlehem Steel.
 (HN, 2/18/99)

1862  Feb 21, The Texas Rangers won a Confederate victory in the Battle of Val Verde, New Mexico.
 (HN, 2/21/98)
1862  Feb 21, Confederate Constitution & presidency were declared permanent.
 (MC, 2/21/02)

1862  Feb 22, Jefferson Davis was inaugurated president of the Confederacy in Richmond, Va. for the second time.
 (HN, 2/22/98)

1862  Feb 25, Congress formed the US Bureau of Engraving & Printing. Greenbacks were introduced.
 (MC, 2/25/02)
1862  Feb 25, Confederate troops abandoned Nashville, Tenn., in the face of Grant's advance.
 (HN, 2/25/98)
1862  Feb 25, The ironclad Monitor was commissioned at the Brooklyn Navy Yard.
 (HN, 2/25/98)

1862  Feb 26, Battle of Woodburn, KY.
 (SC, 2/26/02)

1862  Feb 28, Karl Goldmark's opera "The Queen of Sheba," premiered in Paris.
 (MC, 2/28/02)

1862  Mar 3, General Pope laid siege in front of New Madrid, MO.
 (SC, 3/3/02)

1862  Mar 6, Battle of Pea Ridge, AR (Elkhorn Tavern). [see Mar 7]
 (MC, 3/6/02)

1862  Mar 7, Confederate forces surprised the Union army at the Battle of Pea Ridge, in Arkansas, but the Union was victorious. [see Mar 6]
 (HN, 3/7/99)
1862  Mar 7, In the second day of the Battle of Elkhorn Tavern, Generals McCulloch and McIntosh perished.
 (HN, 3/7/98)

1862  Mar 8, On the second day of the Battle of Pea Ridge (Elkhorn Tavern) in Arkansas, Confederate forces, including some Indian troops, under General Earl Van Dorn surprised Union troops, but the Union troops won the battle. Pea Ridge Natl. Military Park, Arkansas, marked the site where Confederate commanders, Gen. Ben McCulloch and Gen. James McIntosh, were killed.
 (Postcard,  Coastal Photo Scenics, SW Harbor, Maine)(HN, 3/8/98)(HN, 3/8/99)
1862  Mar 8, Naval Engagement at Hampton Roads, VA., put the CSS Virginia, Jamestown and Yorktown vs. USS Cumberland, Congress and Monitor.
 (MC, 3/8/02)
1862  Mar 8, The Confederate ironclad 'Merrimack' (formerly U.S.S. Merrimack) was launched. Popular during the Crimean War, the floating battery was revived by hard-pressed Confederates.
 (HN, 3/8/98)
1862  Mar 8, Nat Gordon, last pirate, was hanged in NYC for stealing 1,000 slaves.
 (MC, 3/8/02)

1862  Mar 9, The ironclads The Virginia, (formerly Merrrimac) of the South, battled the Monitor, designed by John Ericsson, in their first battle for five hours to a draw at Hampton Roads, Va. The story is told by James Tertius deKay in his 1998 book "Monitor: The Story of the Legendary Civil War Ironclad and the Man Whose Invention Changed the Course of History."
 (SFEC, 1/18/98, Par p.16) (AP, 3/9/98)(HN, 3/9/98)

1862  Mar 10, First U.S. paper money was issued in denominations of $5, $10, $20, $50, $100, $500 & $1000.
 (HN, 3/10/98)(MC, 3/10/02)

1862  Mar 12, Jane Delano, nurse and teacher who founded the Red Cross, was born.
 (HN, 3/12/98)

1862  Mar 14, Battle of New Bern, NC: General Burnside conquered New Bern.
 (MC, 3/14/02)

1862  Mar 15, General John Hunt Morgan began four days of raids near the city of Gallatin, Tenn. "The Yankees will never take me a prisoner again," vowed Confederate General John Hunt Morgan.
 (HN, 3/15/98)

1862  Mar 19, F. Wilhelm von Schadow (73), German painter (Modern Vasari), died.
 (MC, 3/19/02)

1862  Mar 23, Battle of Kernstown, Va. began. Winchester, Va., was another embattled town. Confederate General Thomas "Stonewall" Jackson faced his only defeat at the Battle of Kernstown, Va.
 (HN, 3/23/98)(HN, 3/23/99)

1862  Mar 24, Abolitionist Wendell Phillips spoke to a crowd about emancipation in Cincinnati, Ohio and was pelted by eggs.
 (HN, 3/24/00)

1862  Mar 28, Aristide Briand, premier of France (1909-22) , was born.
 (HN, 3/28/98)

1862  Mar 31, Skirmishing between Rebels and Union forces took place at Island 10 on the Mississippi River.
 (HN, 3/31/98)

1862  Apr 3, Slavery was abolished in Washington, D.C.
 (HN, 4/3/98)

1862  Apr 4, Battle of Yorktown, Virginia, began as Union gen. George B. McClellan closed in on Richmond. This began the Peninsular Campaign aimed at capturing Richmond.
 (HN, 4/4/99)(MC, 4/4/02)

1862  Apr 6, Two days of bitter fighting began at the Civil War battle of Shiloh (called Pittsburg Landing by the Confederates) as the Confederates attacked Grant's Union forces in southwestern Tennessee. Union commander Maj. Gen. Ulysses S. Grant, planning to advance on the important railway junction at Corinth, Miss., met a surprise attack by General Albert Sidney Johnston's Army of Mississippi. The Confederates pushed the Federals back steadily during the first day's fighting, in spite of Johnston's death that afternoon. Only with the arrival of Union reinforcements during the night did the tide turn, forcing the rebels to withdraw. The opposing sides slaughtered each other with such ferocity that one survivor wrote, "No blaze of glory...can ever atone for the unwritten and unutterable horrors of the scene." Gen. Ulysses Grant after the Battle of Shiloh said: "I saw an open field... so covered with dead that it would have been possible to walk across... in any direction, stepping on dead bodies without a foot touching the ground." More than 9,000 Americans died. The battle left some 24,000 casualties and secured the West for the Union. In 1952 Shelby Foote wrote "Shiloh," an historical novel based on documentation from participants in the battle. Recorded Books made a cassette version in 1992.
 (SFC, 6/19/96, p.E5)(HT, 4/97, p.13)(AP, 4/6/97)(AM, May/Jun 97 p.27)(RBI, 1992) (HN, 4/6/98)(HNPD, 4/6/99)

1862  Apr 7, Union forces led by Gen. Ulysses S. Grant defeated the Confederates at the battle of Shiloh in Tennessee. Gen. Ulysses Grant after the Battle of Shiloh said: "I saw an open field... so covered with dead that it would have been possible to walk across... in any direction, stepping on dead bodies without a foot touching the ground." More than 9,000 Americans died.
 (SFC, 6/19/96, p.E5)(HT, 4/97, p.13)(AP, 4/7/97)

1862  Apr 10, Union forces began the bombardment of Fort Pulaski in Georgia along the Tybee River.
 (HN, 4/10/99)

1862  Apr 11, Charles Evans Hughs, 11th Chief Justice of the U.S. Supreme Court (1930-41), was born. He resisted President Franklin Roosevelt's attempts to "pack" the Supreme Court with judges favorable to the New Deal.
 (HN, 4/11/99)

1862  Apr 12, Union volunteers led by James J. Andrews stole a Confederate train near Marietta, Ga., but were later caught. This episode inspired the Buster Keaton comedy "The General."
 (AP, 4/12/00)

1862  Apr 16, Confederate President Jefferson Davis approved conscription act for white males between 18 and 35.
 (HN, 4/16/98)

1862  Apr 16, The Apr 3 bill ending slavery in the District of Columbia became law.
 (AP, 4/16/97)(HN, 4/16/98)

1862  Apr 21, Congress established the U.S. Mint.
 (HN, 4/21/98)

1862  Apr 25, Admiral David Farragut occupied New Orleans, Louisiana. In 2000 Jack D. Coombe published "Gunfire Around the Gulf," which recounts the Southern Civil War naval campaign.
 (HN, 4/25/98)(WSJ, 1/26/00, p.A20)

1862  Apr 29, Forts Philip and Jackson surrendered to Union forces under Admiral Farragut outside New Orleans. 100,000 federal troops prepared to march into Corinth, Miss.
 (AP, 4/29/98)(HN, 4/29/98)(MC, 4/29/02)

1862  May 5, Battle of Williamsburg commenced as part of the Peninsular Campaign. Confederate Captain Charles Bruce kept his father apprised of conditions during the crucial Peninsula campaign.
 (HN, 5/5/98)
1862  May 5, At the Battle of Pueblo, a [2,000] 5,000 man Mexican force (cavalry), loyal to Benito Juarez and under the leadership of Gen'l. Ignacio Zaragoza, defeated 6,000 [10,000] French troops sent by Napoleon III. The French were attempting to capture Puebla de Los Angeles, a small town in east-central Mexico. The Battle of Puebla represented a great moral victory for the Mexican government, symbolizing the country's ability to defend its sovereignty against threat by a powerful foreign nation. The event became memorialized in the Cinco de Mayo annual festival. Napoleon had intended to march through to the US and help the Confederacy in the Civil War.
 (SFEM, 4/27/97, p.6)(AP, 5/5/97)(SFEC,11/9/97, p.T6)(SFEC, 11/8/98, p.T8)(SFC, 5/1/99, p.A13)(WSJ, 5/5/00, p.W17)(MC, 5/5/02)

1862  May 6, Henry David Thoreau (44), American writer, died of tuberculosis. In 1999 his unfinished manuscript "Wild Fruits," a catalog of his observations on local plants and fruits, was published.
 (WP, 1952, p.42)(SFC, 9/7/99, p.A3)(HN, 5/6/01)

1862  May 7, At the Battle of Eltham's Landing in Virginia, Confederate troops struck Union troops in the Shenandoah Vally.
 (HN, 5/7/99)

1862  May 8, General 'Stonewall' Jackson repulsed the Federals at the Battle of McDowell, in the Shenandoah Valley Campaign.
 (HN, 5/8/99)

1862  May 11, The Confederates scuttled the CSS Virginia off Norfolk, Virginia.
 (HN, 5/11/98)

1862  May 13, Robert Smalls, a slave crewman on the Confederate steamboat Planter, stole the ship from the harbor of Charleston and surrendered it to the USS Onward of the Union blockade. In 1971 Okon Edet Uya published "From slavery to Public Service: Robert Smalls, 1839-1915.
 (ON, 5/00, p.2)

1862  May 15, The Union ironclad Monitor and the gunboat Galena fired on Confederate troops at the Battle of Drewry's Bluff, Virginia.
 (HN, 5/15/99)

1862  May 20, President Lincoln signed the Homestead Act, providing 250 million acres of free land to settlers in the West.
 (HN, 5/20/01)

1862  May 23, Stonewall Jackson took Fort Royal, Virginia, in the Valley Campaign.
 (HN, 5/23/98)

1862  May 29, Confederate General P.T. Beauregard retreated to Tupelo, Mississippi. He had taken command of the Trans-Mississippi area after the death of General Albert Sidney Johnson.
 (HN, 5/29/99)

1862    May 30, Confederate General Beauregard evacuated Corinth, Mississippi and Union troops under Union General Henry Halleck entered.
 (HN, 5/30/98)

1862  May 31, At the Battle of Fair Oaks, McClellan defeated the Confederates outside of Richmond.
 (HN, 5/31/98)

1862  May, Union Colonel Benjamin H. Grierson was commissioned a major in the 6th Illinois Cavalry. He proved to be an excellent cavalry leader despite his prewar experience as a music teacher who hated horses. Grierson had traveled to various small towns organizing amateur bands. When the war began, the Midwesterner enlisted as a private in the infantry. He very much wanted to do his share of the fighting on foot; while a child, he had been kicked in the face by a horse and still harbored a severe dislike for the equine creatures. This was not to be. A man with little military training or experience--and a pronounced dislike of horses--would soon prove to be one of the most skilled cavalry leaders of the war. His raids in early 1863 greatly helped Grant's army in the siege of Vicksburg.
 (HN, 6/28/01)

1862  Jun 1, General Robert E. Lee assumed command of the Confederate Army outside Richmond after General Joe Johnston was injured at Seven Pines. Robert E. Lee received a field command: the Army of Northern Virginia.
 (DTnet, 6/1/97)(HN, 6/1/98)(HNQ, 8/2/01)

1862  Jun 6, The city of Memphis surrendered to the Union Navy after an intense naval engagement on the Mississippi River.
 (HN, 6/6/98)

1862  Jun 8, The Army of the Potomac defeated the Confederates at the Battle of Cross Keys, Virginia, during the Peninsula Campaign.
 (HN, 6/8/98)

1862  Jun 12, Confederate General J. E. B. Stuart began his ride around the Union Army outside of Richmond, Virginia..
 (HN, 6/12/99)

1862  Jun 15, General J.E.B. Stuart completes his "ride around McClellan."
 (HN, 6/15/98)

1862  Jun 19, Slavery was outlawed in U.S. territories. President Abraham Lincoln outlined his Emancipation Proclamation. News of the document reached the south and Texas through General Gordon Granger.
 (BEP, 1994)(DTnet, 6/19/97)(HN, 6/19/99)

1862  Jun 21, Union and Confederate forces skirmished at the Chickahominy Creek during the Peninsular Campaign.
 (HN, 6/21/98)

1862  Jun 24, U.S. intervention saved the British and French at the Dagu forts in China.
 (HN, 6/24/98)

1862  Jun 25, The first day of the Seven Days Campaign began with fighting at Oak Grove, Virginia, with Robert E. Lee commanding the Confederate Army for the first time.
 (HN, 6/25/98)

1862  Jun 26, General Robert E. Lee attacked McClellen's line at Mechanicsville of day 2 of the Seven Days battle near Richmond, Va.
 (HN, 6/26/98)(MC, 6/26/02)

1862  Jun 27, Confederates broke through the Union lines at the Battle of Gaines' Mill on the 3rd day of the Seven Days Battle in Virginia.
 (HN, 6/27/98)

1862  Jun 28, At Garnett's and Golding's farms, fighting continued for a 4th day between Union and Confederate forces during the Seven Days in Virginia.
 (HN, 6/28/98)

1862  Jun 29, Union forces continued to fall back from Richmond, but put up a fight at the Battle of Savage's Station on day 5 of the 7 Days Battle.
 (HN, 6/29/98)(MC, 6/29/02)

1862  Jun 30, The Confederates failed to coordinate their attacks at the Battle of White Oak Swamp, allowing the Union forces to retreat to Malvern Hill in Virginia on Day 6 of the 7 Days-Battle. This battle in Virginia was alternately known as the battle of White Oak Swamp, Frayser`s Farm, Glendale, Charles City Cross Roads, Nelson's Farm, New Market Cross Roads and Turkey Bend!
 (HN, 6/30/98)(HNQ, 3/5/01)(MC, 6/30/02)

1862  Jun, Some 5,000 wounded soldiers came into Richmond after the Battle of Seven Pines.
 (AH, 6/02, p.23)

1862  Jun, Samuel and Florence Baker arrived in Khartoum, Sudan, on their search for explorers John Speke and James Grant.
 (ON, 10/01, p.9)

1862  Jul 1, Abraham Lincoln instituted an income tax to pay for the Civil War. The US Internal Revenue Service (IRS) was founded. Internal Revenue Law imposed federal taxes on inheritance, tobacco & a progressive rate on incomes over $600.
 (SFC, 11/2/96, p.D1)(WSJ, 12/15/95, p.A-1)(MC, 7/1/02)
1862  Jul 1, In day 7 of the 7 Days Battle Union artillery stopped a Confederate attack at Malvern Hill, Virginia. Casualties totaled: US 15,249 and CS 17,583.
 (HN, 7/1/98)(MC, 7/1/02)

1862  Jul 4, Charles Dodgson, an Oxford mathematician whose penname of Lewis Carroll would make him world famous, told little Alice Liddell on a boat trip the fairy tale he had dreamed up for her called "Alice's Adventures Underground." He later wrote it out for her and it became the classic children's tale, "Alice in Wonderland."
 (IB, Internet, 12/7/98)
1862  Jul 4, Battle at Green River, Ky. (Morgan's Ohio Raid).
 (Maggio, 98)
1862  Jul 4, Battle of Port Royal, SC. (Port Royal Ferry).
 (Maggio, 98)

1862  Jul 11, President Abraham Lincoln appointed General Henry Halleck as general in chief of the Federal army. [see Aug 11] Stephen Ambrose later authored "Halleck: Lincoln's Chief of Staff."
 (HN, 7/11/98)(WSJ, 8/20/01, p.A8)

1862  Jul 12, The US Congress authorized the Medal of Honor. Between 1861 and 1999 the medal was awarded to 3,410 members of the US armed forces. The Web site for the US Army Center of Military History is:
 www2.army.mil/cmh-pg/moh1.htm
 (AP, 7/12/97)(SFC, 5/31/99, p.A7)

1862  Jul 13, Confederate General Nathan Bedford Forrest defeated a Union army at Murfreesboro, Tennessee. [see Aug 13]
 (HN, 7/13/98)

1862  Jul 16, Ida Bell Wells, first president of the American Negro League, was born.
 (HN, 7/16/98)
1862  Jul 16, Two Union soldiers and their servant ransacked a house and raped a slave in Sperryville, Virginia.
 (HN, 7/16/99)

1862  Jul 16, David G. Farragut became the first rear admiral in the U.S. Navy.
 (AP, 7/16/97)

1862  Jul 24, Martin Van Buren, the eighth president of the United States, died in Kinderhook, N.Y. at the age of 79.
 (AP, 7/24/97)(HN, 7/24/98)

1862  Jul 29, At Moore's Mill in Missouri, the Confederates were routed by Union guerrillas.
 (HN, 7/29/98)

1862  Jul, The bugle call known as "Taps," originally based on a French bugle signal called "tatoo" was rewritten by Union Gen'l. Daniel Adams Butterfield with the help of an aide and brigade bugler, Oliver W. Norton. Up to then the army's infantry call to end the day was the French final call: "L'Extinction des feux."
 (SFC, 2/4/98, p.E8)

1862  Jul, Another 10 thousand wounded men came into Richmond along with thousands of Federal prisoners.
 (AH, 6/02, p.23)

1862   Aug 2, The US Army Ambulance Corps was established by Maj. Gen. George McClellan.
 (HN, 8/2/00)
1862  Aug 2, Union General John Pope captured Orange Court House, Virginia.
 (HN, 8/2/98)

1862  Aug 9, At Cedar Mountain, Virginia, Confederate General "Stonewall" Jackson repelled an attack by Union forces. Gen Charles S. Winder was killed
 (HN, 8/9/98)(MC, 8/9/02)

1862  Aug 11, Carrie James Bond, songwriter who wrote "I Love You Truly" and "A Perfect Day," was born.
 (HN, 8/10/98)

1862  Aug 11, President Abraham Lincoln appointed Union General Henry Halleck to the position of general in chief of the Union Army. [see Jul 11]
 (HN, 8/10/98)

1862  Aug 13, Confederate General Nathan Bedford Forrest defeated a Union army under Thomas Crittenden at Murfreesboro, Tennessee. [see Jul 13]
 (HN, 8/13/98)

1862  Aug 17, The Sioux Uprising, which resulted in more than 800 white settlers dead and 38 Sioux Indians condemned and hanged, took place in Minnesota. The Sioux, or Minnesota, Uprising began when four young Sioux murdered five white settlers at Acton. The Santee Sioux, who lived on a long, narrow reservation on the south side of the Minnesota River, were reacting to broken government promises and corrupt Indian agents. a military court sentenced 303 Sioux to die, but President Abraham Lincoln reduced the list. The 38 hangings took place on December 26, 1862, in Mankato, Minn.
 (HNQ, 1/4/00)

1862  Aug 18, Confederate General J.E.B. Stuart's headquarters was raided by Union troops of the 5th New York and 1st Michigan cavalries.
 (HN, 8/18/98)

1862  Aug 25, Union and Confederate troops skirmished at Waterloo Bridge, Virginia, during the Second Bull Run Campaign.
 (HN, 8/25/98)

1862  Aug 26, Confederate General Thomas 'Stonewall' Jackson encircled the Union Army under General John Pope at the Second Battle of Bull Run.
 (HN, 8/26/99)

1862  Aug 27, As the Second Battle of Bull Run raged, Confederate soldiers attacked Loudoun County, Virginia.
 (HN, 8/27/98)

1862  Aug 28, Mistakenly believing the Confederate Army to be in retreat, Union General John Pope attacks, began the Battle of Groveten. Both sides sustained heavy casualties.
 (HN, 8/28/98)
1862  Aug 28, The Battle of Thoroughfare Gap, VA.
 (MC, 8/28/01)
1862  Aug 28, Confederate spy Belle Boyd was released from Old Capital Prison in Washington, DC.
 (MC, 8/28/01)

1862  Aug 29, P.M.B. Maurice Maeterlinck, Belgium, poet (Blue Bird, Nobel 1911), was born.
 (MC, 8/29/01)
1862  Aug 29, The US Bureau of Engraving & Printing began operation.
 (MC, 8/29/01)
1862  Aug 29, Union General John Pope's army was defeated by a smaller Confederate force at the Second Battle of Bull Run.
 (HN, 8/29/98)

1862  Aug 30, Union forces were defeated by the Confederates at the Second Battle of Bull Run in Manassas, Va. Brig. Gen. Irvin McDowell fought at the Second Battle of Manassas, which was also a Union defeat (the Union army in this case was commanded by Maj. Gen. John Pope). McDowell was then relieved of his command until he was sent to command the Department of the Pacific in 1864, where he finished the war.
 (AP, 8/30/97)(HNQ, 7/30/01)
1862  Aug 30, In the Battle of Altamont, Tennessee, Confederates beat Union forces.
 (MC, 8/30/01)

1862  Sep 1, A federal tax was levied on tobacco, especially that grown in Confederate states.
 (MC, 9/1/02)
1862  Sep 1, Battle at Chantilly (Ox Hill), Virginia, left 2100 casualties.
 (MC, 9/1/02)
1862  Sep 1, Oliver Tilden of the Bronx was killed in the Civil War in Virginia.
 (SC, 9/1/02)

1862  Sep 4, Robert E. Lee's Confederate 50,000-man army invaded Maryland, starting the Antietam Campaign. New York Tribune reporter George Smalley scooped the world with his vivid account of the Battle of Antietam.
 (HN, 9/4/98)(MC, 9/4/01)

1862  Sep 5, Lee crossed Potomac & entered Maryland. [see Sep 4]
 (MC, 9/5/01)

1862  Sep 6, Stonewall Jackson occupied Frederick, Maryland.
 (MC, 9/6/01)

1862  Sep 9, Lee split his army and sent Jackson to capture Harpers Ferry.
 (MC, 9/9/01)

1862  Sep 11, O. Henry was born. This was the pen name of William Sydney Porter, short story writer, who wrote "The Gift of the Magi," and "The Last Leaf." The name was taken from a French chemist, Ossian Henry, that he noticed while working at a pharmacy.
 (HN, 9/11/98)(SFEC, 9/3/00, Z1 p.2)

1862  Sep 12, The Battle of Harper's Ferry took place in West Virginia.
 (MC, 9/12/01)

1862  Sep 13, Union troops in Frederick, Maryland, discovered General Robert E. Lee's attack plans for the invasion of Maryland wrapped around a pack of cigars. They gave the plans to General George B. McClellan who did nothing with them for the next 14 hours.
 (HN, 9/13/98)

1862  Sep 14, At the battles of South Mountain and Crampton's Gap, Maryland Union troops smashed into the Confederates as they closed in on what would become the Antietam battleground.
 (HN, 9/14/98)
1862  Sep 14, Federal troops escaped from the beleaguered Harper's Ferry.
 (MC, 9/14/01)

1862  Sep 15, Confederates captured the Union weapon arsenal at Harpers Ferry, WV, securing the rear of Robert E. Lee's forces in Maryland.
 (HN, 9/15/99)(MC, 9/15/01)
1862  Sep 15, John T. Wilder, the Union commander at Munfordville, used unconventional methods to stall Confederate General Braxton Bragg's advance through Kentucky. On September 15, Bragg arrived to find some 4,000 men behind well-built defenses--far more than he had anticipated. He brought up more units and surrounded the area, but instead of pressing his advantage, agreed to a suggestion made by his subordinate, Maj. Gen. Simon Bolivar Buckner. Buckner suggested that he be allowed to parley with the garrison and convince them of the hopelessness of their position. Bragg grudgingly acquiesced.
 (HNQ, 4/26/01)

1862  Sep 16, "Fighting Joe" Major General Joseph Hooker's I Corps crossed Antietam Creek on to strike the Confederates' left flank.
 (HN, 8/12/98)

1862  Sep 17, The Battle of Antietam in Maryland, the bloodiest day in U.S. history, commenced. Fighting in the corn field, Bloody Lane and Burnside's Bridge raged all day as the Union and Confederate armies suffered a combined 26,293 (23,585) casualties. New York Tribune reporter George Smalley scooped the world with his vivid account of the Battle of Antietam, also known as the Battle of Sharpsburg. During the Battle of Antietam, an entire Union corps spent most of the bloodiest single day of the Civil War waiting to cross the creek over that bridge, opposed by a contingent of Georgia riflemen. Finally, late in the day,  Gen. Ambrose Burnside sent his Union troops across the bridge in a major disaster. The rest of the Union IX Corps followed, but by day's end, a Confederate flank attack sent the corps back across the river. Over 23,000 [23,110] men, both Union and Confederate, were killed or wounded. The battle resulted in about 10,000 Confederate and 12,000 Union casualties. The next day, Robert E. Lee began his retreat back across the Potomac River. 2,108 Union troops and 1,512 Confederates died. In 2002 James M. McPherson authored "Crossroads of Freedom: Antietam: The Battle that changed the Course of the Civil War."
 (HN, 9/17/98)(HNPD, 9/17/98)(SFC, 7/7/96, T6)(AP, 9/17/97)(HNQ, 10/21/00)
 (SFC, 9/22/01, p.A3)(WSJ, 9/12/02, p.D8)(WSJ, 9/17/02, p.D8)
1862  Sep 17, Battle of Cumberland Gap, Tennessee was evacuated by Federals.
 (MC, 9/17/01)

1862  Sep 18, After waiting all day for a Union attack which never came at Antietam, Confederate General Robert E. Lee began a retreat out of Maryland and back to Virginia. At Antietam, George McClellan and his 'bodyguard' dawdled throughout a long 'Fatal Thursday.'
 (HN, 9/18/98)

1862  Sep 21, William Benjamin Gould and 7 other black men stole a boat and rowed past Fort Caswell, NC. They were picked up the next day by the Union warship Cambridge. In 2002 Prof. W.B. Gould published his great-grandfather's diary "Dairy of a Contraband: The Civil War Passage of a Black Sailor."
 (SFC, 9/2/02, p.A1)
1862  Sep 21, 300 Indians were sentenced to hang in Mankato, Minnesota.
 (MC, 9/21/01)

1862  Sep 22, President Lincoln announced at a cabinet meeting that he intended to issue the Emancipation Proclamation, declaring all slaves in rebel states should be free as of Jan. 1, 1863. President Abraham Lincoln brought the issue of freedom to the forefront of the Civil War when he delivered the Emancipation Proclamation to his cabinet , a few days after the bloody Battle of Antietam. The proclamation stated that slaves in any of the states in rebellion against the Union would be freed if the states had not returned to the Union by January 1, 1863. After that, nearly 180,000 black soldiers enlisted to fight the Confederates until the end of the war.
 (SFE Mag., 2/12/95, p. 30)(AP, 9/22/97)(HNPD, 9/22/98)

1862  Sep 23, Lincoln's Emancipation Proclamation was published in Northern Newspapers.
 (MC, 9/23/01)

1862  Sep 24, President Abraham Lincoln suspended the writ of habeas corpus against anyone suspected of being a Southern sympathizer.
 (HN, 9/24/98)
1862  Sep 24, The Confederate Congress adopted the confederacy seal.
 (MC, 9/24/01)

1862  Sep 27, Louis Botha, commander-in-chief of the Boar Army against the British and first president of South Africa, was born.
 (HN, 9/27/98)

1862  Sep 29, Union general Jefferson C. Davis shot and killed a fellow general in a dispute at a hotel during the Civil War. After a series of angry confrontations with General William Nelson, Davis shot his superior officer to death in a Louisville, Kentucky, hotel. Because of the scarcity of officers needed to form a court-martial for a trial, Davis was never charged with the crime and went on to build an extensive Civil War combat record. Davis was of no relation to Confederate President Jefferson Davis.
 (HNQ, 3/20/00)

1862  Sep, The troops of the 1st Louisiana Native Guards were free black men who lived in New Orleans. When President Abraham Lincoln issued his preliminary Emancipation Proclamation he invited black men in Confederate territory to join the Union army. Union Major General Benjamin Butler immediately mustered the 1st Louisiana Native Guards into Federal service, making them the Union's first black soldiers. They had volunteered for state service in the Civil War, and served as a home guard unit. When New Orleans fell to Union forces in April 1862, the black troops remained in the city and offered their services to Butler.
 (HNQ, 2/21/02)

1862  Oct 2, An Army under Union General Joseph Hooker arrived in Bridgeport, Alabama to support the Union forces at Chattanooga.
 (HN, 10/2/98)

1862  Oct 3, At the Battle of Corinth, Mississippi, a Union army defeated the Confederates.
 (HN, 10/3/98)

1862  Oct 4, Edward Stratemeyer, author, was born. He created the Hardy Boys, Rover Boys, Nancy Drew and the Bobbsey Twins.
 (HN, 10/4/00)
1862  Oct 4, Battle of Corinth, Mississippi, ended.
 (MC, 10/4/01)

1862  Oct 8, The Union was victorious at the Battle of Perryville, the largest Civil War combat to take place in Kentucky.
 (HN, 10/8/98)
1862  Oct 8, Otto von Bismarck became German republic chancellor.
 (MC, 10/8/01)

1862  Oct 11, The Confederate Congress in Richmond passed a draft law allowing anyone owning 20 or more slaves to be exempt from military service. This law confirmed many southerners opinion that they were in a 'rich man's war and a poor man's fight.'
 (HN, 10/11/98)

1862  Oct 12, J.E.B. Stuart completed his "2nd ride around McClellan."
 (MC, 10/12/01)
1862  Oct 12, There was a skirmish at Monocacy, Maryland.
 (MC, 10/12/01)

1862  Oct 17, Battle of Leetown and Thoroughfare Gap, Va.
 (MC, 10/17/01)

1862  Oct 18, Morgan's raiders captured federal garrison at Lexington, Ky.
 (MC, 10/18/01)
1862  Oct 18, James Creighton died of ruptured bladder caused from hitting a HR on Oct 14th.
 (MC, 10/18/01)

1862  Oct 19, Auguste Lumiere, French film pioneer, was born. He made the 1st film: "Workers Leaving Lumiere Factory."
 (MC, 10/19/01)

1862  Oct 22, Union troops pushed 5,000 confederates out of Maysbille, Ark., at the Second Battle of Pea Ridge.
 (HN, 10/22/98)
1862  Oct 22, Battle at Old Fort Wayne, Indian Territory.
 (MC, 10/22/01)
1862  Oct 22, Confederate troops reconquered the Cumberland Gap in Tennessee.
 (MC, 10/22/01)

1862  Oct 27, A Confederate force was routed at the Battle of Labadieville, near Bayou Lafourche in Louisiana. John Howard Payne's haunting 'Home, Sweet Home' was the Civil War soldier's favorite song.
 (HN, 10/27/98)

1862  Oct 30, Dr. Richard Gatling patented a machine gun. [see Dec 5, 1861, Nov 3, 1862]
 (MC, 10/30/01)

1862  Nov 3, There was a battle between gunboats at Bayou Teche, Louisiana.
 (MC, 11/3/01)
1862  Nov 3, Dr. Richard Gatling patented machine gun in Indianapolis. [see Dec 5, 1861, Oct 30, 1862]
 (MC, 11/3/01)

1862  Nov 5, President Abraham Lincoln relieved General George McClellan of command of the Union armies and named Maj. Gen. Ambrose Burnside commander of the Army of the Potomac.
 (HN, 11/5/98)

1862  Nov 9, General US Grant issued orders to bar Jews from serving under him. The order was quickly rescinded.
 (MC, 11/9/01)

1862  Nov 11, Verdi's Opera "La Forza Del Destino" premiered in St Petersburg, Russia.
 (MC, 11/11/01)

1862  Nov 13, Lewis Carroll wrote in his diary, "Began writing the fairy-tale of Alice-I hope to finish it by Christmas."
 (HN, 11/13/00)
1862  Nov 13, Battle of Holly Spring, Miss.
 (MC, 11/13/01)

1862  Nov 15, Gerhart Hauptmann, German author (Before Dawn- Nobel 1912), was born.
 (MC, 11/15/01)

1862  Nov 17, Union General Burnside marched north out of Washington, D.C. to begin the Fredericksburg Campaign.
 (HN, 11/17/98)

1862  Nov 20, Confederate army of Tennessee organized under Gen. Braxton Bragg.
 (MC, 11/20/01)

1862  Nov 24, M. Levy published Gustave Flaubert's "Salammbo."
 (MC, 11/24/01)

1862  Nov 27, George Armstrong Custer met his future bride, Elizabeth Bacon, at a Thanksgiving party.
 (HN, 11/27/98)

1862  Nov 28, The Battle at Cane Hill, Arkansas, left 475 casualties.
 (MC, 11/28/01)
1862  Nov 28, Battle of Hooly Spring, Ms.
 (MC, 11/28/01)

1862  Dec 1, President Lincoln gave the State of the Union message to the 37th Congress.
 (HN, 12/1/98)

1862  Dec 3, Rebels attacked a Federal forage train on the Hardin Pike near Nashville, Tenn.
 (HN, 12/3/98)

1862  Dec 5, Union general Ulysses Grant's cavalry received a setback in an engagement on the Mississippi Central Railroad at Coffeeville, Mississippi.
 (HN, 12/5/98)

1862  Dec 6, President Lincoln ordered the hanging of 39 of the 303 convicted Indians who participated in the Sioux Uprising in Minnesota. They were to be hanged on Dec. 26. The Dakota Indians were going hungry when food and money from the federal government was not distributed as promised. They led a massacre that left over 400 white people dead. The uprising was put down and 300 Indians were sentenced to death. Pres. Lincoln reduced the number to 39, who were hanged. The government then nullified the 1851 treaty.
 (WSJ, 2/5/98, p.A6)(HN, 12/6/98)

1862  Dec 7, Confederate forces surprise an equal number of Union troops at the Battle of Prairie Grove, Arkansas.
 (HN, 12/7/99)

1862  Dec 8, Georges Feydeau, French playwright (La Dame de Chez Maxim's), was born.
 (MC, 12/8/01)

1862  Dec 10, U.S. House of Representatives passed a bill creating the state of West Virginia.
 (HN, 12/10/98)

1862  Dec 11, Union General Burnside occupied Fredricksburg and prepared to attack the Confederates under Robert E. Lee.
 (HN, 12/11/98)

1862  Dec 12, The Union lost its first ship to a torpedo, the USS Cairo, in the Yazoo River.
 (HN, 12/12/98)

1862  Dec 13, Confederate forces dealt Union troops a major defeat at the Battle of Fredericksburg, Va. The Battle of Fredricksburg ended at Marye's Heights with the bloody slaughter of Union troops, while Confederate President Davis reviewed Braxton Bragg's troops at Murfreesboro, Tenn. Burnside, newly appointed commander of an army of over 120,000, planned to cross the Rappahannock River and advance on the Confederate capital of Richmond. Some 78,000 troops under Confederate General Robert E. Lee took a strong position on the high ground near Fredericksburg, Virginia. Burnside's assault resulted in over 12,500 casualties for the Union compared with about 5,000 for the entrenched Confederates. Burnside was relieved of command the following month.
 (WUD, 1994, p.565)(AP, 12/13/97)(HN, 12/13/98)(HNQ, 10/14/00)

1862  Dec 15, Nathan B. Forrest crossed the Tennessee River at Clifton with 2,500 men to raid the communications around Vicksburg.
 (HN, 12/15/98)
1862  Dec 15, In New Orleans, Union Major General Benjamin F. Butler turned his command over to Nathaniel Banks. The citizens of New Orleans held farewell parties for Butler, "The Beast," but only after he had already left. Maj. Gen Benjamin Butler was given the unusual nickname "Spoons" due to his apparent penchant for stealing the silver while occupying New Orleans. He was also called "Beast" for alleged insults to the women in the town. Both the names were coined by Confederates.
 (HN, 12/15/98)(HNQ, 7/29/00)

1862  Dec 18, Grant announced the organization of his army in the West. Sherman, Hurlbut, McPherson, and McClernand would be Corps Commanders.
 (HN, 12/18/98)
1862  Dec 18, Nathan B. Forrest engaged and defeated a Federal cavalry force near Lexington in his continued effort to disrupt supply lines.
 (HN, 12/18/98)
1862  Dec 18, Samuel and Florence Baker departed Khartoum on their search for explorers John Speke and James Grant.
 (ON, 10/01, p.9)

1862  Dec 19, Nathan B. Forrest tore up the railroads in Grant and Rosecrans' rear, causing considerable delays in the movement of Union supplies.
 (HN, 12/19/98)
1862  Dec 19, Skirmish at Jackson-Salem Church, Tenn., left 80 casualties.
 (MC, 12/19/01)

1862  Dec 20, Battle of Holly Spring, MS. [see Nov 13]
 (MC, 12/20/01)
1862  Dec 20, Brig-gen Nathan B. Forrest occupied Trenton, Kentucky.
 (MC, 12/20/01)
1862  Dec 20-Jan 3, The Vicksburg campaign.
 (MC, 12/20/01)

1862  Dec 21, U.S. Congress authorized the Medal of Honor to be awarded to Navy personnel that had distinguished themselves by their gallantry in action.
 (HN, 12/21/98)

1862  Dec 22-Jan 2, Raid on Morgan's: Bardstown to Elizabethtown, Ky.
 (MC, 12/22/01)

1862  Dec 23, Union Gen. Ben "Beast" Butler was proclaimed a "felon, outlaw & common enemy of mankind" by Jefferson Davis.
 (MC, 12/23/01)

1862  Dec 24, A Christmas present arrived a day early for the Federal troops at Columbus, Ky., in the way of artillery on board the USS New Era.
 (HN, 12/24/98)

1862  Dec 25, President and Mrs. Lincoln visited hospitals in the Washington D.C. area on this Christmas Day.
 (HN, 12/25/98)
1862  Dec 25, John Hunt Morgan and his raiders clashed with Union forces near Bear Wallow, Kentucky. Fighting also occurred at Green's Chapel.
 (HN, 12/25/99)

1862  Dec 26, 38 Santee Sioux were hanged in Mankato, Minn., for their part in the Sioux Uprising.
 (HN, 12/26/98)
1862  Dec 26-28, Battle of Dumfries, Va.
 (MC, 12/26/01)

1862  Dec 27, Rosecrans' army moved slowly toward Bragg at Murfreesboro.
 (HN, 12/27/98)
1862  Dec 27, Battle of Chickasaw Bluffs, Miss. (Chickasaw Bayou), began.
 (MC, 12/27/01)
1862  Dec 27, Battle of Elizabethtown, KY.
 (MC, 12/27/01)

1862  Dec 29, Battle of Chickasaw Bayou was fought by Sherman's troops in order to gain the north side of Vicksburg. Confederate armies defeated Gen. Sherman.
 (HN, 12/29/98)(MC, 12/29/01)
1862  Dec 29, The bowling ball was invented.
 (MC, 12/29/01)

1862  Dec 30, The draft of the Emancipation Proclamation was finished and circulated around Lincoln's cabinet for comment.
 (HN, 12/30/98)

1862  Dec 31, President Lincoln signed an act admitting West Virginia to the Union.
 (AP, 12/31/97)
1862  Dec 31, Union General William Rosecrans' army repelled two Confederate attacks at the Battle of Murfreesboro (Stone's River).
 (HN, 12/31/98)
1862  Dec 31, The USS Monitor sank in a storm off Cape Hatteras, NC., while being towed by the Rhode Island. 16 officers and seamen died. The wreckage was discovered in 1973 and in 2002 the turret was raised.
 (MC, 12/31/01)(SFC, 8/6/02, p.A2)

1862  Dec, German-born illustrator Thomas Nast, widely recognized as the father of political cartooning, is also responsible for our modern-day concept of Santa Claus. Nast, who came to the United States from Germany at age 6, received his art education at New York's National Academy of Design. At 15, he began working for Frank Leslie's Illustrated Newspaper for $4 a week. During his long career, Nast illustrated major news stories for many periodicals, but he is perhaps best remembered for his imaginative Christmas drawings that first appeared in Harper's Weekly in 1862 and continued for 30 years. Inspired by Clement Moore's poem "Twas the Night Before Christmas," Nast pictured Santa Claus as a jolly, white-bearded elf who lived at the North Pole and brought gifts only to good children. His drawings also portrayed many modern symbols we associate with Christmas--holly, toys under the Christmas tree and the reindeer-drawn sleigh on a snowy roof.
 (HNPD, 12/25/99)

1862  Julius Rosenwald (d.1932), later president of Sears, Roebuck & Co., was born in Springfield, Ill. By 1931 he had financed the construction of 5,295 schools throughout the South in association with Booker T. Washington and William Baldwin Jr., a Boston railway executive and founder of the Urban League.
 (WSJ, 2/24/98, p.A22)(WSJ, 4/23/02, p.D7)

1862  Sanford Robinson Gifford painted "Kauterskill Clove, in the Catskills." The 9x8 inch painting was auctioned in 1999 for $475,500 in NYC.
 (WSJ, 7/9/99, p.W12)

1862  James Whistler painted his: "Symphony in White, No. 1: The White Girl," a portrait of his Irish mistress Jo Hiffernan.
 (WSJ, 5/31/95, p. A-14)

1862  Mary Elizabeth Braddon published her sensation novel "Lady Audley's Secret." It was the first of its type and became a bestseller. Braddon was a former actress with 5 illegitimate children by a publisher whose wife was locked in an insane asylum.
 (WSJ, 3/17/00, p.W8)

1862  Jean Henri Dunant (1828-1910) published "A Memory of Solferino" and his ideas about creation of a volunteer committee to care for war-wounded led to the creation in 1863 of the Permanent International Committee for Relief to Wounded Combatants, later called the International Red Cross. A Swiss businessman, Dunant heard of the plight of thousands of wounded left helpless on the battlefield after French and Sardinian forces defeated the Austrians in the Battle of Solferino in Italy on June 24, 1859. Organizing local volunteers to help, Dunant brought aid to as many of the victims as he could. His book, A Memory of Solferino recounted his experience.
 (WUD, 1994, p.442)(HNQ, 9/16/99)

1862  Victor Hugo published "Les Miserables."
 (WSJ, 4/30/98, p.A17)

1862  "Fathers and Sons" by Turgenev was published.
 (NH, 6/96, p.22)

1862  The most popular song of the year was "Rally 'Round the Flag."
 (NH, 10/98, p.16)

1862  The Glee Club at the Univ. of Pennsylvania was founded by eight undergraduates.
 (WSJ, 12/16/96, p.A1)

1862  In Napa Valley, Ca., Jacob Schram founded the Schramsberg Winery. He used Chinese laborers to clear the forests, plant the vineyards and dig the caves to store his wine.
 (SFEM, 10/27/96, p.40)

1862  The Homestead Act officially opened the Nebraska territory for settlement, leading to statehood in 1867. The US government passed the Homestead Act to stop the spread of slavery to the Western territories. Public land was awarded to any head of a family on condition that the settlers improve the land and live there for 5 years.
 (Hem., 5/97, p.20)(HNQ, 12/3/00)

1862  Pres. Lincoln made Andrew Johnson the military governor of Tennessee after Federal forces captured Nashville.
 (SFC, 12/21/98, p.A3)

1862  The Morrill Act made polygamy illegal in American territories. It led to the prosecution of over 1300 Mormons. The act also granted large tracts of public land to the states with the directive to sell for the support of institutions teaching the mechanical and agricultural arts. The act also obligated state male university students to military training.
 (SFEM, 6/28/98, p.39)(SFEM, 1/30/00, p.8,14)

1862  The bordello of Mary Ann Hall at 349 Maryland Ave. was rated at the top of a list of 450 brothels catalogued by the office of the federal provost marshall. The city had an estimated 5,000 prostitutes, 18 of whom resided at the 3-story brick Hall house.
 (SFEC, 4/18/99, p.A24)

1862  The dark clouds of civil war gathered over the nation as two aggressive factions-the Wide-Awakes and the Minutemen-plotted to gain political control of Missouri and its most important city, St. Louis.
 (HN, 7/29/98)

1862  Confederate General Earl Van Dorn attacked Union forces at the Mississippi railroad town of Corinth in an effort to help Braxton Bragg's invasion of Kentucky. With Union interest concentrated chiefly on Bragg's invasion of Kentucky, Union General Grant's command was scattered about western Tennessee and northern Mississippi in several garrisons. Impetuous and aggressive (he was a former Indian fighter), Van Dorn evaluated potential objectives before deciding to attack the strongest, the one at Corinth, Miss. Two strategic railroads, the Mobile & Ohio and the Memphis & Charleston, linked up there, and control of the rails was, as always, a paramount concern in the war.
 (HNQ, 4/19/01)

1862  The Rhea County Spartans, an all-girl cavalry company in Tennessee, began as a lark during the American Civil War, but soon attracted the attention of unamused Union officers. The Rhea County Girls' Company was created through a combination of boredom and the desire to be a part of the war for Southern independence. Almost all of the "sidesaddle soldiers" had fathers or brothers in the Confederate military, and the young ladies evidently felt frustrated because their gender prevented them from enlisting. Since they could not actually join the Confederate Army, they did the next best thing: They created an army of their own.
 (HNQ, 4/12/01)

1862  The Dakota Indians were going hungry when food and money from the federal government was not distributed as promised. They led a massacre that left over 400 white people dead. The uprising was put down and 300 Indians were sentenced to death. Pres. Lincoln reduced the number to 39, who were hanged. The government then nullified the 1851 treaty.
 (WSJ, 2/5/98, p.A6)

1862  The Choctaw Indians issued a 75 cent note and the Cherokee Indians issued a $1 bill.
 (SFEC, 1/25/98, Z1 p.8)

1862  Frederick August Otto Schwartz (FAO Schwartz) opened up a toy shop in Baltimore. In 1870 he moved to New York. In 1880 he moved to larger quarters on Union Square.
 (SSFC, 7/21/02, p.F3)

1862  Merck patented cocaine.
 (WSJ, 3/14/00, p.A20)

1862  In Lone Pine, Ca., settlers shot it out with a local band of Paiute Indians. 11 Paiutes were killed and 2 settlers were wounded.
 (SFEC, 8/17/97, p.T9)

1862  The British Schooner Alma was captured off the coast of North Carolina by the US brig Perry. She is today called the Australia and is owned by the Woodfield Fish and Oyster Co., of Galesville, Maryland.
 (NG, Sept. 1939, J. Maloney p.356)

1862  In Australia Scotsman explorer John McDouall Stuart crossed the continent from Adelaide to Port Darwin.
 (HNQ, 5/26/98)

1862  In Britain Lord Kelvin presented his theoretical calculation of the energy storage capacity of the sun. The calculation led to an estimate of the sun's age- later called Kelvin time. His estimate was way too low due to lack of knowledge on atomic energy.
 (I&I, Penzias, p.157)

1862  William Banting, a London undertaker, was the first dieter on record. He went from 253 pounds to 153 on lean meat, fish and fruit.
 (SFEC, 2/14/99, Z1 p.8)

1862  John Hanning Speke found a river that issued from Lake Victoria to the north and impetuously cabled the Royal Geographic Society in London, "...the Nile is settled."
 (NG, May 1985, R. Caputo, p.629)

1862  The Baymen, named after the Bay of Honduras, sought protection from their Spanish-speaking neighbors as a British colony, British Honduras.
 (SFEC, 6/1/97, p.T3)

1862  Two New Zealanders, who married Hawaiian women, obtained a deed to Palmyra Atoll from King Kamehameha V.
 (SFC, 5/4/00, p.A9)

1862  Baron James Forester, a wealthy Scottish port wine shipper, capsized on the Douro River in Portugal and was dragged to the river bottom by his money belt full of gold coins.
 (SFEC, 1/12/97, p.T7)

1862  Swiss immigrants settled in Montevideo, Uruguay, and formed an agricultural community known as the Colonia Suiza.
 (Hem., 2/96, p.26)

1862-1863 Louisa May Alcott, American author, went to Washington, D.C., in the winter to serve as a nurse in the newly established United States Sanitary Commission. She tended wounded soldiers, but after only a few weeks she became ill. In accordance with army medical practice of the time, Alcott was given large doses of calomel, an emetic containing mercury, which rendered her a semi-invalid. Alcott was a semi-invalid for the last 20 years of life.
 (HNQ, 12/29/98)

1862-1868 Bartolome Mitre served as Argentina's 1st constitutional president.
 (WSJ, 1/9/02, p.A14)

1862-1893 David and John Jacob Decker founded and ran the Decker Bros. piano manufacturing firm. Their first piano patent was issued in 1859.
 (SFC, 10/15/97, Z1 p.7)

1862-1906 Bitters bottles were manufactured in Tiffin, Ohio and Omaha, Neb. to hold "American Life Bitters," an alcoholic concoction of herbs and gin that was marketed as medicine.
 (SFC, 6/3/98, Z1 p.6)

1862-1910 William Sydney Porter (aka O. Henry), American short story writer: "Inject a few raisins of conversation into the tasteless dough of existence."
 (WUD, 1994, p.1120)(AP, 6/15/97)

1862-1922 Mori Ogai, Japanese writer. His work included "The Wild Goose."
 (MT, Fall '96, p.15)

1862-1935  William Ashley "Billy" Sunday, American baseball player turned evangelist, is said to have said: If there is no Hell, a good many preachers are obtaining money under false pretenses. "Going to church doesn't make you a Christian any more than going to a garage makes you an automobile."
 (AP, 10/19/97)(AP, 12/20/98)

1862-1944 Gerald Stanley Lee, American clergyman and author: "America is a tune. It must be sung together."
 (AP, 3/3/99)

1862-1944 Nellie Simmons Meier, famous American palm reader. She lived most of her life in Indianapolis and studied the palms of such people as actress Mary Pickford, boxer Gene Tunney, Eleanor Roosevelt, Susan B. Anthony, and Amelia Erhart. She donated her palm prints to the Library of Congress in 1938 after publishing her 1937 best seller Lion's Paws, a set of character sketches based on the palm prints.
 (Civil., Jul-Aug., '95, p.54-57)

1862-1946 Helene Schjerfbeck, Finnish painter. She did a 5 painting series of self-portraits that represented herself at various ages. Fresh-faced and determined at 30, pale, feverish and a bit mad at 50, while at 80 she had become a cranium with bat ears and empty black sockets for eyes.
1862-1947  Nicholas Murray Butler, American educator. "Time was invented by Almighty God in order to give ideas a chance." "The force that rules the world is conduct, whether it be moral or immoral."
 (AP, 4/5/97)(AP, 1/13/99)

1862-1957 Bernard Maybeck, architect. He designed the Palace of Fine Arts in SF and the First Church of Christ Scientist in Berkeley.
 (SFEM,12/797, p.46)

1863  Jan, 1, Abraham Lincoln signed the Emancipation Proclamation, but it applied only to those slaves living behind enemy lines.
 (HFA, '96, p.22)(V.D.-H.K.p.275)(AP, 1/1/98)(HN, 1/1/99)
1863  Jan 1, Confederate General Braxton Bragg and Union General William Rosecrans readjusted their troops as the Battle of Murfreesboro continued.
 (HN, 1/1/99)

1863  Jan 2, In the second day of hard fighting at Stone's River, near Murfreesboro, Tenn., Union troops defeated the Confederates.
 (HN, 1/2/99)

1863  Jan 4, General Halleck, by direction of President Lincoln, ordered U.S. Grant to revoke his infamous General Order No. 11 that expelled Jews from his operational area.
 (HN, 1/4/99)
1863  Jan 4, Roller skates with 4 wheels were patented by James Plimpton of NY.
 (MC, 1/4/02)

1863  Jan 8, Construction on the Central Pacific Railroad from Sacramento heading east was started. With pull from Gov. Leland Stanford, extensive government backing was obtained along with federal land grants in California that totaled 11.6 million acres, 11.4% of the state. $59 mil in 30-year railroad bonds was backed by the government and not paid back until 1909. The Northern Pacific Railroad was built by Nelson Bennett
 (SFC, 7/8/96, p.D2)(SFC, 2/24/98, p.A22)

1863  Jan 10, London's Metropolitan, the world's first underground passenger railway, opened to the public.
 (AP, 1/10/98)(HN, 1/10/99)

1863  Jan 11, Union forces captured Arkansas Post, or Ft. Hindman, Arkansas.
 (MC, 1/11/02)
1863  Jan 11, The Confederate ship Alabama under Capt. Semmes flew a British flag and lured the USS Hatteras out of Galveston harbor. The Hatteras was quickly sunk.
 (ON, 9/01, p.10)

1863  Jan 12, President Davis delivered his "State of Confederacy" address.
 (MC, 1/12/02)

1863  Jan, 13, The black 1st Kansas Regiment was mustered in as a battalion.
 (Smith., 4/95, p.14)
1863  Jan 13, Thomas Crapper pioneered a one-piece pedestal flushing toilet.
 (MC, 1/13/02)

1863  Jan 17, David Lloyd George (d.1945), British Prime Minister, was born. First Earl Lloyd-George of Dwyfor, English statesman: "It is always too late, or too little, or both. And that is the road to disaster."
 (AP, 8/13/97)(HN, 1/17/99)

1863  Jan 22, In an attempt to out flank Robert E. Lee's Army of Northern Virginia, General Ambrose Burnside led his army on a march north to Fredericksburg, but foul weather bogged his army down in what became known as "Mud March."
 (HN, 1/22/99)

1863  Jan 25, Maj. Gen. Joseph Hooker assumed command and undertook the reorganization of the demoralized Army of the Potomac. He commanded the Army of the Potomac during the Battle of Chancellorsville. By April, he thought he was ready to face Lee's Army of Northern Virginia. [see Jan 26]
 (HNQ, 9/20/00)
1863  Jan 25, Battle of Kingston, NC.
 (MC, 1/25/02)

1863  Jan 26, President Lincoln named General Joseph Hooker to replace Burnside as commander of the Army of the Potomac. [see Jan 25]
 (HN, 1/26/99)

1863  Jan 31, The 1st South Carolina Volunteers, later called the 33rd U.S. Colored Troops was officially recognized. Components of the regiment had been in training since early 1962.
 (Smith., 4/95, p.14)(MC, 1/31/02)

1863  Feb 2, Samuel Clemens became Mark Twain for 1st time. In Nevada the Territorial Enterprise in Comstock printed some humorous letters from a reader named "Josh." The editor hired the man, who was Samuel Clemens, for $25 a week. Clemens accepted and changed his pen name to Mark Twain.
 (SFEC, 3/8/98, BR p.6)(MC, 2/2/02)

1863  Feb 9, A fire extinguisher was patented by Alanson Crane.
 (MC, 2/9/02)

1863  Feb 10, P.T. Barnum's star midgets, Tom Thumb and Lavinia Warren, are married.
 (HN, 2/10/97)

1863  Feb 15, Samuel and Florence Baker encountered John Speke and James Grant at the frontier village of Gondokoro (southern Sudan). Speke and Grant said they had found the Nile's headwaters at a lake they named Victoria (Kenya, Tanzania, Uganda).
 (ON, 10/01, p.9)

1863  Feb 24, Arizona was organized as a territory.
 (AP, 2/24/98)
1863  Feb 24, Confederate Gen. Nathan Bedford Forrest made a raid on Brentwood, Tennessee.
 (MC, 2/24/02)

1863  Feb 26, Pres. Lincoln signed a National Currency Act.
 (SC, 2/26/02)

1863  Feb 28, Four Union gunboats destroyed the CSS Nashville near Fort McAllister, Ga. Popular during the Crimean War, the floating battery was revived by hard-pressed Confederates because the popular gunboats were not capable of doing the things that the batteries could do.
 (HN, 2/28/98)

1863  Mar 2, Congress authorized track width of 4'-81/2" for Union Pacific RR.
 (SC, 3/2/02)

1863  Mar 3, President Abraham Lincoln signed the conscription act compelling U.S. citizens to report for duty in the Civil War or pay $300.00. 86,724 men paid the exemption cost to avoid service. The inequality of this arrangement led to draft riots in New York.
 (HN, 3/3/99)(HNQ, 10/18/00)
1863  Mar 3, Abraham Lincoln approved a charter for National Academy of Sciences.
 (SC, 3/3/02)
1863  Mar 3, Free city delivery of mail was authorized by the U.S. Postal Service on this day. It replaced zone postage and 449 letter carriers were hired.
 (HC, Internet, 3/3/98)(SC, 3/3/02)
1863  Mar 3, Congress authorized a US mint at Carson City, NV, and Gold certificates as currency.
 (SC, 3/3/02)
1863  Mar 3, Federal ironclad ships bombed Fort McAllister, Georgia.
 (SC, 3/3/02)
1863  Mar 3, Idaho Territory formed.
 (SC, 3/3/02)

1863  Mar 4, Battle of Thompson's Station, Tennessee.
 (SC, 3/4/02)

1863  Mar 9, U.S. Grant was appointed commander-in-chief of the Union forces.
 (HN, 3/9/98)

1863  Mar 11, A naval engagement occurred between the CSS Alabama and the USS Hatteras.
 (HN, 3/11/98)
1863  Mar 11, Union troops under General Ulysses S. Grant gave up their preparations to take Vicksburg after failing to pass Fort Pemberton, north of Vicksburg.
 (HN, 3/11/99)

1863  Mar 12, President Jefferson Davis delivered his State of the Confederacy address.
 (HN, 3/12/98)

1863  Mar 18, Confederate women rioted in Salisbury, N.C. to protest the lack of flour and salt in the South.
 (HN, 3/18/00)

1863  Mar 20, Battle of Pensacola, Florida- evacuated by Federals.
 (MC, 3/20/02)

1863  Mar 26, Samuel and Florence Baker departed Gondokoro (southern Sudan) to find a lake called Luta N'Zige, through which flowed a branch of the Nile.
 (ON, 10/01, p.9)

1863  Mar 27, Sir Henry Royce, Rolls Royce founder, was born.
 (HN, 3/27/98)

1863  Apr 1, First wartime conscription law went into effect in the U.S.
 (HN, 4/1/98)

1863  Apr 2, In Richmond, Va., a large crowd of hungry women from one of Richmond's working-class neighborhoods demanded bread from Governor John Letcher. When the governor did not respond favorably to the rioters' demands, the women marched down Main Street, shouting "Bread" as they made their way to the commissary, where they smashed store windows and grabbed food and anything else they could get their hands on. Not until the mob faced President Davis and his troops did the rampage end. Varina Howell Davis wrote an account of the riots after her husbands death in 1889.
 (HNQ, 5/8/02)(AH, 6/02, p.24)

1863  Apr 27, The Army of the Potomac began marching on Chancellorsville.
 (HN, 4/27/98)

1863  Apr 29, William Randolph Hearst (d.1951), American newspaper publisher, was born. He helped launch the Spanish-American War. "Any man who has the brains to think and the nerve to act for the benefit of the people of the country is considered a radical by those who are content with stagnation and willing to endure disaster." In 1998 Ben Proctor authored "William Randolph Hearst - The Early Years, 1863-1910."
 (HN, 4/29/99)(SFEM, 12/12/98, p.8)(AP, 5/1/99)

1863  May 1, Confederate congress passed a resolution to kill black Union soldiers.
 (HN, 5/1/98)

1863  May 1, The beginning of the Battle of Chancellorsville in the East and the Battle Port Gibson in the west. The new Union commander, 'Fighting Joe' Hooker, planned to encircle Robert E. Lee at the Virginia crossroads hamlet of Chancellorsville.
 (HN, 5/1/98)

1863  May 2, The Confederates smashed Hooker's flank and won a smashing victory at Chancellorsville, Virginia. Confederate Gen'l. Stonewall Jackson was shot by friendly fire as he returned to his lines; he died eight days later. Captain J. Keith Boswell, an officer with Jackson, was also shot and killed.
 (HT, 3/97, p.48)(AP, 5/2/99)(HN, 5/2/99)

1863  May 3, Stonewall Jackson's arm was amputated and buried. Jackson told his medical director, Dr. Hunter McGuire, "If the enemy does come, I am not afraid of them; I have always been kind to their wounded, and I am sure they will be kind to me." His words followed an order from Robert E. Lee to move Jackson to Guiney's Station, fearing that nearby Federal troops might capture him. Following perhaps his greatest performance, leading a brilliant flanking maneuver against Union Major General Joseph Hooker at Chancellorsville, he was mistakenly shot by his own troops while scouting ahead of their lines after dark. Jackson sustained severe wounds to the left arm and minor wounds to the right hand that later led to his death.
 (HT, 3/97, p.52)(HNQ, 3/11/02)
1863  May 3, In Virginia the Battle of Chancellorsville raged for a second day, as Confederate General Robert E. Lee parried Union General Joseph T. Hooker's thrusts. [see May 1-2]
 (HN, 5/3/00)

1863  May 4, Battle of Chancellorsville ended when the Union Army retreated.
 (HN, 5/4/98)

1863  May 10, Confederate General Thomas "Stonewall" Jackson (39) died 8 days after being shot by friendly fire at Chancellorsville, Virginia. He had been a professor at the Virginia Military Institute. Many historians believe that he was the greatest commander of the Civil War. Stonewall Jackson has three graves. Jackson's left arm, amputated after it was shot twice during the Battle of Chancellorsville, has its own grave near Chancellorsville, Virginia. Lexington, Virginia, where he had lived with his wife, is the site of his original resting place and the nearby monument where his remains were later moved. James I. Robertson published a biography of Jackson in 1997: "Stonewall Jackson: The Man, the Soldier, the Legend."
 (SFC, 7/4/96, p.D8)(HT, 3/97, p.48)(HNQ, 2/22/01)

1863  May 12, With a victory at the Battle of Raymond, Mississippi, Grant closed in on Vicksburg.
 (SC, internet, 5/12/97)(HN, 5/12/99)

1863  May 13, The 54th Massachusetts was mustered in and was the first black regiment recruited in the North; it suffered 109 battle deaths in the war.
 (Smith., 4/95, p.14)

1863  May 14, Union General Nathaniel Banks took his army out of Alexandria, Louisiana, and headed towards Port Hudson along the Mississippi River. The fort was considered the second most important strategic location on the river, after Vicksburg.
 (HN, 5/14/99)

1863  May 16, At the Battle of Champion's Hill, in Mississippi, the bloodiest action of the Vicksburg Campaign, Union General Ulysses S. Grant repulsed the Confederates, driving them into Vicksburg.
 (HN, 5/16/99)

1863  May 17, Union General Ulysses Grant continued his push towards Vicksburg at the Battle of the Big Black River Bridge in Mississippi.
 (HN, 5/17/99)

1863  May 19, Union General Ulysses S. Grant's first attack on Vicksburg, Miss., was repulsed.
 (HN, 5/19/99)

1863  May 21, The siege on Port Hudson, Louisiana, began.
 (HN, 5/21/98)

1863  May 22, U.S. Grant's second attack on Vicksburg, Miss., failed and a siege began.
 (HN, 5/22/98)

1863  May 24, Bushwackers led by Captain William Marchbanks attacked a Federal militia party in Nevada, Missouri.
 (HN, 5/24/99)

1863  May 25, Federal authorities in Tennessee turned over former Ohio congressman Clement L. Vallandigham to the Confederates. President Abraham Lincoln had changed his sentence to banishment from the United States after his conviction of expressing alleged pro-Confederate sentiments.
 (HN, 5/25/99)

1863  May 28, The 54th Massachusetts, the first black regiment from the North, left Boston headed for Hilton Head, South Carolina, to fight in the Civil War.
 (AP, 5/28/97)(HN, 5/28/99)

1863  Jun 3, Gen. Lee, with 75,000 Confederates, launched a second invasion of the North. On June 3rd, Lee led his troops into Maryland and then Pennsylvania, to meet the Army of the Potomac again, this time around a small town called Gettysburg.
 (HNQ, 9/22/00)

1863  Jun 5, CSS Alabama captured the Tailsman in the Mid-Atlantic.
 (HN, 6/5/98)

1863  Jun 7, Mexico City was captured by French troops.
 (HN, 6/7/98)

1863  Jun 8, Residents of Vicksburg, Miss., fled into caves as Grant's army began shelling the town.
 (HN, 6/8/98)

1863  Jun 9, At the Battle of Brandy Station in Virginia, Union and Confederate cavalries clashed. This was the largest cavalry battle in the Civil War.
 (HN, 6/9/01)

1863  Jun 10, At the Battle of Brice's Crossroads in Mississippi, Confederate General Nathan Bedford Forrest with 3,500 troops defeated the Union troops of 8,000.
 (HN, 6/10/98)(MC, 6/10/02)

1863  Jun 13, Confederate forces on their way to Gettysburg clashed with Union troops at the Second Battle of Winchester, Virginia.
 (HN, 6/13/98)

1863  Jun 17, On the way to Gettysburg, Union and Confederate forces skirmished at Point of Rocks, Maryland.
 (HN, 6/17/98)

1863  Jun 18, After repeated acts of insubordination, General John McClernand was relieved by General Ulysses S. Grant during the siege of Vicksburg.
 (HN, 6/18/98)

1863  Jun 19, Battle at Middleburg Virginia (100+ casualties).
 (DTnet, 6/19/97)

1863  Jun 20, President Lincoln admitted West Virginia as the 35th state.
 (AP, 6/20/97)(HN, 6/20/98)

1863  Jun 21, In the second day of fighting, Confederate cavalry failed to dislodge a Union force at the Battle of LaFourche Crossing in Louisiana.
 (HN, 6/21/00)

1863  Jun 23, Confederate forces overwhelmed a Union garrison at the Battle of Brasher City in Louisiana.
 (HN, 6/23/99)

1863  Jun 26, Jubal Early and his Confederate forces moved into Gettysburg, Pennsylvania.
 (HN, 6/26/98)

1863  Jun 28, General Meade replaced General Hooker three days before the Battle of Gettysburg. General George Gordon Meade said "Well, I've been tried and condemned without a hearing, and I suppose I shall have to go to execution," in response to his appointment as head of the Union Army of the Potomac during the Civil War. Within a week his army won the Battle of Gettysburg, assuring Meade of a record of success superior to all of his predecessors.
 (HN, 6/28/98)(HNQ, 2/25/02)

1863  Jun 28, Officers of the Confederate Army of Northern Virginia's Second Corps were looking at Harrisburg through field glasses from across the Susquehanna River just a day or two before a developing battle at Gettysburg called them away. Harrisburg, Pennsylvania, the Keystone State's capital was a major hub for rail traffic from every direction. Consequently, it was also the point through which the hard, slow-burning coal used by ships, locomotives, and furnaces traveled on its way from the mines of north central Pennsylvania to military and industrial customers. Philadelphia, an important ocean port east of Harrisburg and connected to it by rail, would have been virtually defenseless against an attack from its landward side. If Lee had taken Harrisburg, he would also have been perfectly positioned to threaten Washington, D.C., from the north.
 (HNQ, 3/5/02)

1863  Jun 30, Union and Confederate cavalries clashed at Hanover, Pennsylvania.
 (HN, 6/30/98)

1863    Jul 1, The opening shot at the Battle of Gettysburg was at 7:30 a.m. In the first day's fighting at Gettysburg, Federal forces retreated through the town and dug in at Cemetery Ridge and Cemetery Hill. Gen. Robert E. Lee's ordered Lt. Gen. Richard Ewell, "Take the hill if practicable, but do not bring on a general engagement..." Books on the campaign included "The Gettysburg Campaign, A Study in Command," by Edwin B. Coddington and "Gettysburg: Culp's Hill and Cemetery Hill," by Harry W. Pfanz. The novel "While Gods and Generals" by Jeff Shaara, son of Michael Shaara, describes the years leading up to the battle.
 (HFA, '96, p.32)(AP, 7/1/97)(SFEC, 6/21/98, p.D5)(HN, 7/1/98)

1863  Jul 2, Mrs. Lincoln was thrown from her carriage and spent weeks recovering at the Anderson Cottage, Washington DC. The seat assembly may have been sabotaged.
 (SFC, 5/20/02, p.F10)
1863  Jul 2, The Union left flank held at Little Round Top during 2nd day of the Battle of Gettysburg. Union Gen. Daniel Sickles was severely wounded and had his leg amputated. In 2002 Thomas Keneally authored "American Scoundrel: The Life of the Notorious Civil War General Dan Sickles."
 (HN, 7/2/98)(WSJ, 3/29/02, p.W10)(SFC, 4/17/02, p.D1)

1863  Jul 3, The last rebel assault was repulsed at the Battle of Gettysburg at 4 p.m. The Civil War's Battle of Gettysburg in Pennsylvania ended after three days in a major victory for the North as Confederate troops retreated. The last Confederate assault at Gettysburg was Pickett's Charge against the center of the Union line that left some 7,000 of 13,000 [15,000] Confederate troops dead. Lt. Gen. James Longstreet gave Maj. Gen. George Pickett the assent. General Lee took responsibility. The Union and Confederate armies suffered an estimated 50-51 thousand casualties in the battle. It was the bloodiest battle the country had yet seen. Upon whom the responsibility for the South's failure at Gettysburg rests has been widely debated, but five months after the epic battle, Confederate General Robert E. Lee admitted, "I thought my men were invincible." The fighting in the small Pennsylvania town marked a pivotal point in the Union's ascent to victory and helped decide the outcome of the Civil War. In 1974 Michael Shaara published "The Killer Angels," a novel about the 3-day battle.
 (SFC, 7/7/96, T6)(SFC,2/17/97, p.A3)(AP, 7/3/97)(SFEC, 6/21/98, p.D5)(HN, 7/3/98)(WSJ, 9/11/98, p.W10)(HNPD, 7/6/99)

1863  Jul 4, Boise, Idaho, was founded.
 (Maggio, 98)
1863  Jul 4, General U.S. Grant's Union army captured the Confederate town of Vicksburg after a long siege during the Civil War.
 (HN, 7/4/98)(IB, Internet, 12/7/98)
1863  Jul 4, General Lee's army limped toward Virginia after defeat at Gettysburg. 28,063 of 75,000 confederate soldiers were lost. General Meade's army suffered 23,049 soldiers killed, wounded and missing.
 (SFC, 7/7/96, T6)
1863  Jul 4, Failed Confederate assault on Helena, Arkansas, left 640 casualties.
 (Maggio, 98)
1863  Jul 4, Skirmish at Smithburg, TN.
 (Maggio, 98)

1863  Jul 5, Federal troops occupied Vicksburg, Mississippi, and distributed supplies to the citizens. The battles of Jackson and Birdsong Ferry, were fought in Mississippi.
 (HN, 7/5/98)(MC, 7/5/02)

1863  Jul 7, Confederate General Robert E. Lee, in Hagerstown, Maryland, reported his defeat at Gettysburg to President Jefferson Davis.
 (HN, 7/7/98)

1863  Jul 8, Discouraged by the surrender of Vicksburg, Mississippi, Confederates in Port Hudson, Louisiana, surrendered to Union forces.
 (HN, 7/8/98)

1863  Jul 13, Rioting against the Civil War military draft erupted in New York City; about 1,000 people died over three days. Antiabolitionist Irish longshoremen rampaged against blacks in the deadly Draft Riots in New York City in response to Pres. Lincoln's announcement of military conscription. Mobs lynched a black man and torched the Colored Orphan Asylum.
 (WSJ, 3/19/96, p.A-12)(AP, 7/13/97)(HN, 7/13/98)(WSJ, 8/2100, p.A14)

1863  Jul 15, Confederate raider Bill Anderson and his Bushwackers attacked Huntsville, Missouri, stealing $45,000 from the local bank.
 (HN, 7/15/99)

1863  Jul 23, Bill Anderson and his Confederate Bushwackers gutted the railway station at Renick, Missouri.
 (HN, 7/23/99)

1863  Jul 28, Confederate John Mosby began a series of attacks against General Meade's Army of the Potomac as it tried to pursue General Robert E. Lee in Virginia's Shenandoah Valley. Confederate Colonel John S. Mosby was known as "The Gray Ghost." The rather ordinary looking Mosby led his Partisan Rangers in guerilla warfare operations that continually confounded Union commanders in the Piedmont region of Virginia. Learn more about Mosby's Confederacy in Faquier and Loudoun counties.
 (HN, 7/28/98)(HNQ, 7/15/00)

1863  Jul 30, Henry Ford (d.1947), founder of the Ford Motor Company and developer of the Model T, was born in Dearborn Township, Mich. He led American war production with the gigantic facility at Willow Run. "You can't build a reputation on what you are going to do."
 (AP, 8/16/97)(AP, 7/30/98)(HN, 7/30/98)

1863  Jul, The Point Lookout prison camp was begun under Gen'l. Gilman Marston with 200 confederate soldiers in St. Mary's County, 86 miles from Washington DC. More than 4,000 Confederate soldiers perished in 18 months due to privation and disease.
 (WSJ, 3/26/96, p.A-19)

1863  Jul, Confederate Brigadier General John Hunt Morgan and his cavalrymen were captured during their daring raid into Ohio. Conditions for Confederate soldiers housed in the Ohio State Penitentiary in Columbus improved after General sent a written complaint to the Buckeye State's governor, David Todd. The Confederates were placed in the dark, dank stone prison, where they were subject to harsh punishment and forced to live on bread and water. Todd visited the prison after receiving Morgan's letter, and soon afterward reforms were instituted to improve living conditions. Morgan did not stay to savor the improvements, though. In November 1863, he and six other Confederate officers escaped.
 (HNQ, 9/20/01)

1863  Jul, The European public first learned of Angkor in Cambodia from the posthumously published journal of French naturalist Henri Mouhot.
 (SFEC, 7/26/98, p.T6)

1863  Aug 6, The CSS Alabama captured the Federal ship Sea Bride near the Cape of Good Hope.
 (HN, 8/6/98)

1863  Aug 8, Confederate President Jefferson Davis refused General Robert E. Lee's resignation.
 (HN, 8/8/98)

1863  Aug 12, Confederate raider William Quantrill led a massacre of 150 men and boys in Lawrence, Kansas. Quantrill's last ride. [see Aug 21]
 (HN, 8/12/99)

1863  Aug 14, Ernest L. Thayer, author of the poem "Casey at the Bat," was born.
 (HN, 8/14/98)

1863  Aug 16, Union General William S. Rosecrans moved his army south from Tullahoma, Tennessee to attack Confederate forces in Chattanooga.
 (HN, 8/16/99)

1863  Aug 17, Federal batteries and ships bombarded Fort Sumter in Charleston, S.C., harbor for the first time during the Civil War.
 (HFA, '96, p.36)(AP, 8/17/97)(HN, 8/17/98)

1863  Aug 21, Confederate raiders under William Quantrill struck Lawrence, Kansas, leaving 150 civilians dead. [see Aug 12]
 (HN, 8/21/98)

1863  Aug 23, Union batteries ceased their first bombardment of Fort Sumter, leaving it a mass of rubble but still unconquered by the Northern besiegers.
 (HN, 8/23/00)

1863  Sep 1, RR and ferry connections between SF and Oakland were inaugurated.
 (SC, 9/1/02)
1863  Sep 1, 6th Ohio Cavalry ambush at Barbees Crossroads, Virginia.
 (MC, 9/1/02)

1863  Sep 6, After 59 day siege, confederates evacuated Ft Wagner, SC.
 (MC, 9/6/01)

1863  Sep 8, Federal troops reconquered the Cumberland Gap, Tennessee.
 (MC, 9/8/01)
1863  Sep 8, Battle of Telford's Depot, Ten.
 (MC, 9/8/01)
1863  Sep 8, Confederate Lieutenant Dick Dowling thwarted a Union naval landing at Sabine Pass, northeast of Galveston, Texas.
 (HN, 9/8/98)

1863  Sep 9, The Union Army of the Cumberland passed through Chattanooga as they chased after the retreating Confederates following the Battle of Cumberland Gap.
 (HN, 9/9/98)(MC, 9/9/01)

1863  Sep 10, George Bizet's opera "Les Pecheurs de Perles," premiered in Paris.
 (MC, 9/10/01)

1863  Sep 13, The Loudoun County Rangers routed a company of Confederate cavalry at Catoctin Mountain in Virginia.
 (HN, 9/13/99)
1863  Sep 13, Franz von Hipper, German naval commander at the Battle of Jutland in World War I, was born.
 (HN, 9/13/98)

1863  Sep 18, Union cavalry troops clashed with a group of Confederates at Chickamauga Creek.
 (HN, 9/18/99)

1863  Sep 19, In Georgia, the two-day Battle of Chickamauga began as Union troops under George Thomas clashed with Confederates under Nathan Bedford Forrest.
 (HN, 9/19/98)

1863  Sep 20, Union troops under George Thomas prevented the Union defeat at Chickamauga from becoming a rout, earning him the nickname "the Rock of Chickamauga." Thomas stayed and fought even after his commander, William Rosecrans, retreated to Chattanooga. President Abraham Lincoln later appointed Thomas as Rosecrans' successor. Armed with their new, lethal seven-shot Spencer rifles, Wilder's Lightning Brigade was all that stood between the Union Army and the looming disaster at Chickamauga Creek. The bloody battle of Chickamauga was the costliest two-day battle of the entire war.
 (HN, 9/20/98)(HN, 11/4/98)(HNQ, 9/29/00)
1863  Sep 20, Jakob Grimm, writer, died at 78.
 (MC, 9/20/01)

1863  Sep 21, Union troops under Major Gen'l. William S. Rosecrans defeated at Chickamauga sought refuge in Chattanooga, Tennessee, which was then besieged by Confederate troops. There they lost 10,000 horses and mules to starvation.
 (HT, 4/97, p.52)(HN, 9/21/98)

1863  Sep 23, Mary Church Terrell, educator and civil rights advocate, was born.
 (HN, 9/23/98)
1863  Sep 23, The Confederate siege of Chattanooga began.
 (MC, 9/23/01)

1863  Sep 26, James M. Wells, a Union cavalry lieutenant from Michigan, was captured by Confederate cavalry and sent to Libby Prison in Richmond, Va.
 (ON, 3/01, p.7)

1863  Sep 27, Jo Shelby's cavalry in action at Moffat's Station, Arkansas.
 (MC, 9/27/01)

1863  Sep 30, Reinhard von Scheer, German admiral who commanded the German fleet at the Battle of Jutland, was born.
 (HN, 9/30/98)

1863  Oct 1, 5 Russian warships were welcomed in NYC.
 (MC, 10/1/01)

1863  Oct 3, President Lincoln declared the last Thursday in November, Thanksgiving Day. Credit for establishing Thanksgiving as a national holiday is usually given to Sarah J. Hale, editor and founder of the Ladies' Magazine in Boston. Her editorials in the magazine and letters to President Lincoln urging the formal establishment of a national holiday of Thanksgiving resulted in Lincoln's proclamation, which designated the last Thursday of November as Thanksgiving Day. Later presidents followed this example, with the exception of Franklin D. Roosevelt, who in 1939 proclaimed Thanksgiving Day a week earlier--on the fourth, not the last, Thursday of November--in effort to encourage more holiday shopping. In 1941 Congress adopted a joint resolution, permanently setting the date of Thanksgiving on the fourth Thursday of November.
 (AP, 10/3/97)(HN, 11/26/98)(HNPD, 11/26/98)(HN, 11/25/99)

1863  Oct 5, Confederate sub David damaged the Union ship Ironsides.
 (MC, 10/5/01)

1863  Oct 9, Confederate cavalry raiders returned to Chattanooga having attacked Union General William Rosecrans' supply and communication lines all around east Tennessee.
 (HN, 10/9/98)
1863  Oct 9, Battle of Brady Station, Va. (Culpeper Court House, Bristoe Station).
 (MC, 10/9/01)

1863  Oct 10, The first telegraph line to Denver was completed.
 (HN, 10/10/98)
1863  Oct 10, The Skirmish at Blue Springs, Tennessee, resulted in 166 casualties.
 (MC, 10/10/01)

1863  Oct 11, Skirmish at Rheatown, Henderson's Mill, Tennessee.
 (MC, 10/11/01)

1863  Oct 15, For the second time, the Confederate submarine H. L. Hunley sank during a practice dive in Charleston Harbor, S.C, this time drowning its inventor along with seven crew members. The 40-foot Hunley sank in August with five sailors who had volunteered to test it.
 (Historynet, 10/15/98)(SFC, 3/12/99, p.A3)

1863  Oct 16, Grant was given command of Union forces in West. [see Oct 17]
 (MC, 10/16/01)

1863  Oct 17, General Ulysses S. Grant was named overall Union Commander of the West. [see Oct 16]
 (HN, 10/17/98)

1863  Oct 18, Battle of Charlestown in WV.
 (MC, 10/18/01)

1863  Oct 19, Gen'l. Grant ordered Major Gen'l. George Thomas to replace Major Gen'l. Rosecrans and Major Gen'l. Joseph Hooker arrived at Chattanooga with 20,000 fresh Federals from Virginia.
 (HT, 4/97, p.56)

1863  Oct 23, Gen'l. Grant arrived at Chattanooga. [see Oct 24]
 (HT, 4/97, p.56)

1863  Oct 24, General Ulysses S. Grant arrived in Chattanooga, Tennessee to find the Union Army there starving. [see Oct 23]
 (HN, 10/24/98)

1863  Oct 26, The Worldwide Red Cross was organized in Geneva. [see Oct 29]
 (MC, 10/26/01)

1863  Oct 28, In a rare night attack, Confederates under Gen. James Longstreet attacked a Federal force near Chattanooga, Tennessee, hoping to cut their supply line, the "cracker line." They failed.
 (HN, 10/28/98)

1863  Oct 29, The Intl. Committee of Red Cross formed (Nobel 1917, 1944, 1963). [see Oct 26]
 (MC, 10/29/01)
 
1863  Oct, 7,000 soldiers were cramped into Point Lookout Union prison for Confederate soldiers.
 (WSJ, 3/26/96, p.A-19)

1863  Nov 4, From the main Confederate Army at Chattanooga, Tenn., Lt. Gen. James Longstreet's troops were sent northeast to besiege Knoxville.
 (HN, 11/4/98)

1863  Nov 6, A Union force surrounded and scattered defending Confederates at the Battle of Droop Mountain, in West Virginia.
 (HN, 11/6/99)
1863  Nov 6, Battle of Rogersville, Ten.
 (MC, 11/6/01)

1863  Nov 7, Battle of Rappahannock Station and Kelly's Ford, Va.
 (MC, 11/7/01)

1863  Nov 12, Confederate General James Longstreet arrived at Loudon, Tennessee to assist the attack on Union General Ambrose Burnside's troops at Knoxville.
 (HN, 11/12/98)

1863  Nov 14, Leo H.A. Baekeland, Belgian-US chemist (bakelite), was born.
 (MC, 11/14/01)
1863  Nov 14, Gen Nathan Bedford Forrest was assigned to command of West Tennessee.
 (MC, 11/14/01)
1863  Nov 14, There was a skirmish at Danville, Mississippi.
 (MC, 11/14/01)

1863  cNov 15, Major Gen'l. William Tecumseh Sherman arrived at Chattanooga from Mississippi with 16,000 reinforcements.
 (HT, 4/97, p.56)

1863  Nov 16, At the Battle of Campbell's Station, Ten., there were 492 causalities.
 (MC, 11/16/01)

1863  Nov 17, Lincoln began the 1st draft of his Gettysburg Address.
 (MC, 11/17/01)
1863  Nov 17-Dec 4th, Battle of Knoxville, Ten.
 (MC, 11/17/01)

1863  Nov 19, President Abraham Lincoln was asked to deliver a few "appropriate remarks" to the crowd at the dedication of the National Cemetery at the site of the Battle of Gettysburg, Pennsylvania. Lincoln's Gettysburg address was almost ignored in the wake of the lengthy oration by main speaker Edwin Everett. In fact, Lincoln's speech was over before many in the crowd were even aware that he was speaking. But Lincoln's eloquent words of redemption and sacrifice remain among the most revered in American history. He concluded his speech with this vow: "We here highly resolve that these dead shall not have died in vain; that this nation, under God, shall have a new birth of freedom; and that government of the people, by the people, for the people, shall not perish from the earth."
 (AP, 11/19/97)(HNPD, 11/19/98)(HN, 11/19/98)
 http://condor.stcloudstate.edu/~brixr01/theTIMEMACHINE.html

1863  Nov 23, At Chattanooga Gen'l. Thomas' men drove the Confederates from Orchard Knob. Union forces won the Battle of Orchard Knob, Tenn. The Battle of Chattanooga, one of the most decisive battles of the American Civil War, also began in Tennessee.
 (HN, 11/23/01)
1863  Nov 23, A patent was granted for a process of making color photographs.
 (MC, 11/23/01)

1863  Nov 24, In the Battle Above the Clouds, Union Maj. Gen. Joseph Hooker's forces took Lookout Mountain, near Chattanooga, Tenn. The battle for Lookout Mountain was fought in a layer of fog whose lower level began at the Cravens House, used as Rebel headquarters. Gen'l. Hooker later commissioned painter James Walker to render a picture of the battle for $20,000.
 (HFA, '96, p.42)(HT, 4/97, p.56)(HN, 11/24/98)

1863  Nov 25, The Union ended the siege of Chattanooga, Tenn., with the Battle of Missionary Ridge, Tenn.
 (HN, 11/25/98)

1863  Nov 26, The first of our modern annual Thanksgivings was held following the Oct 3 proclamation of Pres. Lincoln to assign the last Thursday in Nov for this purpose.
 (HN, 11/26/98)(HNPD, 11/26/98)

1863  Nov 27, Battle of Payne's Farm, Va.
 (MC, 11/27/01)

1863  Nov 29, The Battle of Fort Sanders, Knoxville, Tenn., ended in Confederate withdrawal. There were 8-900 causalities.
 (HN, 11/29/98)(MC, 11/29/01)

1863  Dec 1, Oliver Herford, American humorist and poet, was born. He wrote "Cupid's Fair Weather Book" and "The Deb's Dictionary."
 (HN, 12/1/99)
1863  Dec 1, Belle Boyd, a Confederate spy, was released from prison in Washington.
 (HN, 12/1/98)

1863  Dec 2, Charles Ringling, one of the seven Ringling brothers of circus fame, was born.
 (HN, 12/2/00)
1863  Dec 2, General Braxton Bragg turned over command of the Army of Tennessee to General William Hardee at Dalton, Ga.
 (HN, 12/2/98)

1863  Dec 3, Confederate General Longstreet abandoned his siege at Knoxville, Ten., and moved his army east and north toward Greeneville. This withdrawal marked the end of the Fall Campaign in Tennessee.
 (HN, 12/3/98)(MC, 12/3/01)

1863  Dec 4, Seven solid days of bombardment ended at Charleston, S.C. The Union fired some 1,307 rounds.
 (HN, 12/4/99)

1863  Dec 6, The monitor Weehawken sank in the Charleston Harbor.
 (HN, 12/6/98)

1863  Dec 7, Outlaw George Ives, an alleged member of an outlaw gang known as the "Innocents," robbed and then killed Nick Thiebalt in the Ruby Valley of what would become Montana.
 (HN, 12/7/98)

1863  Dec 8, President Lincoln announced his plan for the Reconstruction of the South. President Lincoln offered amnesty for confederate deserters.
 (AP, 12/8/97)(MC, 12/8/01)
1863  Dec 8, Averell's cavalry destroyed railroads in the southwestern part of West Virginia.
 (HN, 12/8/98)
1863  Dec 8, A Jesuit church in Chile caught fire and 2,500 died in a panic.
 (MC, 12/8/01)

1863  Dec 9, Major General John G. Foster replaced Major General Ambrose E. Burnside as Commander of the Department of Ohio.
 (HN, 12/9/98)

1863  Dec 11, Union gunboats Restless, Bloomer and Caroline entered St. Andrew's Bay, Fla., and began bombardment of both Confederate Quarters and Saltworks.
 (HN, 12/11/98)

1863  Dec 12, Edvard Munch (d.1944), Norwegian artist (The Scream), was born.
 (WUD, 1994 p.941)(NH, 6/00, p.20)(HN, 12/12/00)
1863  Dec 12, Orders were given in Richmond that no more supplies from the Union should be received by Federal prisoners.
 (HN, 12/12/98)

1863  Dec 14, The widow of Confederate General B.H. Helm was given amnesty by President Lincoln after she swore allegiance to the Union. Mrs. Helm was the half-sister of Mary Todd Lincoln.
 (HN, 12/14/98)

1863  Dec 14, Longstreet attacked Union troops at Bean's Station, Tenn.
 (HN, 12/14/98)

1863  Dec 16, Confederate General Joseph Johnston took command of the Army of Tennessee, replacing Lt. General William Hardee.
 (HN, 12/16/98)

1863  Albert Bierstadt created his painting "Rocky Mountains, Landers Peak."
 (SSFC, 8/4/02, p.M2)

1863  George Richmond, R.A., painted the portrait "Maharani 'Chund Kowr' alias Rani Jindan" in India.
 (SFEM, 2/1/98, p.14)(SFC, 2/7/98, p.E1)

1863  Auguste Rodin began his sculpture masterpiece "Mask of the Man With the Broken Nose."
 (WSJ, 4/1/97, p.A16)

1863  The Paris Salon des Refuses was a group show of artists rejected by the mavens of the official salon. The hit and scandal of the show was Edouard Manet's "Le Dejeuner sur l'Herbe" which depicted a happy foursome picnicking in the woods with the two women undressed. Other refused artists included Cezanne, Pissarro, and other impressionists.
 (WSJ, 6/14/95, p.A-14)

1863  George Frederic Watts painted "Choosing."
 (WSJ, 2/19/97, p.A15)

1863  Charles Dodgson, aka Lewis Carroll, published "Alice's Adventures in Wonderland." [see Dodgson in 1832]
 (WSJ, 11/9/95, p.A-20)

1863  T.H. Huxley published his exposition of Darwinism in his lectures to working men: "On Our Knowledge of the Causes of the Phenomena of Organic Nature."
 (NH, 5/96, p.22)

1863  The first SF Cliff House was built as a dining establishment for well-to-do families. It was purchased in 1881 by Adolph Sutro and rebuilt in 1909 after a fire. [see 1881]
 (SFC, 1/7/97, p.B1)(SFC, 4/14/99, Z1 p.4)

1863  Ellen White of Maine, founder of the 7th Day Adventists, testified against tobacco, spirituous liquors, snuff, tea, coffee, flesh-meats, butter, spices, rich cakes, mince pies, large amounts of salt and all exciting substances used as articles of food.
 (SFC, 9/29/00, p.W17)

1863  In Indianapolis the Crown Hill cemetery was established.
 (SFEC,10/26/97, p.T6)

1863  Walker Rankin Sr. founded the 31,000 acre Quarter Circle U Rankin Ranch in the Tehachapi Mountains of Kern County, Ca.
 (SFEC, 7/5/98, p.T6)

1863  Fitz Hugh Ludlow, author of the 1857 book "The Hasheesh Eater," arrived in SF by the Overland Stagecoach. He rode with painter Albert Bierstadt who married Ludlow's wife in 1864. Ludlow wrote an account of his travels titled "The heart of the Continent." In 1999 Donald P. Dulchinos published "Pioneer of Inner Space: The Life of Fitz Hugh Ludlow, Hasheesh Eater."
 (SFEC, 1/24/99, BR p.4)

1863  Treasury Sec. Hugh McCulloch lamented that America's monetary system "is unfitted for a commercial country like ours."
 (WSJ, 1/13/98, p.A1)

1863  The government forced some of the Nez Perce bands onto reservations.
 (SFEC, 6/15/97, Par. p.5)

1863  The Treaty of Ruby Valley with the Western Shoshone Indians assured their ownership of property that later became a US nuclear test site. The treaty stated that the presence of US settlements will not negate Indian sovereignty.
 (SFC, 7/12/97, p.E4)(SFEC, 8/29/99, Z1 p.7)

1863  James Garfield was elected to Congress.
 (HNQ, 8/3/02)

1863  In California the state's "black laws" were repealed.
 (SFC, 7/18/98, p.A15)

1863  Civil war ships, the Dot, the Charm and the Paul Jones, were scuttled on a tributary to the Big Muddy during the Confederate retreat from Vicksburg.
 (NOHY, Weiner, 3/90, p.88)

1863  At the Battle of Chickamauga Creek, James B. Steedman seized his regiment's colors and dramatically led his wavering volunteers through a withering barrage of Confederate fire. The Confederates won the battle, but Steedman emerged unscathed to become Toledo's most famous Civil War hero.
 (Smith., 4/1995, p.140)

1863  Bloody Bill Anderson, notorious Confederate guerilla leader, executed all the troopers in a raid but one, Sergeant T.M. Goodman, who was left alive to deliver news of the raid to Union officers.
 (SFC, 9/23/96, A15)

1863  The National Bank Act was passed to create a market in government bonds needed to finance the Civil War. The act required that bank notes issued by commercial banks be uniform in appearance and that 90% be backed by collateral consisting of US Treasury securities. [see 1881-1890, currency decline] Prior to the Civil War virtually the only currency was local and issued by banks. The government issued "greenbacks" to finance the Civil War."
 (WSJ,11/24/95, p.A-8)(WSJ, 6/27/96, p.B1)(Wired, 10/96, p.143)(WSJ, 1/13/98, p.A1)

1863  Dorence Atwater was captured by the Confederates and his penmanship won him the job of recording the name, company, regiment, disease, date of death, and grave number of each prisoner who had died at Andersonville. Atwater made a secret copy of the list and after the war wanted to publish it so that the families of the dead would know where their loved ones were buried. When the Civil War ended, former Union soldier Dorence Atwater sought Clara Barton's help to publish a list of soldiers who had died while interned at the Confederate Andersonville prison camp in Georgia. He approached Clara Barton, who had already opened an office to locate missing Union soldiers. When they tried to publish the death register, however, it resulted in Atwater's court marital and imprisonment.
 (HNQ, 2/27/01)

1863  In Arizona Army Col. Kit Carson led the forced move of some 9,000 Navahos from Canyon de Chelly to a reservation in New Mexico. About half the people survived what came to be known as the Long Walk.
 (SSFC, 1/7/01, p.T9)

1863  A woman was executed in Texas. The next woman to face execution would be Karla Faye Tucker in 1998.
 (SFC, 2/5/97, p.A7)(WSJ, 2/3/98, p.A1)

1863  As San Francisco voters considered a bond measure to help finance the Central Pacific Railroad, Philip Stanford, brother of the governor, drove through the city on election day "handing out money liberally' to all who would vote for the bond.
 (SFC, 7/8/96, p.D2)

1863  John D. Rockefeller and partner Maurice Clark invested $4,000 to start an oil refinery.
 (WSJ, 5/8/98, p.W10)

1863  Last Chance Gulch and Alder Gulch were sites of major gold discoveries in the American West. Each became a city and each served as capital of the territory that eventually became the state of Montana. After the gold strikes, Alder Gulch became Virginia City and Last Chance Gulch became Helena.
 (HNQ, 2/9/00)

1863  The star U Scorpii flared up as a recurrent novae. It recurred in 1906 and 1936.
 (SCTS, p.182)

1863  Eugene Delacroix (b.1798), French artist, died.
 (WUD, 1994, p.381)

1863  William Makepeace Thackeray (b.1811), English novelist and satirist, died. His books, which included "Vanity Fair," were published as monthly serials. In 2001 D.J. Taylor authored the biography "Thackeray: The Life of a Literary Man." Thackeray was a chronicler of upward mobility.
 (HN, 7/18/98)(WSJ, 11/12/01, p.A20)

1863  The British military invaded Maori land in New Zealand in violation of the 1840 Treaty of Waitangi.
 (Fin. Post, 11/2/95, p.2)

1863  French forces captured Puebla, Mexico.
 (SFEC,11/9/97, p.T6)

1863  In Iran the Bahai faith was founded by Hussain Ali (b. Nov 12, 1817 in Iran). It reflected the attitudes of the Shiah sect with an emphasis on tolerance. Among its principles are full equality between the sexes, universal education and the establishment of a world of a world federal system. The Baha'i Faith was founded in Iran by a man named Baha'u'llah, which literally means "The Glory of God".
 (WUD, 1994, p.111)(SFC, 10/30/98, p.A20)

1863  In Italy the Grand Hotel des Iles Borromees opened in Stresa on Lake Maggiore.
 (AMNHDT, 5/98)

1863  Prince Charles III built the casino of Monte Carlo. The Monte Carlo Casino was built and officially named the Sea Bathing & Circle of Foreigners Co.
 (SFC, 1/8/97, p.C1)(WSJ, 1/11/99, p.R34)

1863  The Matica Slovenska was founded as a cultural organization and nurtured the dream of Slovak independence.
 (WSJ, 4/26/96, p.A-11)

1863-1865 The 1998 novel "The Last Full Measure" by Jeff Shaara covers the Civil War across it last two years.
 (SFEC, 6/21/98, p.D5)

1863-1865 In the Dominican Republic the conflict of this period was known as the War of the Restoration. From 1844--after independence from Haitian-until 1899, the fledgling republic was dominated by a series of dictatorial "men on horseback." One of these strong men, Pedro Santana, endeavored to stave off the threat of Haiti by returning the country to Spanish control, with him as the Governor General beginning in 1861. The Spanish troops eventually left, but the idea of the protectorate remained, eventually leading to U.S. occupation in 1916.
 (HNQ, 8/10/00)

1863-1867 Felix Nadar joined a group of men that included Jules Verne to promote the development of flying machines, which they envisioned as helicopters. They funded the building of the Geant, the largest balloon yet flown that measured 147 feet in circumference. It held 12 people in a two-story basket and flew over a number of cities before crashing in Hannover injuring both Nadar and his wife. This made him quite famous and he wrote two books about his experiences.
 (Smith., 5/95, p.79-80)

1863-1869 The Big Four Sacramento merchants, Charles Crocker, Mark Hopkins, Collis P. Huntington, and Leland Stanford put up the initial money for the Central Pacific Railroad. Congress thought that silver from the Comstock mines would help finance the Civil War and contracted the Central Pacific and Union Pacific to build a trans-continental railroad.
 (SFC, 5/19/96,City Guide, p.17)
1863-1869 In 2000 Stephen E. Ambrose authored "Nothing Like It in the World, The Men Who Built the Transcontinental Railroad 1863-1869."
 (SSFC, 12/17/00, BR p.10)

1863-1933 Constantine Cavafy, Greek poet. He describes the coming of the barbarians and the fall of the Roman empire as: "At least they were some kind of solution."
 (V.D.-H.K.p.296)

1863-1936  James Harvey Robinson, American historian: "We are incredibly heedless in the formation of our beliefs, but find ourselves filled with an illicit passion for them when anyone proposes to rob us of their companionship."
 (AP, 11/23/97)

1863-1941  William Gibbs McAdoo, American government official: "It is impossible to defeat an ignorant man in argument."
 (AP, 6/11/97)

1863-1952  George Santayana, Spanish-American philosopher: "What man strives to preserve, in preserving himself, is something which he has never been at any particular moment." "Miracles are propitious accidents, the natural causes of which are too complicated to be readily understood."
 (AP, 12/7/97)(HN, 7/18/98)

Go to 1864-1866