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1887  Jan 20, The U.S. Senate approved an agreement to lease Pearl Harbor in Hawaii as a naval base. [see Nov 29]
 (AP, 1/20/98)

1887  Feb 2, People began gathering at Gobbler's Knob in Punxsutawney, Pa., to witness the groundhog's search for its shadow.
 (WSJ, 2/2/99, p.B1)

1887  Feb 3, Congress created the Electoral Count Act to avoid disputed natl. elections.
 (MC, 2/3/02)

1887  Feb 5, Verdi’s opera “Otello,” based on the play by Shakespeare, premiered at La Scala.
 (AP, 2/5/97)(WSJ, 8/1/01, p.A12)

1887  Feb 8, Congress passed the Dawes Act, which gave citizenship to Indians living apart from their tribe.
 (HN, 2/8/98)
1887  Feb 8, Luke Short, owner of the classy Fort Worth White Elephant saloon, engaged in a gunfight with Longhair Jim Courtright, gunfighter extraordinaire. Short won.
 (HT, 4/97, p.51)
1887  Feb 8, Aurora Ski Club of Red Wing, Minn., became the 1st US ski club.
 (MC, 2/8/02)

1887  Feb 11, Ernst "Putzi" Hanfstangl, German politician and confidante of Hitler, NSDAP & American school chum of Roosevelt ), was born.
 (MC, 2/11/02)

1887  Feb 13, Alvin York, famed US soldier with 25 kills in WW I, was born.
 (MC, 2/13/02)

1887  Feb 15, Alexander Borodin (b.1833), Russian composer, died. He had worked on his epic opera “Prince Igor” for 18 years. It was completed in 1888 by Glazunov and Rimsky-Korsakov. [see Feb 27]
 (WSJ, 9/19/96, p.A18)(WSJ, 5/7/98, p.A21)(WSJ, 2/6/00, p.A16)(MC, 2/15/02)

1887  Feb 18, Nikos Kazantzakis, Greek writer, was born. [see Dec 2, 1885]
 (MC, 2/18/02)

1887  Feb 21, The 1st US bacteriology laboratory opened in Brooklyn.
 (MC, 2/21/02)

1887  Feb 24, Mary Ellen Chase (d.1973), New England writer, was born. “Suffering without understanding in this life is a heap worse than suffering when you have at least the grain of an idea what it’s all for.”
 (AP, 6/23/97)(HN, 2/24/01)

1887  Feb 26, Sir Benegal Narsing Rau, president of UN Security Council (1950), was born in India.
 (SC, 2/26/02)

1887  Feb 27, Alexander Porfiryevich Borodin (53), Russian physician, composer (Prince Igor), died. [see Feb 15]
 (MC, 2/27/02)

1887   Mar 2, The American Trotting Association was organized in Detroit, Mi., on this day.
 (HC, Internet, 2/3/98)

1887  Mar 3, Anne Mansfield Sullivan arrived at the Alabama home of Capt. and Mrs. Arthur H. Keller to become the teacher of Helen, their blind and deaf 6-year-old daughter.
 (AP, 3/3/00)
1887  Mar 3, The anti-Catholic American Protective Association formed in Clinton, IA.
 (SC, 3/3/02)

1887  Mar 4, William Randolph Hearst (23) became "Proprietor" of the SF Examiner newspaper.
 (SFC, 8/7/99, p.A9)

1887  Mar 5, Heitor Villa-Lobos, composer, was born in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.
 (HN, 3/5/01)(MC, 3/5/02)

1887  Mar 7, Helen Parkhurst, educator, was born. She developed a technique later known as the Dalton Plan.
 (HN, 3/7/01)

1887  Mar 8, Everett Horton of Connecticut patented a fishing rod of telescoping steel tubes.
 (MC, 3/8/02)

1887  Mar 13, Chester Greenwood of Maine patented earmuffs.
 (MC, 3/13/02)

1887  Mar 22, Chico Marx, [Leonard Martin], comedian (Marx Brothers), was born in NYC.
 (MC, 3/22/02)

1887  Mar 23, Juan Gris, cubist painter (Still Life Before an Open Window), was born in Spain.
 (SS, 3/23/02)
1887  Mar 23, Felix Felixovitch Yussupov, Russian prince, murderer of Rasputin, was born.
 (SS, 3/23/02)

1887  Apr 4, Susanna Medora Salter became the first woman elected mayor of an American community—Argonia, Kan.
 (AP, 4/4/97)

1887  Apr 5, In Tuscumbia, Ala., teacher Anne Sullivan taught her blind and deaf pupil, Helen Keller, the meaning of the word “water” as spelled out in the manual alphabet.
 (AP, 4/5/97)
1887  Apr 5, British historian Lord Acton wrote, “Power tends to corrupt and absolute power corrupts absolutely.”
 (AP, 4/5/97)

1887  Apr 10, President Abraham Lincoln was re-buried with his wife in Springfield, Il.
 (MC, 4/10/02)

1887  Apr 14, Start of Sherlock Holmes adventure "Reigate Squires."
 (MC, 4/14/02)

1887  Apr 26, Huntsville Electric Co. was formed to sell electricity.
 (MC, 4/26/02)

1887  Apr 28, Carl Ferdinand Pohl (67), composer, died.
 (MC, 4/28/02)

1887  May 2, Hannibal W. Goodwin patented celluloid photographic film.
 (MC, 5/2/02)
1887  May 2, The remains of composer Gioachino Rossini (1792-1868), were transferred from Paris to Santa Croce, Florence.
 (MC, 5/2/02)

1887  May 8, Alexander Ulyanov, brother of Lenin, was hanged for assassination of tsar.
 (MC, 5/8/02)

1887  May 18, Emmanuel Chabrier’s opera "Le Roi Malgré Luis" premiered in Paris, France.
 (SC, 5/18/02)

1887  May 23, The 1st transcontinental train arrived in Vancouver, BC.
 (MC, 5/23/02)

1887  May 25, Gas lamp at Paris Opera caught fire and 200 died.
 (SC, 5/25/02)

1887  Jun 7, Monotype type-casting machine was patented by Tolbert Lanston in Wash., DC.
 (SC, 6/7/02)

1887  Jun 20, Kurt Schwitters (d.1948), German artist, was born. He spent a year and a half in an internment camp on the Isle of Man during WW II where he managed to create some 200 works of art from salvaged scraps.
 (WSJ, 8/19/97, p.A17)(HN, 6/20/01)

1887  Jun 21, Britain celebrated the golden jubilee of Queen Victoria.
 (HN, 6/21/98)

1887  Jun 22, Sir Julian Huxley was born in London. He became a biologist and philosopher and served as Darwin’s Bulldog.
 (YarraNet, 6/22/00)

1887  Jun 25, George Abbott, American playwright, director and producer, was born. His plays included "Three Men on a Horse" and "Damn Yankees."
 (AP, 2/2/99)(HN, 6/25/99)

1887  Jul 7, Marc Chagall (d.1985), French painter and designer, was born in Vitebsk, Russia. He left there in 1907 to attend art school in St. Petersburg. He was sent to Paris by a benefactor and befriended Chaim Soutine and Alexander Archipenko and stayed until 1914. “From late cubism he adopted a manner of making forms and space interpenetrate.” His work included “Les Amoureux” (The Lovers - 1916), a portrait of himself and his wife. In 1996 it sold for $4.2 mil. In 1997 Mikhail Guerman published “Marc Chagall: The Land of My Heart - Russia.”
 (SFC,7/2/96,p.E3)(WSJ,10/8/96,p.A20)(SFEC,12/797,Par p.6)(HN, 7/7/01)

1887  Jul 9, Samuel Eliot Morison (d.1976), American biographer and historian, was born. “If the American Revolution had produced nothing but the Declaration of Independence, it would have been worthwhile.”
 (AP, 7/4/97)(HN, 7/9/01)

1887  Jul 18, Vidkum Quisling, Norwegian minister of Defense, premier (1942-45), was born. He was considered a traitor to his country for allowing an easy takeover by Nazi Germany.
 (HN, 7/18/98)(MC, 7/18/02)

1887  Jul 22, Gustav Hertz, German physicist, was born.
 (HN, 7/22/02)

1887  Jul 28, Marcel Duchamp (d.1968), French artist, was born. He is known best for “Nude Descending a Staircase,” (1912) featured in the 1913 Armory Show in New York. Arturo Schwarz published his complete works in 1969 with a new edition in 1997. In 1996 Calvin Tompkins wrote “Duchamp: A Biography.”
 (V.D.-H.K.p.361)(WSJ, 12/18/96, p.A18)(HN, 7/28/01)

1887  Jul 29, Sigmund Romberg, composer, was born.
 (HN, 7/29/01)

1887  Aug 3, Rupert Brooke (d.1915), English poet who mainly wrote about World War I, was born: “Cities, like cats, will reveal themselves at night.”
 (AP, 2/20/98)(HN, 8/3/98)

1887  Aug 10, A train from Peoria, Ill., bound for Niagara ran across a burning bridge near Chatsworth. Only the lead locomotive made it and 82 people were killed near Chatsworth.
 (THC, 12/2/97)

1887  Aug 17, Marcus [Garvey] Garvy (d.1940), Black Nationalist and Jamaican leader who promoted the departure of African-Americans back Africa, was born. In 1914, after two years of study in London, Garvey formed the Universal Negro Improvement and Conservation Association (U.N.I.A.) in Jamaica, a group that worked for black emigration to Africa and promoted racial pride, education and black business activity. In 1916 Garvey went to New York and began organizing U.N.I.A. branches in America from 1916-1925. At his height of popularity, Garvey had several million followers. He advocated racial separation and emigration of American Negroes to Africa. He was deported in 1925. The organization waned in the 1920s with Garvey’s arrest and conviction and imprisonment on mail fraud charges. He was the founder of the Universal Negro Improvement Association. He also founded the Black Star Line, a steamship company owned and operated by blacks to link black communities around the world. Marcus Garvey died in London on June 10, 1940.
 (AHD, p.544)(Civilization, July-Aug, 1995, p. 36)(WSJ, 2/7/96, p.A-12)(HN, 8/17/98)(HNQ, 6/18/99)

1887  Aug 31, Inventor Thomas A. Edison received a patent for his Kinetoscope," a device which produced moving pictures. [see Aug 31, 1889]
 (AP, 8/31/97)

1887  Sep 5, A gas lamp at Theater Royal in Exeter started a fire killing about 200.
 (MC, 9/5/01)

1887  Sep 9, Alfred M. Landon, Republican governor of Kansas who carried only two states in his overwhelming defeat for the presidency by Franklin Roosevelt in 1936, was born. He ran as a presidential candidate in 1932 and 1936.
 (HN, 9/9/98)(MC, 9/9/01)

1887  Sep 14, Karl Taylor Compton, physicist and atomic bomb scientist, was born.
 (MC, 9/14/01)

1887  Sep 26, Barnes Wallis, British aeronautical engineer, was born. He invented the "Bouncing Bombs" that destroyed German dams during World War II.
 (HN, 9/26/99)
1887  Sep 26, Emile Berliner patented the Gramophone.
 (MC, 9/26/01)

1887  Sep 28, Gele River (Huang Ho) in China flooded and killed about 1.5 million.
 (MC, 9/28/01)

1887  Oct 4, The first issue of the International Herald Tribune was published as the Paris Herald Tribune.
 (AP, 10/4/99)

1887  Oct 6, Charles-Edouard Jeanneret (d.1965), aka Le Corbusier, Swiss-born French architect and city planner, was born. He became known for trenchantly stated principles, such as “a house is a machine for living in” and “a curved street is a donkey track, a straight street, a road for men.”
 (HN, 10/6/00)(V.D.-H.K.p.363)
1887  Oct 6, Maria Jeritza, [Jedlicka], singer (Vienna Opera, Met Opera), was born in Austria.
 (MC, 10/6/01)

1887  Oct 11, Willie Hoppe, billiards champion, was born.
 (HN, 10/11/00)
1887  Oct 11, A. Miles patented the elevator.
 (MC, 10/11/01)

1887  Oct 22, John Reed, American journalist, poet and revolutionary who witnessed the Russian Revolution of 1917 and wrote about it in “Ten Days That Shook the World,” was born.
 (HN, 10/22/98)

1887  Oct 31, Chiang Kai-shek, Chinese Nationalist, was born.
 (HN, 10/31/98)
1887  Oct 31, Rimsky-Korsakov's "Capricio Espagnol," premiered in St Petersburg.
 (MC, 10/31/01)

1887  Nov 2, Jenny Lind (b.1820), known as the Swedish Nightingale, soprano, died.
 (MC, 11/2/01)

1887  Nov 4,  Alfred Loomis (d.1975), financier and amateur physicist, was born. In 2002 Jennet Conant authored “Tuxedo Park,” an account of how Loomis led research that enhanced radar and led to the atom bomb.
 (NAS-BM, V.51, 1980)

1887  Nov 5, Oscar Bossaert, chocolate manufacturer, was born in Belgium.
 (MC, 11/5/01)
1887  Nov 5, Paul Wittgenstein, left hand specialist pianist, was born in Vienna, Austria.
 (MC, 11/5/01)

1887  Nov 6, Walter Johnson, baseball pitcher, "The Big Train," was born.
 (HN, 11/6/00)

1887  Nov 8, Doc Holliday, who fought on the side of the Earp brothers during the Gunfight at the O.K. Corral sixty years earlier, died of tuberculosis after waking from a 57 day delirium in Glenwood Springs, Colo. He downed a glass of whiskey and said: “I’ll be damned!” and died. In 2001 Bruce Olds authored the novel “Bucking the Tiger,” based on the life of Holliday.
 (HN, 11/6/98)(MesWP)(SFC, 7/29/00, p.E3)(SSFC, 9/9/01, DB p.70)

1887  Nov 10, Arnold Zweig, German antifascist and author (Erziehung vor Verdun), was born.
 (MC, 11/10/01)

1887  Nov 14, Bernhard Paumgartner, musicologist, conductor, composer, was born in Austria.
 (MC, 11/14/01)

1887  Nov 15, Marianne Moore, poet (Pulitzer 1951, Collected Poems), was born in St. Louis.
 (MC, 11/15/01)
1887  Nov 15, Georgia O’Keeffe (d.1986), American painter, was born in Wisconsin. An introduction to her work was published in 1997 ed. by Peter H. Hassrick: “The Georgia O’Keeffe Museum.”
 (WUD, 1994, p.1002)(HFA, ‘96, p.42)(SFC, 7/16/97, p.E3)(SFEC, 9/7/97, BR p.9)

1887  Nov 16, Philip Frohman, US architect, was born.
 (MC, 11/16/01)

1887  Nov 17, Bernard Law Montgomery, British Field Marshall who defeated Rommel in North Africa and lead allied troops from D-day to the end of World War II, was born.
 (HN, 11/17/98)

1887  Nov 19, Start of Sherlock Holmes "Adventure of Dying Detective."
 (MC, 11/19/01)
1887  Nov 19, Emma Lazarus (38), US poet ("Give us your tired & poor"), died in NY.
 (MC, 11/19/01)

1887  Nov 23, Boris Karloff (d.1969), English actor most famous for his role as the monster in the movie Frankenstein, was born in Dulwich, England.
 (HN, 11/23/98)(MC, 11/23/01)

1887  Nov 24, Victorien Sardou's "La Tosca," premiered in Paris.
 (MC, 11/24/01)

1887  Nov 27, U.S. Deputy Marshall Frank Dalton, brother of the three famous outlaws, was killed in the line of duty near Fort Smith, Ark.
 (HN, 11/27/98)

1887  Nov 28, Ernst Roehm, early Nazi and German staff member, later Bolivian leader, was born.
 (MC, 11/28/01)

1887  Nov 29, US received rights to Pearl Harbor on Oahu, Hawaii. [see Jan 20]
 (MC, 11/29/01)

1887  Dec 1, Sherlock Holmes 1st appeared in print: "Study in Scarlet." Sir Arthur Conan Doyle’s first story about the detective he named Sherlock Holmes was published in Beeton’s Christmas Annual. It wasn’t until a London magazine called the Strand  began publishing Doyle’s shorter Holmes adventures in 1891 that the detective became a phenomenon. Today hundreds of books, articles and movies have been devoted to the great detective and his biographer, Dr. John Watson, at 221b Baker Street, London.
 (HNQ, 4/7/01)(MC, 12/1/01)

1887  Dec 2, Charles Dickens' 1st public reading in US took place in NYC.
 (MC, 12/2/01)

1887  Dec 13, Corporal Alvin C. York of Wolf River Valley, Tennessee, was born. York was awarded the Congressional Medal of Honor and the Distinguished Service Cross for heroism during World War I Argonne Offensive. York was a reluctant soldier, but his frontier upbringing had made him an outstanding marksman. [see Oct 8, 1918]
 (HN, 12/13/98)

1887  Dec 27, Start of Sherlock Holmes "Adventure of Blue Carbuncle."
 (MC, 12/27/01)

1887  Robinson Jeffers (d.1962), poet, was born.
 (SFC, 4/22/01, BR p.1)

1887  Paul Gauguin painted "Still Life With Carafe and Lemons."
 (SFC, 1/18/99, p.B1)

1887  Van Gogh painted “The Courtesan.” It was inspired by an 1820 work by the Japanese artist Keisai Eisen who pictured an intricately coifed woman that later appeared on the cover of a French magazine
 (SFC, 11/16/98, p.E3)(WSJ, 12/1/98, p.A20)

1887  Claude Monet painted "The Seine With the Pont de la Grande Jatte."
 (SFC, 1/18/99, p.B2)

1887  Camille Pissaro painted "Boulevard de Clichy."
 (SFC, 1/18/99, p.B1)

1887  Odilon Redon (1840-1916), French painter and etcher, made his “Spider” lithograph.
 (WUD, 1994, p.1203)(SFEM, 6/29/97, p.4)

1887  Chekhov’s first completed play, “Ivanov,” was a technical and critical disaster. A revised version faired better in 1889.
 (WSJ, 11/21/97, p.A20)

1887  August Strindberg, Swedish playwright, wrote “The Father.”
 (WSJ, 1/17/96, p.A-16)

1887  The bible of eclipses is the “Canon der Finsternisse,” published by the Austrian astronomer Theodor Ritter von Oppolzer. It tracked all the eclipses from 1207 BC to 2162 AD.
 (SCTS, p.27)

1887  Edward Bellamy authored the utopian novel "Looking Backward, 2000-1887," which forecast what America might look like if people worked together for the common good.
 (WSJ, 12/10/99, p.W17)

1887  H. Rider Haggard wrote “She.”

1887  UC Berkeley Prof. Edward J. Wickson published a colorful volume that advertised and promoted the quality of life and agricultural opportunities in California.
 (SFC, 5/26/96, SFEM p.4)

1887  Elizabeth Cochrane, journalist, faked insanity to investigate insane asylums and was admitted to Bellevue. She wrote under the pen name of Nellie Bly and was summarily diagnosed as "positively demented… a hopeless case."
 (SFEC, 2/13/00, BR p.8)

1887  In Washington DC Gen. Montgomery C. Meigs, architect, oversaw the completion of his Pension Building. The Pension Bureau oversaw the benefits of the nation’s ex-soldiers.
 (AH, 10/01, HT p.28)

1887  The Grand Hotel on Mackinaw Island was built. Its front porch was 880 feet long.
 (SFC, 3/7/98, p.E3)

1887  The Mansions Hotel, a Victorian hotel in San Francisco’s Pacific Heights was constructed. It is allegedly haunted by a dark-haired mechante named Claudia, the shapely niece of the original owner, Utah Senator Charles Chambers.
 (SFE Mag, 5/5/96, p.A-7)

1887  Cardinal Gibbons and the American hierarchy convinced Rome to back off of a papal condemnation of the Knights of Labor.
 (WSJ, 8/31/01, p.W17)

1887  Ford City, Pa., was founded by John B. Ford, head of the Pittsburgh Plate Glass Co. on the shore of the Allegheny River. Later some 47 acres of the factory grounds were fenced off due to contamination from arsenic left behind by decades of industrial glassmaking.
 (WSJ, 8/12/97, p.B1)

1887  Louis Keller founded the Social Register with an initial list of 5,000 people, mostly descendants of English or Dutch settlers who had built New York City.
 (WSJ, 5/7/96, p.A-16)

1887  Lord Francis Henry Hope, heir to the Hope Diamond, married the stage singer May Hoy.
 (THC, 12/3/97)

1887  The first softball game on record was held indoors at the Farragus Boat Club in Chicago.
 (SFC, 11/7/98, p.E5)

1887  The US federal Interstate Commerce Commission Act was passed. It was enacted to restrict monopolies but did not have much power of enforcement. It regulated railroads and protected farmers from fees that it judged excessive.
 (SFC, 7/8/96, p.D2)(WSJ, 1/11/99, p.R48)

1887  US Senator Henry Dawes sponsored the Dawes Severalty Act that authorized the survey of Indian territories in the West, in order that the commonly held tribal lands might be broken up into property allotments of 40 to 160 acres.
 (NG, 5/95, p.91)

1887  The federal government passed the Allotment Act. It tried to break up tribal land ownership and awarded individual allotments of 80 to 160 acres per Indian. Trust accounts were established for both Indian tribes and individual American Indians. The lands were then held in trust, managed by the government and leased out to gas, oil and timber companies. The status of the accounts brought to question in 1996 when the Bureau of Indian Affairs could not account for about 15% of an estimated $450 million held for some 300,000 Indians. In 1999 a federal judge cited Sec. Bruce Babbitt and Robert Rubin in contempt for official deceit in accounting for the trusts that involved some 500,000 Indians.
 (SFC, 6/11/96, p.A12)(SFC, 2/23/99, p.A1)(WSJ, 5/3/99, p.A24)

1887  In Hawaii American businessmen forced King Kalakaua to sign a new constitution that took away his power to appoint legislators to the House of Nobles. Members would hence be elected by property owners.
 (ON, 11/02, p.5)

1887  The American Graphaphone Co. was founded in Washington DC. They made a sound producing machine that was peddle operated and based on work by Alexander Bell that used a cardboard cylinder coated with a waxy material to hold sounds.
 (SFC,11/19/97, Z1 p.7)

1887  The Hearst Corporation was founded by William Randolph Hearst with help from his father, California Senator Hearst. The elder Hearst had amassed wealth from the Comstock mines of Nevada.
 (SFC, 4/14/99, p.A19)

1887  Hart Schaffner & Marx, a haberdashery, was founded and became a key military supplier. It was later renamed Hartmarx.
 (WSJ, 1/11/99, p.R40)

1887  The egg topper or egg opener was patented. It was a scissor type tool to cut the top of the shell from soft boiled eggs.
 (SFC, 8/25/99, Z1 p.6)

1887  The inflatable bicycle tire was invented and spawned, along with the car tire, a worldwide rubber boom.
 (SFEM, 5/7/00, p.9)

1887  A. Eugen Fick, a Swiss physician, published the results of experiments with glass lenses that fit over the entire eye, the first contact lenses.
 (WSJ, 1/11/99, p.R21)

1887  Albert Michelson and Edward Morley compared the speed of light in the direction of earth’s orbit with the speed of light at right angles to earth’s motion and found it is the same.
 (BHT, Hawking, p.20)

1887  An electric-powered car in Richmond got its power from a four-wheeled carriage trolled along wires overhead, hence the name trolley car.
 (SFC,10/18/97, p.E4)

1887  Aloys Zötl (b.1831), Austrian naïve artist, died. Zotl’s paintings included “The Rhinoceros.”
 (WSJ, 4/9/03, p.D10)

1887  Charles Lux died. His firm, Miller and Lux, by this time owned some 700,000 head of cattle in Arizona, Nevada and Oregon. Over 700 miles of private telegraph lines connected their ranches.
 (SSF, 1976, p.2)

1887  In Canada a mining blast in Nanaimo killed 148 miners.
 (WSJ, 1/11/99, p.$27)

1887  Spitalfields opened as a fruit and vegetable market in London, England. It was built over the site of a medieval hospital and construction c2000 revealed some 6,000 bodies buried 30 feet deep.
 (SSFC, 10/21/01, p.T7)

1887  In France Sadi Carnot (1837-1994) became president.
 (WUD, 1994 p.225)

1887  A severe earthquake hit the Ligurian village of Perinaldo, Italy.
 (SFCM, 3/17/02, p.29)

1887  In Japan Saigo Takamori, a samurai statesman from Kyushu, led a bloody rebellion against the national government which he helped create.
 (NG, Jan. 94, p.96)

1887  The artificial international language called Esperanto was introduced in a pamphlet published by Polish ophthalmologist Dr. Lazarus Ludwig Zamenhof. Zamenhof (1859-1917), invented the artificial language known as Esperanto in 1885.  Zamenhof used the pen name “Esperanto,” which means “the hoper” in the new language. Esperanto vocabulary is comprised primarily of words with Latin roots and words common to several languages. Esperanto is less complicated than an earlier attempt at artificial language called Volapuk. While Esperanto associations formed around the world, it never became widely accepted.
 (Wired, 8/96, p.84)(HNQ, 6/15/98)

1887  In Russia Alexander Ulyanov, the older brother of Lenin, was executed for a conspiracy to assassinate Czar Alexander III.
 (WSJ, 10/5/00, p.A24)

1887  In Scotland the Earl of Lovelace built a shooting lodge that was later converted to the Loch Torridon Hotel.
 (SFEC,12/797, p.T5)

1887-1888 Van Gogh painted “Self-Portrait with Felt Hat.”
 (WSJ, 10/30
 (AP, 2/4/03)/98, p.W11)

1887-1918 Amadeo de Souza Cardoso, Portuguese futurist artist. He moved to Paris in 1906 befriended Modigliani, Brancusi, Gris and others. 8 of his works were exhibited at the 1913 Armory Show in New York.
 (WSJ, 2/1/00, p.A24)

1887-1943 Alexander Woollcott, American author and critic: "Many of us spend half our time wishing for things we could have if we didn't spend half our time wishing."
 (AP, 2/29/00)

1887-1948  Ruth Benedict, American anthropologist: “The passionate belief in the superior worthwhileness of our children—it is stored up in us as a great battery charged by the accumulated instincts of uncounted generations.”
 (AP, 7/3/98)

1887-1953 Roland Young, English actor: “I’m a self-made man, but I think if I had it to do over again, I’d call in someone else.”
 (AP, 7/23/01)

1887-1954  Ernest Albert Hooton, American anthropologist. “History is principally the inaccurate narration of events which ought not to have happened.”
 (AP, 3/19/97)

1887-1956 Diego Rivera, Mexican mural painter. His murals included the “History of Medicine.”
 (SFC, 4/18/96, E-1)(NH, 7/96, p.6)

1887-1959 Theresa Helburn, American theatrical producer: "One's lifework, I have learned, grows with the working and the living. Do it as if your life depended on it, and first thing you know, you'll have made a life out of it. A good life, too."
 (AP, 1/9/99)

1887-1964 Hesketh Pearson, British biographer: "Misquotations are the only quotations that are never misquoted."
 (AP, 1/29/00)

1887-1964 Dame Edith Sitwell, English poet: “Good taste is the worst vice ever invented.”
 (AP, 11/1/00)
 
1887-1966 A bench in Boston at the intersection of Arlington St. and the Public Garden is dedicated to Charles Pagelson Howard: “Lawyer, soldier, public servant and defender of the Artistic Integrity of Commonwealth Avenue.”
 (SFC, 12/10/95, p.T-5)

1887-1968 Edna Ferber, American novelist, short-story writer and playwright. The “Ice Palace” is a 1950s Ferber novel inspired by the Northward Building in Fairbanks, Alaska. “There are only two kinds of people in the world that really count. One kind’s wheat and the other kind’s emeralds.”
 (WUD, 1994, p.523)(AP, 3/14/98)

1887-1972  Marianne Moore, American poet: "The passion for setting people right is in itself an afflictive disease." "Psychology, which explains everything, explains nothing, and we are still in doubt."
 (AP, 2/17/98)(AP, 11/15/98)

1887-1973 Marjorie Merriweather Post, one of the richest women of her day. Her Hillwood mansion in Washington DC was restored for $9 million in 2000. Shje had one daughter by financier E.F. Hutton.
 (WSJ, 9/22/00, p.W14)

1887-1979  Nadia Boulanger, French music composer teacher. “Life is denied by lack of attention, whether it be to cleaning windows or trying to write a masterpiece.” "Loving a child doesn't mean giving in to all his whims; to love him is to bring out the best in him, to teach him to love what is difficult."
 (AP, 3/26/97)(AP, 2/23/99)

1887-1982 Arthur Rubinstein, pianist. A biography of Rubinstein, written in 1995 by Harvey Sachs, is titled Rubinstein: A Life. A review of the book is written by Harold C. Schonberg, author of The Great Pianists.
 (WSJ, 11/15/95, p.A-20)

1887-1986 Georgia O’Keeffe, American painter. [see 1887 Nov 15]
 (SFEC, 9/7/97, BR p.9)

1888  Jan 3, Marvin C. Stone of Washington, DC, patented the drinking straw. Slurp.
 (440 Int'l. 1/3/99)

1888  Jan 13, National Geographic Society was founded in Washington, DC. It 1st magazine was published Oct 1, 1888.
 (NG, Nov. 1985, p. 657)(MC, 1/13/02)

1888  Jan 20, Leadbelly, blues 12 string guitarist (Rock Island Line), was born in Louisiana.
 (MC, 1/20/02)

1888  Jan 24, Ernst Heinrich Heinkel, German inventor (1st rocket-powered aircraft), was born.
 (MC, 1/24/02)
1888  Jan 24, Henry King, US director (Jesse James, 12 O'Clock High), was born.
 (MC, 1/24/02)

1888  Jan 30, Asa Gray (b.1810), American botanist, died. He made great contributions to the descriptive botany of North America. He was the chief American exponent of Darwin's concepts, defending them against the attacks of zoologist Louis Agassiz.
 (HNQ, 3/14/99)

1888  Feb 13, Georgios Papandreou, Greek prefect of Lesbos, minister, premier, was born.
 (MC, 2/13/02)

1888  Feb 20, Marie Rambert, ballet dancer and director, was born.
 (HN, 2/20/01)

1888  Feb 22, John Reid of Scotland demonstrated golf to Americans at Yonkers, NY. Reid converted his lawn to six hole for golf in Yonkers N.Y., the first golf course in the US.
 (SFEC, 7/18/99, Z1 p.8)(MC, 2/22/02)

1888  Feb 25, John Foster Dulles was born. He served as Secretary of State to President Eisenhower (1953-1959).
 (HN, 2/25/98)(MC, 2/25/02)

1888  Feb 27, Lotte Lehmann, German opera singer, was born.
 (HN, 2/27/01)

1888  Feb 28, Vincent d'Indy's Wallenstein trilogy, premiered.
 (MC, 2/28/02)

1888  Mar 4, Knute Rockne, Norwegian-US football player, coach for Notre Dame, was born.
 (HN, 3/4/98)(SC, 3/4/02)

1888  Mar 5, Friedrich Schnack, German journalist, writer (Rosewood), was born.
 (MC, 3/5/02)

1888  Mar 6, Louisa May Alcott (55) died just hours after the burial of her father. Her novels included “Little Women.” In 1998 “Little Women” premiered in Houston as an opera by Mark Adomo.
 (HN, 3/6/01)(WSJ, 8/29/01, p.A12)(MC, 3/6/02)

1888  Mar 10, Barry Fitzgerald, actor (Acad Award-Going My Way), was born in Dublin, Ireland.
 (MC, 3/10/02)
1888  Mar 10, The 1st performance of Cesar Franck's "Psyche."
 (MC, 3/10/02)

1888  Mar 11-14, The famous “Blizzard of ‘88” struck the northeastern United States, resulting in some 400 deaths.
 (AP, 3/11/98)(WSJ, 9/13/01, p.B11)

1888  Mar 13, Great Blizzard of 1888 raged. During the blizzard a cattle drover killed his biggest ox, gutted it, and crawled inside to survive the freeze.
 (SFEC, 1/25/98, Z1 p.8)(MC, 3/13/02)

1888  Mar 20, Start of the Sherlock Holmes Adventure, "A Scandal in Bohemia."
 (MC, 3/20/02)

1888  Mar 21, Arthur Pinero's "Sweet Lavender," premiered in London.
 (MC, 3/21/02)

1888  Mar 29, James E. Casey, founder of the United Parcel Service, was born.
 (HN, 3/29/98)

1888  Apr 3, Gertrude Bridget "Ma" Rainey, American singer, "the mother of the blues,” was born. [see Apr 26, 1886]
 (HN, 4/3/01)

1888  Apr 7, Start of Sherlock Holmes adventure "Yellow Face."
 (MC, 4/7/02)

1888  Apr 15, Matthew Arnold (65), English poet, died.
 (MC, 4/15/02)

1888  Apr 16, Drentse and Friese peat cutters went on strike.
 (MC, 4/16/02)

1888  Apr 20, 246 people were reported killed by hail in Moradabad, India.
 (MC, 4/20/02)

1888  Apr 24, Eastman Kodak was formed
 (HN, 4/24/98)

1888  Apr 26, Aleksandr Mikhailov, astronomer, was born in USSR.
 (MC, 4/26/02)

1888  Apr 30, John Crowe Ransom, poet and critic, was born.
 (HN, 4/30/98)

1888  May 6, Russell Stover, candy manufacturer, was born.
 (HN, 5/6/01)

1888  May 7, Edouard Lalo's opera "Le roi d'Ys," premiered in Paris.
 (MC, 5/7/02)
1888  May 7, George Eastman patented his Kodak box camera.
 (MC, 5/7/02)

1888  May 10, Maximilian Raoul Walter Steiner (Max Steiner), composer (Gone With Wind), was born in Vienna.
 (MC, 5/10/02)

1888  May 11, Songwriter Irving Berlin, composer of White Christmas, was born Israel Baline in Temun, Russia.
 (AP, 5/11/97)(HN, 5/11/98)

1888  May 13, DeWolf Hopper 1st recited “Casey at the Bat.”
 (SS, Internet, 5/13/97)
1888  May 13, Slavery was abolished in Brazil. Some 4 million slaves had been imported, the most of any nation in the western hemisphere.
 (WSJ, 8/6/96, p.A1)(SS, Internet, 5/13/97)(HN, 5/13/98)

1888  May 25, Miles Malleson, writer, actor (Phantom of Opera, Postman's Knock), was born.
 (SC, 5/25/02)

1888  May 28, James Francis Thorpe, American athlete, was born in Shawnee, OK. Jim Thorpe won an Olympic gold medal in 1912, and played for professional football and baseball teams.
 (HN, 5/28/99)(MC, 5/28/02)

1888   Jun 1, California got its first seismographs as three of the devices were installed at the Lick Observatory at Mount Hamilton, Ca.
 (DTnet, 6/1/97)

1888  Jun 3, The poem “Casey at the Bat,” by Ernest Lawrence Thayer, was first published, in the San Francisco Daily Examiner.
 (AP, 6/3/97)

1888  Jun 13, The US Congress created the Department of Labor.
 (AP, 6/13/97)

1888  Jun 15, Wilhelm II became emperor of Germany.
 (MC, 6/15/02)

1888  Jun 16, Bobby Clark, comedian and actor, was born.
 (HN, 6/16/01)

1888  Jun 23, Abolitionist Frederick Douglass received one vote from the Kentucky delegation at the Republican convention in Chicago, effectively making him the first black candidate nominated for US president. The nomination went to Benjamin Harrison.
 (AP, 6/23/00)

1888  Jun 27, Antoinette Perry, actress and director, namesake of the "Tony" Awards, was born.
 (HN, 6/27/01)

1888  Jun 29, Professor Frederick Treves performed the first appendectomy in England.
 (HN, 6/29/98)

1888  Jul 4, Many believe that the first rodeo in America was held in Prescott, Arizona, on this day. Before this, informal competitions were frequently held among ranchhands from a single ranch or from neighboring spreads, but they were not full-scale rodeos. The Prescott event went on to become an annual contest.
 (IB, Internet, 12/7/98)

1888  Jul 11, Bartomeo Vanzetti, executed with Nicola Sacco for several murders during a robbery, the trial created an international storm of protest, was born.
 (HN, 7/11/98)

1888  Jul 17, S.Y. Agnon, Israeli writer (The Day Before Yesterday), was born.
 (HN, 7/17/01)

1888  Jul 22, Selman Abraham Waksman, biochemist, was born.
 (HN, 7/22/02)

1888  Jul 23, Raymond Chandler, writer of detective stories, creator of the character Philip Marlow, was born.
 (HN, 7/23/98)

1888  Jul, In Japan Mount Bandai erupted and left 461 people dead.
 (SFEC, 4/2/00, p.A17)

1888  Aug 6, Martha Turner was murdered by an unknown assailant, believed to be Jack the Ripper, in London, England. During the summer in the East End of London prostitutes were killed and disemboweled by the cruel killer known as Jack the Ripper.
 (WSJ, 7/17/95. P.A-8)(HN, 8/6/98)

1888  Aug 7, Theophilus Van Kannel of Philadelphia received a patent for the revolving door.
 (HN, 8/7/00)

1888  Aug 15, The British soldier T.E. Lawrence, better known as Lawrence of Arabia for his military exploits against the Turks in World War I, was born in Tremadoc, Wales. “There could be no honor in a sure success, but much might be wrested from a sure defeat.”
 (AP, 8/15/97)(HN, 8/15/98)(AP, 5/19/01)

1888  Aug 31, Mary Ann Nicholls, a 42-year-old prostitute, was found murdered in London's East End. She is generally regarded as the first of at least five murder victims of "Jack the Ripper." [see Aug 6]
 (AP, 8/31/99)(YN, 8/31/99)

1888  Sep 4, George Eastman received patent #388,850 for his roll-film camera and registered his trademark: "Kodak." George Eastman introduced the box camera.
 (V.D.-H.K.p.273)(AP, 9/4/97)(MC, 9/4/01)

1888  Sep 6, Joseph P. Kennedy, Boston Mass, diplomat, father of JFK, RFK & Teddy, was born.
 (MC, 9/6/01)

1888  Sep 7, An incubator was used for the first time on a premature infant, Edith Eleanor McLean.
 (HN, 9/7/98)(MC, 9/7/01)

1888  Sep 10, Ian Fleming, British spy master and author of James Bond, was born in Melbourne, Australia.
 (MC, 9/10/01)

1888  Sep 12, Maurice Chevalier, singer, dancer and actor, was born.
 (HN, 9/12/00)

1888  Sep 18, Start of Sherlock Holmes adventure "Sign of Four."
 (MC, 9/18/01)

1888  Sep 25, Start of Sherlock Holmes "Hound of Baskervilles."
 (MC, 9/25/01)
1888  Sep 25, The Royal Court Theatre, London, opened.
 (MC, 9/25/01)

1888  Sep 26, T.S. Eliot (d.1976), American-Anglo poet, critic, and dramatist, was born. His poetry included "The Waste Land" and "Ash Wednesday." "Those who say they give the public what it wants begin by underestimating public taste and end by debauching it."
 (AP, 3/28/99)(HN, 9/26/99)

1888  Sep 30, "Jack the Ripper" butchered 2 more women, Elizabeth Stride (45), aka Long Liz, on Berner St. and Kate Eddowes (45). Donald Rumbelow later authored “The Complete Jack the Ripper.”
 (MC, 9/30/01)(SSFC, 10/21/01, p.T7)

1888  Oct 1, National Geographic magazine published for 1st time. The National Geographic Society was founded by Gardiner Hubbard, the father-in-law of Alexander Graham Bell. In 1997 Charles McCarry edited: “From the Field: A Collection of Writing from National Geographic.”
 (NG, Nov. 1985, p. 657)(SFEC, 9/14/97, p.T13)(SFEC, 7/18/99, Z1 p.8)(MC, 10/1/01)

1888  Oct 7, Henry A. Wallace, (D/P) 33rd VP (1941-45) and founder Progressive Party, was born.
 (MC, 10/7/01)

1888   Oct 9, The Washington Monument, designed by Robert Mills, was completed and the public was first admitted. Steam powered elevators carried visitors to the top in 12 minutes. It underwent a $1.5 million renovation in 1998. In 1903 Frederick L. Harvey authored “History of the Washington National Monument and Washington National Monument Association.” In 1995 Craig and Katherine Doherty authored “The Washington Monument.”
 (SFC, 5/23/98, p.A3)(ON, 3/00, p.10)(HN, 10/9/00)

1888  Oct 14, Katherine Mansfield, short story writer, was born.
 (HN, 10/14/00)

1888  Oct 16, Eugene O'Neill (d.1953), Nobel Prize-winning playwright (1936), was born in NYC. His work includes “A Long Day's Journey Into Night” and “The Iceman Cometh.”
 (AP, 11/27/97)(HN, 10/16/00)(MC, 10/16/01)

1888  Oct 25, Richard E. Byrd, U.S. aviator and explorer who made the first flight over the North Pole, was born.
 (HN, 10/25/98)

1888  Oct 29, Lord Salisbury granted Cecil Rhodes a charter for the BSA Company.
 (MC, 10/29/01)

1888  Oct 30, John J. Loud patented a ballpoint pen.
 (MC, 10/30/01)
1888  Oct 30, In London Jack the Ripper murdered his last victim. [see Nov 3]
 (MC, 10/30/01)

1888  Oct 31, John Boyd Dunlop patented a pneumatic bicycle tire.
 (MC, 10/31/01)

1888  Nov 3, In London Jack the Ripper murdered his last victim. In 2002 Patricia Cornwell, crime writer, reported that Walter Richard Sickert (1860-1942), English Impressionist painter, was Jack the Ripper. [see Oct 30]
 (WSJ, 9/27/01, p.A16)(MC, 11/3/01)(SSFC, 2/24/02, Par p.2)

1888  Nov 6, Benjamin Harrison of Indiana won the presidential election, beating incumbent Grover Cleveland on electoral votes, 233-168, although Cleveland led in the popular vote. Tammany Hall helped carry new York for the GOP.
 (AP, 11/6/97)(WSJ, 11/9/00, p.A26)

1888  Nov 10, Andrej N. Tupelov, Russian aircraft builder, was born.
 (MC, 11/10/01)

1888  Nov 17, Peter Tchaikovsky's 5th Symphony premiered in St. Petersburg.
 (MC, 11/17/01)

1888  Nov 20, William Bundy patented a timecard clock.
 (MC, 11/20/01)

1888  Nov 21, Adolph Arthur “Harpo” Marx, American comedian, one of the Marx brothers, was born. The inventive American pantomimist never spoke a line in his many movies, which he starred in alongside his brothers.
 (HN, 11/23/00)

1888  Nov 24, Dale Carnegie, public speaker, was born. He authored “How to Win Friends and Influence People.”
 (HN, 11/24/00)

1888  Dec 2, Mehmed N. Kemal Bey (47), Turkish writer and journalist (Vatan), died.
 (MC, 12/2/01)

1888  Dec 7, Joyce Cary (d.1957), Irish-born novelist (The Horse's Mouth), was born. "It is the tragedy of the world that no one knows what he doesn't know -- and the less a man knows, the more sure he is that he knows everything."
 (HN, 12/7/00)(AP, 1/30/99)
1888  Dec 7, Ernst Toch, composer and pianist, was born.
 (HN, 12/7/00)

1888  Dec 18, Robert Moses, power broker, was born. He built Long Island and NYC parks & roads.
 (MC, 12/18/01)

1888  Dec 19, Fritz Reiner, US conductor (Chicago Symphony Orch), was born in Budapest, Hungary.
 (MC, 12/19/01)

1888  McKendree Robbins Long (d.1976), Southern gothic painter and evangelical preacher, was born in Statesville, NC.
 (SFC, 7/6/02, p.D6)

1888  James Ensor, Belgian artist, painted "Christ's Entry into Brussels in 1889." It was later acquired by the Getty Museum.
 (WSJ, 4/9/99, p.W16)(SFEM, 10/17/99, p.11)

1888  Vincent van Gogh painted the “Portrait of a Young Man in a Cap.” The painting went up for auction for as much as $8 mil. In 1990 Robert Altman directed a film titled “Vincent and Theo” about Van Gogh and his brother. Van Gogh also painted his “Boats at Saintes-Maries,” “The Bedroom” and “Self Portrait as an Artist,” "Postman Joseph Roulin," in this year and "Le Pont de Trinquetaille." He also cut his ear in this year with a razor during a quarrel with painter Paul Gauguin.
 (WSJ, 4/27/95, p.C-18)(WSJ, 11/10/95, p. A-10)(SFC, 4/13/96, p.E3)(SFC, 1/14/98, p.D3)(SFEC, 10/25/98, Z1 p.12)(WSJ, 9/3/99, p.W10)(WSJ, 9/24/99, p.W9)

1888  John Singer Sargent painted the portrait of Isabella Stewart Gardner titled "Mrs. Jack."
 (WSJ, 8/5/99, p.A16)

1888  Edward Bellamy published his novel “Looking Backward 2000-1887.” In the book he foresaw the credit card, the radio, and the women’s movement.
 (SFEC, 4/19/98, Par p.10)

1888  Madame Blavatsky, co-founder of Theosophy, authored “The Secret Doctrine,” in which she outlined the principles of all religion.
 (SFC, 5/17/02, p.W15)

1888  David Goodman Croly, a newspaper columnist known as "Sir Oracle," compiled a set of predictions in a volume titled "Glimpses of the Future." Passages were later paraphrased in the 1981 book "The Book of Predictions" by David Wallechinsky, Amy Wallace and Irving Wallace.
 (WSJ, 1/1/00, p.R8)

1888  August Strindberg wrote his drama “Miss Julie,” about the sex war and class war.
 (SFC, 5/28/96, p.D1)(WSJ, 4/29/98, p.A20)

1888  Gen’l. Lew Wallace wrote “The Boyhood of Christ.”
 (HT, 3/97, p.66)

1888  Debussy composed “Ariettes oubliees” to symbolist poems by Paul Verlaine.
 (WSJ, 8/16/01, p.A12)

1888  In New York City the 13-story Tower building was constructed at 50 Broadway.
 (HT, 5/97, p.24)

1888  The Hotel del Coronado was built in San Diego by 2 retired midwesterners who helped lure the railroad to San Diego.
 (WSJ, 10/25/96, p.B9)

1888  The Blagen Block building was built in Portland, Oregon, at a cost of $50,000. Its decorations were made of cast iron.
 (Exc, 6/96, p.70)

1888  The Lick Observatory was built atop Mt. Hamilton near San Jose, California with its 36-inch telescope, the largest in the world.
 (SFC, 3/5/97, p.C1)

1888  For the dedication of Skidmore Fountain in Portland, Oregon, brewer Harvey Weinhard offered to pump his beer through the fountain. The city fathers declined the offer.
 (Hem, 4/96, p.129)

1888  The fraternal order of the Moose Lodge was founded.
 (WSJ, 11/8/96, p.A1)

1888  The Geological Society of America was founded.
 (NG, May 1988, Mem For)

1888  The US Patent and Trademark Office changed its requirements due to space problems and allowed the submission of blueprints of devices to be patented instead of models.
 (Cont, 12/97, p.22)

1888  In Cleveland a statue was commissioned and constructed to honor Moses Cleaveland by the city fathers. The resulting likeness seemed a little too porky so the artist simply cut a part of the midriff out and closed the gap.
 (SFC, 6/2/96, T10)

1888  Thomas Adams installed the 1st Tutti Frutti machines on the platforms of the elevated trains of NYC. They dispensed gumballs for a penny.
 (WSJ, 7/28/00, p.W13)

1888  Wells Fargo introduced Ocean-to-Ocean express services, the first transcontinental express that shipped all kinds of valuables.
 (SFC, 6/9/98, p.A10)

1888  In Hawaii Benjamin Franklin Dillingham, a seaman from Mass., founded the Oahu Railway and Land Co.
 (SFC, 10/28/98, p.A19)

1888  W.W. Mayo and his sons, Charles and William, established their family practice. It later grew to become the Mayo Clinic.
 (SFC, 7/5/96, PM, p.5)

1888  John Gregg introduced his system of shorthand.
 (SFEC, 7/18/99, Z1 p.8)

1888  George Parker began selling fountain pens.
 (SFEC, 7/18/99, Z1 p.8)

1888  Olaf and Edward Ohman, a Swedish immigrant farmer, while digging up tree stumps in Kensington, Minn., came upon a 202-pound stone with runic inscriptions. Dated to 1363 (1362) the inscriptions seemed to describe how a party of Vikings had returned to this spot after an exploratory survey, and found ten men left behind “red with blood and dead.” Ever since the discovery, scholars have debated the stone's authenticity.
 (SFEM, 11/15/98, p.25)(HNQ, 6/4/01)

1888  Willi Posselt, an American hunter and trader, reported on his search for treasure in the ruins of the Great Zimbabwe in East Africa.
 (ATC, p.145-146)

1888  Etienne Henri Dumaige (b.1830), French sculptor, died. He worked in marble, plaster and bronze. His subjects included Rabelais, Sappho, Perseus and other classical figures.
 (SSFC, 2/10/02, p.G5)

1888  The Queen Victoria Building was built in Sydney, Australia.
 (Hem, 6/96, p.64)

1888  In Belgium the first beauty contest was held.
 (WSJ, 1/11/99, p.R34)
 
1888  An Egyptian farmer discovered thousands of cat mummies.
 (SFEC, 12/15/96, BR p.7)

1888  In Mexico the Santo Tomas Winery was founded near Ensenada.
 (SFC, 9/27/96, p.E3)

1888  In Switzerland Dr. Eugen Frick made the first set of contact lenses.
 (SFEC, 1/24/99, Z1 p.8)

1888-1889 This period in Vienna, Austria, is documented by Frederic Morton in his Thunder at Twilight: Vienna 1888-1889.
 (WSJ)

1888-1912 A bottle-nosed dolphin escorted ships for 6 miles through the narrow channel into New Zealand’s Pelores Sound. Sailors named the dolphin Pelores Jack.
 (SFEC, 9/7/97, Z1 p.5)

1888-1923  Katherine Mansfield, New Zealander author: New Zealander author: I do believe one ought to face facts. If you don’t they get behind you and may become terrors, nightmares, giants, horrors. As long as one faces them one is top dog. “To be wildly enthusiastic, or deadly serious—both are wrong. Both pass. One must keep ever present a sense of humour.”
 (AP, 6/3/97)(AP, 9/26/98)

1888-1924 Vincente Greco, Argentine composer, best know for his tango composition “Ojos Negros,” or Black Eyes. He was the son of poor Italian immigrants and turned to music early on. He learned several instruments, among them the bandoneon.
 (E-mail, zgg@mail.sub.uni-goettingen.de, 9/15/95, Eckart Haerter)

1888-1935  T.E. Lawrence, English soldier and author: “There could be no honor in a sure success, but much might be wrested from a sure defeat.”
 (AP, 5/19/97)

1888-1939 Heywood Broun, American journalist: “I see no wisdom in saving up indignation for a rainy day.”
 (AP, 12/11/00)

1888-1941 Aline Kilmer, American poet: "Many excellent words are ruined by too definite a knowledge of their meaning."
 (AP, 2/5/99)

1888-1957 Richard Evelyn Byrd, American polar explorer. He flew over the north pole on May 9, 1926 with Floyd Bennett. Admiral Byrd flew over the South Pole on Nov. 29, 1929.
 (HFA, ‘96, p.42)(HFA, ‘96, p.30)(TMC, 1994, p.1926)

1888-1960 Vicki Baum, Austrian-born author: “Marriage always demands the finest arts of insincerity possible between two human beings.”
 (AP, 2/1/01)

1888-1965  Mary Day Winn, American writer: “Sex is the tabasco sauce which an adolescent national palate sprinkles on every course in the menu.”
 (AP, 1/10/01)

1888-1969 Boris Karloff, born to an upper-class British family as William Henry Pratt, renowned actor and star in the 1931 feature film: Frankenstein.
 (WSJ, 10/19/95, A-18)

1888-1973 Frances Marion, Hollywood screenwriter. Her films included “The Big House” (1930) and “The Champ” (1931) for which she won Oscars.
 (WSJ, 7/28/00, p.W6)

1888-1978 Giorgio de Chirico, Italian painter. In 1998 Paolo Baldacci published a collection his work: “De Chirico: The Metaphysical Period 1888-1919.”
 (WUD, 1994, p.258)(WSJ, 12/3/98, p.W4)

1889  Jan 2, Tito Schipa, tenor (La Rondine), was born in Italy.
 (MC, 1/2/02)

1889  Jan 8, Dr. Herman Hollerith received the 1st US patent for a tabulating machine.
 (MC, 1/8/02)

1889  Jan 14, The 1st issue of the Lithuanian “Varpas” (Bell) newspaper was published.
 (LHC, 1/14/03)

1889  Jan 16, An Australian record temperature of 128F, or 53C, was recorded in Cloncurry, Queensland.
 (MC, 1/16/02)

1889  Feb 4, Harry Longabaugh was released from Sundance Prison in Wyoming, thereby acquiring the famous nickname, “the Sundance Kid.”
 (HN, 2/4/99)

1889  Feb 14, The 1st train load of fruit (oranges) left LA for east.
 (MC, 2/14/02)

1889  Feb 17, H[aroldson] L. Hunt, Texas oil multi-millionaire, was born.
 (MC, 2/17/02)

1889  Feb 22, President Cleveland signed a bill to admit the Dakotas, Montana and Washington state to the Union.
 (AP, 2/22/99)

1889  Mar 2, Congress passed the Indian Appropriations Bill, proclaiming unassigned lands in the public domain; the first step toward the famous Oklahoma Land Rush.
 (HN, 3/2/99)
1889  Mar 2, Kansas passed 1st US antitrust legislation.
 (SC, 3/2/02)

1889  Mar 4, Benjamin Harrison was inaugurated as 23rd President.
 (SC, 3/4/02)

1889  Mar 8, Jens/John Ericsson (85), Swedish-US, engineer (fire extinguisher), died.
 (MC, 3/8/02)

1889  Mar 19, Sarah Gertrude Millina, South African writer (The Dark River, God's Stepchildren).
 (HN, 3/19/01)

1889  Mar 23, President Harrison opened Oklahoma for white colonization.
 (SS, 3/23/02)

1889  Mar 31, The Eiffel Tower officially opened to the public. Constructed of 7,000 tons of iron and steel, the 984-foot structure was designed by Alexandre Gustave Eiffel for the Paris Exhibition of 1889, commemorating the centennial of the French Revolution. The price for the Eiffel Tower was more than $1 million, but fees for the year 1889 alone nearly recouped the cost. Fifty-five years later, plans by Hitler to leave the tower and much of Paris a smoking ruin were foiled by an unlikely hero. After the Paris World Fair a church designed by Alexandre Gustave Eiffel was dismantled and shipped to Santa Rosalia in Baja, Mexico.
 (SFEC, 10/20/96, Par, p.23)(SFEC, 11/10/96, p.T11)(AP, 3/30/97) (HNPD, 3/31/99)

1889  Mar, Friedrich Nietzsche entered an asylum 2 months after a mental collapse at age 44. Nietzsche's sister Elizabeth edited his writings from this time on.
 (WSJ, 2/4/99, p.A20)

1889               Apr 1,  The first dishwashing machine was marketed (in Chicago).
 (OTD)

1889  Apr 5, Start of Sherlock Holmes' "Adventure of Copper Beeches."
 (MC, 4/5/02)

1889  Apr 6, George Eastman placed the Kodak Camera on sale for 1st time.
 (MC, 4/6/02)

1889  Apr 8, Adrian Boult, conductor, composer (BBC Sym Orch), was born in Chester, England.
 (MC, 4/8/02)

1889  Apr 11, Nick La Rocca, US cornetist, composer (Tiger Rag), was born.
 (MC, 4/11/02)

1889  Apr 14, Arnold Toynbee (d.1975), English historian, was born. He wrote the 12-volume "A Study of History." "The history of almost every civilization furnishes examples of geographical expansion coinciding with deterioration in quality." “Of the 20 or so civilizations known to modern Western historians, all except our own appear to be dead or moribund, and, when we diagnose each case ... we invariably find that the cause of death has been either War or Class or some combination of the two.”
  (AP, 3/24/98)(AP, 8/24/98)(HN, 4/14/99)

1889  Apr 15, Thomas Hart Benton, painter, muralist, was born in Missouri.
 (HN, 4/15/98)(MC, 4/15/02)
1889  Apr 15, Asa Philip Randolph, American labor leader, was born.
 (HN, 4/15/98)
1889  Apr 15, A marshal's posse killed and captured a group of Sooners, settlers who stole onto the Public Domain territory in Oklahoma in hopes of claiming it legally, just nine days before the official start of the land rush.
 (HN, 4/15/99)

1889  Apr 16, Charlie Chaplin (d.1977), actor, director, composer and silent movie comedian, was born in London into a family of music hall performers. He is best remembered for his character “Little Tramp.” He was a British motion-picture actor, producer, writer, director and composer and worked in America from 1913-1952. In 1997 his biography “Charlie Chaplin and His Times” by Kenneth S. Lynn was published.
 (HFA, '96, p.28)(AHD, p.225)(WUB, 1994, p.247)(WSJ, 3/7/97, p.A12)(HN, 4/16/99)(AP, 4/16/00)

1889  Apr 20, Adolf Hitler, leader of National Socialist Party (1921-1945), was born in Braunau, Austria. He was the dictator of Nazi Germany from 1933-1945 and started World War II by invading Poland. He committed suicide in his Berlin bunker. The German Fascist leader, promised to bring Germany to the promised land on one condition: that the state would have total control over all the organs, organizations, and citizens of the nation. Brigitte Hammann later authored “Hitler in Vienna: A Dictator’s Apprenticeship.” In 1998 Ron Rosenbaum published “Explaining Hitler,” a look at the various agendas and needs of different scholars in their examination of Hitler. In 1999 Ian Kershaw published "Hitler 1889-1936: Hubris."
 (V.D.-H.K.p.309)(HN, 4/20/98)(SFEC, 10/18/98, BR p.5)(WSJ, 1/21/98, p.A16) (AP, 4/20/99)(HN, 4/20/99)(WSJ, 4/4/01, p.A6)

1889  Apr 22, The US federal government opened up the Unassigned Lands of Indian Territory to the country’s first land run. The Oklahoma land rush officially started at noon as thousands of homesteaders staked claims.
 (WSJ, 1/4/96, p.A-8)(AP, 4/22/97)(HN, 4/22/98)

1889  Apr 26, Ludwig Wittgenstein (d.1951), philosopher (Tractatus), was born in Vienna, Austria. He pondered the nature of knowledge and the limits of language. He argued that the criteria for the correct use of any language must be social. “The human body is the best picture of the human soul.”
 (SFEC, 10/27/96, BR p.4)(SFC, 1/31/98, p.E1)(WSJ, 8/21/98, p.W13)(AP, 1/3/01)(MC, 4/26/02)

1889  Apr 28, Antonio de Oliveira Salazar, premier, dictator of Portugal (1932-68), was born.
 (MC, 4/28/02)

1889  Apr 30, Washington’s inauguration became the first U.S. national holiday. Washington’s inauguration was later depicted in a painting by Ramon de Elorriaga.
 (HN, 4/30/98)(SSFC, 1/21/01, p.A12)

1889  May 1, Bayer in  Germany introduced aspirin in powder form.
 (MC, 5/1/02)

1889  May 6, The Paris Exposition formally opened, featuring the just-completed Eiffel Tower.
 (AP, 5/6/97)

1889  May 11, Major Joseph Washington Wham took charge of $28,000 in gold and silver to pay troops at various points in the Arizona Territory. The money was soon stolen in a train robbery.
 (HN, 5/11/99)

1889  May 18, Jules Massenet’s opera "Esclarmonde" premiered in Paris, France.
 (SC, 5/18/02)

1889  May 20, Felix Arndt, composer, was born.
 (MC, 5/20/02)

1889  May 25, Gilardo Gilardi, composer, was born.
 (SC, 5/25/02)
1889  May 25, Sverre Jordan, composer, was born.
 (SC, 5/25/02)
1889  May 25, Igor Sikorsky was born. He was the American aviation engineer who developed the first successful helicopter.
 (HN, 5/25/99)

1889  May 29, August Strindberg's "Hemsoborna" premiered in Copenhagen.
 (SC, 5/29/02)

1889  May 30, The brassiere was invented in Paris. [see 1902]
 (HN, 5/30/98)(WSJ, 2/3/99, p.A1)

1889  May 31, A damn across a tributary of the Little Conemaugh River collapsed under pressure from the rain-swollen Lake Conemaugh. Water slammed into Johnstown, Pa., 55 miles southeast of Pittsburgh and killed 2,209 people in a flood and related fire. In 1959 Richard O'Connor published "Johnstown, the Day the Dam Broke." In 1968 David G. McCullough published "The Johnstown Flood."
 (HFA, '96, p.30)(AHD, p.706)(SFC, 3/24/97, p.C2)(ON, 12/99, p.)

1889  May 31, Johnstown, Pennsylvania, was destroyed by a massive flood. The South Fork Dam gave way, sending a wall of water rushing downstream toward Johnstown, Pa. Torrential rains had weakened the poorly constructed dam, located 14 miles upstream from the city. By the afternoon of May 31, after desperate efforts to shore up the earthen dam had failed, it broke and unleashed a 40-foot-high wave of water and debris into Johnstown with the force of Niagara Falls. Buildings and trees, along with animals and people—both dead and alive—piled up against the Pennsylvania Railroad Company’s Stone Bridge. The mountain of debris then caught fire, trapping hundreds. More than 2,000 people lost their lives in the devastating Johnstown Flood. The South Fork Dam had been constructed to create Lake Conemaugh, a playground for the wealthy members of the South Fork Fishing and Hunting Club.
 (AP, 5/31/97)(HN, 5/31/98)

1889  Jun 4, Beno Gutenberg, seismologist, was born.
 (HN, 6/4/01)

1889  Jun 19, Start of Sherlock Holmes adventure “The Man with the Twisted Lip.”
 (DTnet, 6/19/97)

1889  Jul 4, Washington state constitutional convention held 1st meeting.
 (Maggio, 98)

1889  Jul 5, Jean Cocteau (d.1963), French artist, writer and actor, was born. “History is a combination of reality of History becomes a lie. The unreality of the fable becomes the truth.”
 (AP, 11/16/00)(HN, 7/5/01)

1889  Jul 8, Dow Jones & Co. turned its business newsletter into a full-fledged newspaper and co-founder Charles Bergstresser dubbed it the Wall Street Journal.
 (WSJ, 3/4/96, p. C-1)(AP, 7/8/97)
1889  Jun 8, Gerard Manley Hopkins (54), poet, died.
 (MC, 6/8/02)

1889  Jul 30, Vladimir Zworykin, called the “Father of Television” for inventing the iconoscope, was born in Russia.
 (AP, 7/30/97)

1889  Jul 17, Erle Stanley Gardner, writer of detective stories and creator of Perry Mason, was born.
 (HN, 7/17/98)

1889  Jul, Bare-knuckle boxer John Lawrence Sullivan reigned as America’s first sports hero at the end of the 19th century. In July 1889, when challenged by Jake Kilrain of Baltimore, Sullivan was still unbeaten despite his heavy drinking. About 3,000 fans gathered in the blazing sun of Richburg, Mississippi, for what was to be the last championship bare-knuckle fight. The marathon match went 75 rounds and lasted 2 hours and 16 minutes before the battered Kilrain’s handlers threw in the towel. Sullivan remained the champ until September 1892, when he was knocked out for the first time in his career by “Gentleman Jim” Corbett. The mighty Sullivan died in 1918.
 (HNPD, 7/8/98)

1889  Aug 6, Major General George Kenney, commander of the U.S. Fifth Air Force in New Guinea and the Solomons during World War II, was born.
 (HN, 8/6/98)

1889  Aug 12, Zerna Sharp, creator of the “Dick and Jane” reading books, was born.
 (HN, 8/12/00)

1889  Aug 13, The first coin-operated telephone was patented by William Gray. A foreman had refused to let Gray call his sick wife from the company phone.
 (HN, 8/13/00)(SFEC, 10/22/00, Z1 p.2)

1889  Aug 16, Buffalo Bill's Wild West Show star Annie Oakley, using a Colt .45, shot the ash off the end of a cigarette held in the mouth by a young German Kaiser Wilhelm II. Appearing at Berlin's Charlottenburg Race Course, Oakley asked in jest for a volunteer from the audience and, to her horror, the young ruler of the Reich stepped forward. A nervous Oakley successfully performed the trick shot. Years later, after the start of WWI, Oakley reportedly wrote to the Kaiser, asking for a second shot.
 (HNPD, 8/16/99)

1889  Aug 28, Charles Boyer, France, actor (Algiers, Fanny, Barefoot in the Park), was born. [see 1897]
 (MC, 8/28/01)

1889  Aug 31, Start of Sherlock Holmes adventure "Cardboard Box."
 (MC, 8/31/01)
1889  Aug 31, Thomas Edison's invented the kinetoscope, which was the forerunner of the motion-picture film projector. [see Aug 31, 1887]
 (MC, 8/31/02)

1889  Sep 8, Robert A. Taft, U.S. Republican Senator from Ohio,  was born. He unsuccessfully sought the presidential nomination in 1952 and helped pass the 1947 Taft-Hartley Act. He was the son of the 27th president of the U.S. William Howard Taft. Robert was known as “Mr. Republican” because of his steadfast espousal of traditional conservative values. Taft was a candidate for the Republican presidential nomination three times and served in the Senate from 1938 until his death in 1953. Taft consistently opposed the New Deal program, led the Congressional isolationist bloc and fought the Lend-Lease bill.
 (HN, 9/8/98)(HNQ, 7/8/99)(MC, 9/8/01)

1889  Sep 15, Robert Benchley, humorist, was born.
 (HN, 9/15/00)

1889  Sep 16, Robert Younger, in Minnesota’s Stillwater Penitentiary for life, died of tuberculosis. Brothers Cole and Bob remained in that prison.
 (HN, 9/16/98)

1889  Sep 23, William Wilkie Collins, English writer (Moonstone), died.
 (MC, 9/23/01)
1889  Sep 23, Walter Lippmann, journalist, was born in NYC. He was one of the founders of The New Republic Magazine in 1914. His political writings included “Men of Destiny.”
 (HN, 9/23/00)(MC, 9/23/01)
1889  Sep 23, Louise Nevelson, sculptor, was born.
 (HN, 9/23/00)

1889  Sep 26, Martin Heidegger, existentialist philosopher and writer, was born in Germany. He wrote “Being and Time,” and criticized the tyranny of modern technology over man.
 (WUD, 1994, p.657)(WSJ, 8/28/97, p.A12)(MC, 9/26/01)

1889  Oct 6, The Moulin Rouge in Paris first opened its doors to the public.
 (AP, 10/6/97)
1889  Oct 6, Thomas Edison showed his 1st motion picture.
 (MC, 10/6/01)

1889  Oct 18, Fannie Hurst, novelist (Anatomy of Me), was born.
 (MC, 10/18/01)

1889  Oct 25, Abel Gance, French film director (Napoleon), was born.
 (HN, 10/25/00)(MC, 10/25/01)

1889  Oct 29, Queen Victoria granted Cecil Rhodes rights to Zambezi.
 (MC, 10/29/01)

1889  Nov 2, North Dakota was made the 39th state.
 (AP, 11/2/97)(HN, 11/2/98)
1889  Nov 2, South Dakota was made the 40th state.
 (AP, 11/2/97)(HN, 11/2/98)

1889  Nov 8, Montana became the 41st state.
 (HFA, '96, p.18)(AP, 11/8/97)(HN, 11/6/98)

1889  Nov 11, Washington became the 42nd state of the US.
 (HFA, ‘96, p.18)(AP, 11/11/97)

1889  Nov 12, DeWitt Wallace, founder of Reader’s Digest (1921), was born in St Paul, Minn.
 (HN, 11/12/00)(MC, 11/12/01)

1889  Nov 14, Jawaharlal Nehru (d.1964), Indian nationalist leader (1947-1964), was born. "A man who is afraid will do anything."
 (AP, 9/27/97)(HN, 11/14/00)(MC, 11/14/01)
1889  Nov 14, Nellie Bly, the pen name of journalist Elizabeth Cochran, sailed from New York to begin her record-breaking 24,899-mile trip around the world--a journey that would end on January 25, 1890. Cochran had become a reporter for the Pittsburgh Dispatch at age 18 and adopted the pen name "Nellie Bly" from a popular song by Stephen Foster. Her six-month series of stories from Mexico attracted the attention of Joseph Pulitzer and, in 1887, she went to work for Pulitzer's New York World. Feigning insanity, Nellie once had herself committed to the Blackwell's Island mental hospital and then wrote an expose that brought about needed reforms. The around-the-world trip originated in an attempt to beat the Jules Verne's fictional hero Phineas Fogg's 80-day journey. Millions of people followed the adventures of the plucky reporter through stories posted back to the World at every stop. Tremendous celebrations greeted Nellie when she arrived in New York. Her trip lasted 72 days, six hours and eleven minutes--a record that would stand until the Graf Zeppelin circled the globe in 20 days, four hours and fourteen minutes in 1929.
 (AP, 11/14/97)(HNPD, 11/14/98)

1889  Nov 15, Brazil’s monarchy was overthrown and a republic was established.
 (HFA, ‘96, p.18)(AP, 11/15/97)

1889  Nov 16, George S. Kaufman, American playwright and screenwriter, was born in Pittsburgh, Pa. His plays included "Dinner at Eight," "You Can't Take it With You" and "The Man Who Came to Dinner."
 (HN, 11/16/99)(MC, 11/16/01)

1889  Nov 17, The Union Pacific Railroad Co. began direct, daily railroad service between Chicago and Portland, Ore., as well as Chicago and San Francisco.
 (AP, 11/17/97)

1889  Nov 20, Edwin Hubble (d.1953), American astronomer, was born. He proved that there are other galaxies far from our own.
 (HN, 11/20/98)(WSJ, 7/25/00, p.A20)
1889  Nov 20, Gustav Mahler's 1st Symphony premiered.
 (MC, 11/20/01)

1889  Nov 23, The first jukebox made its debut in San Francisco, at the Palais Royale Saloon. The contraption consisted of an Edison tinfoil phonograph with four listening tubes and a coin slot for each tube.
 (AP, 11/23/97)

1889  Nov 27, 1st permit issued to drive a car through Central Park, NYC, was issued to Curtis P. Brady.
 (MC, 11/27/01)

1889  Dec 6, Jefferson Davis (81), the first and only president of the Confederate States of America (1861-1865), died in New Orleans. In 2001 William J. Cooper Jr. authored “Jefferson Davis, American.”
 (AP, 12/6/97)(SSFC, 1/28/01, Par p.12)(MC, 12/6/01)

1889  Dec 7, Gilbert and Sullivan’s "Gondoliers," premiered in London.
 (MC, 12/7/01)

1889  Dec 12, Robert Browning (77), English poet (Ring & Book), died.
 (MC, 12/12/01)

1889  Dec 24, Daniel Stover and William Hance patented a bicycle with back pedal brake.
 (MC, 12/24/01)

1889  Roger Adams, American chemist, was born. Adamsite, a yellow crystalline compound used dispersed in air as a poisonous gas, is named after him.
 (WUD, 1994 p.16)

1889  Marc Chagall, painter, was born in Vitebsk, Belarus. He grew up here in a traditional Jewish family and studied for two years in St. Petersburg after showing a good gift for draftsmanship. He left for Paris with the help of a wealthy benefactor in 1910. [see 1887-1985]
 (WSJ, 5/11/95, p. A-14)

1889  Van Gogh painted “The Gardener,” while a patient in St. Remy. He also did "Wheatfield with a Reaper" and “Crab on Its Back” in this year.
 (SFC, 5/21/98, p.A14)(SFC, 1/18/99, p.B1)(WSJ, 8/14/01, p.A12)

1889  Pierre Bonnard created his 3-panel screen “”Marabout and Four Frogs.”
 (WSJ, 3/27/00, p.A20)

1889  Norwegian Knut Hamsun wrote “From the Cultural Life in Modern America.”
 (SFEC, 4/20/97, DB p.47-49)

1889  William Temple Hornaday published “The Extermination of the American Bison.”
 (ON, 3/02, p.9)

1889  Joaquin Maria Machado de Assis (1839-1908), mulatto writer wrote ”Dom Casmurro.” The Oxford Library of Latin America published a new edition in 1998.
 (WSJ, 2/3/98, p.A20)

1889  National Geographic depicted the area of Ashville, N.C. and inaugurated its famed map series. In 1998 a complete set of NG maps was made available on CD-ROM by Mindscape.
 (SFC, 11/3/98, p.D3)

1889  The San Jose, Ca., City Hall, an ornate Victorian style building, was constructed.
 (SFC, 7/14/97, p.A15)

1889  The Greystone Cellars were completed in the Napa Valley. The Christian Brothers later sold the Cellars to Heublein.
 (WCG, 7/95, p.22)

1889  The modern pizza was reportedly invented by a Neopolitan named Raffaele Esposito.
 (SFEC,11/16/97, Z1 p.5)

1889  The federal government passed stricter game laws when only 551 buffalo remained. By 1902, federal efforts to prevent the extinction of the American buffalo were beginning to pay off, with more than 1,000 head thriving in protected herds. While the buffalo, often 10 feet long and weighing about 2,000 pounds, were hunted by the Plains Indians as their main source of food, clothing, weapons and shelter, massive herds continued to roam the Plains until European settlers began hunting them almost to extinction.
 (HNPD, 8/21/98)(HNQ, 10/29/98)

1889  New York first used paper ballots. Victoria, Australia, had begun using paper ballots in 1856.
 (WSJ, 11/9/00, p.A1)

1889  The San Francisco Examiner sent out reporter Allen Kelly to dispel the myth that grizzlies were extinct in California. After 3 months he saw only one and failed to capture it and was fired by Citizen Hearst via Western Union. Kelly later wrote “Bears I Have Met—and Others.” He later found a bear captured on Gleason Mountain by a Mexican known as Mateo. The bear, named Monarch, was brought back to SF and housed in a “pleasure garden near Dolores and Market streets.”
 (Pac. Disc., summer, ‘96, p.16,17)

1889  The dexterity game “Pigs in Clover” was built by Charles Crandall. It dared a player to move little balls into a center pen.
 (SFC, 9/10/02, p.A15)

1889  The American Cotton Oil Company succeeded the American Cotton Oil Trust.
 (WSJ, 5/28/96, p. R-45)

1889  The Tifflin Glass Co. was founded in Tifflin, Ohio. It became part of U.S. Glass in the 1920s and started making figural lamps.
 (SFC, 12/23/96, z-1 p.5)

1889  In Toledo, Ohio, the W.I. Libbey & Son Co. made a pattern of milk glass that resembled ears of corn.
 (SFC,11/19/97, Z1 p.7)

1889  The steam elevator began to be supplanted by electric power.
 (HT, 5/97, p.23)

1889  W.K. Brooks published a technical article on the “Lucayans,” the original inhabitants of the Bahamas.
 (NH, 11/96, p.26)

1889  Seattle, USA, burned to the ground.
 (WSJ, 9/19/95, p.A-1)

1889  Five people were shot dead in Dodge City, Kansas, this year.
 (SFEC, 1/4/98, Z1p.8)

1889  Ella Watson of Sweetwater, Wyo., was hanged for rustling cattle.
 (SFEC, 1/19/97, Z-1 p.6)

1889  Argentina established a reputation for having a troubled currency. After a few years Finance Minister Ernesto Tornquist put the country on a gold standard and limited the issue of money to the holdings in the treasury. The economy expanded to become one of the leading economies in the world.
 (WSJ, 2/28/97, p.A15)

1889  Germany under Chancellor Otto von Bismarck adopted old-age and invalidity pensions.
 (WSJ, 1/11/99, p.R25)

1889  The first real constitution was promulgated for Japan.
 (Jap. Enc., BLDM, p. 215)

1889  Nintendo of Japan was founded by the great-grandfather of President Hiroshi Yamauchi to produce hand-painted Japanese flower cards. A book about Nintendo was later written by David Sheff.
 (Hem, 4/96, p.29)(SFC, 10/11/97, p.A19)

1889  There was a major flu epidemic this year. Virologists in 2002 attempted to gather viral tissue from frozen grave sites in Siberia.
 (SFCM, 2/17/02, p.27)

1889  In southern Africa [later Rhodesia, then Zimbabwe] Cecil Rhodes and his cronies conned King Lobengula into signing away his powers over the Ndebele kingdom. Lobengula’s father, Mzilikazi, founded the Ndebele nation and was buried in the Matopos Hills.
 (WSJ, 12/9/98, p.A13)

1889  In Canada a telegraph line connected Victoria to India by way of an undersea cable from Bamfield.
 (SSFC, 3/3/02, p.C8)

1889  In Turkey the young Ottoman army and navy officers who revolted against the despotic sultan Abdulhamid, known as the Young Turks, belonged to a secret society formed in 1889 called the Committee of Union and Progress. Members of the committee worked for the union of all the various nationalities of the Ottoman Empire into a community of citizens with equal rights and duties and progress toward constitutional government along European lines.
 (HNQ, 5/28/99)

1889-1890 Nellie Bly (1867-1922), famed muckraking reporter for the New York World, was sent on a trip around the world by Joseph Pulitzer’s New York World and completed the trip in 72 days.
 (WSJ,2/11/97, p.A20)(SFC, 4/28/97, p.B1)

1889-1890 In South Dakota, Sioux warrior Kicking Bear became the leading spokesman for the new Indian religion, the "Ghost Dance," which promised a return to ancient ways for a people disheartened by reservation life. Kicking Bear continued to resist the U.S. Army for several weeks after many of his fellow Sioux were killed in the Massacre at Wounded Knee on December 29, 1990. Kicking Bird was a Kiowa Chief. Bear’s Head was a Crow chief.
 (HNQ, 12/24/99)

1889-1893 Benjamin Harrison became the 23rd President of the US. He was quoted to say: “We Americans have no commission from God to police the world.”
 (A&IP, ESM, p.96b, photo)(SFC, 7/14/96, zone 1 p.2)

1889-1893 Over a period of 42 months a string of train robberies hit the Southern Pacific Railroad in the San Joaquin Valley of California near the vicinity of Mussel Slough.
 (Smith., 5/95, p.72)

1889-1937 Prof. John Wirth (d.2002) of Stanford covered this period of Brazil in his book “Minas Gerais in the Brazilian Federation.”
 (SSFC, 6/30/02, p.A29)

1889-1914 A series of small wars of position occurred in various parts of Africa and Asia minor. These little conflicts served to define frontiers and to exert pressure.
 (V.D.-H.K.p.289)

1889-1933 Gao Qifeng, artist. He was a founder of the Lingnan School, a group of artists and social activists bent on modernizing Chinese painting.
 (SFC, 4/22/97, p.D2)

1889-1944 Philip Guedalla, British writer: "History repeats itself; historians repeat each other."
 (AP, 7/24/99)

1889-1944 Thomas Midgely, Jr., chemist for General Motors. He invented the chloro-fluorocarbons and the anti-knock gasoline agent tetraethyl lead. He caught polio in early middle age and invented a harness to help himself out of bed in the morning. Early in November of 1944 he got tangled in the harness and strangled to death.
 (NOHY, Weiner, 3/90, p.47)

1889-1945  Robert Benchley, American humorist: “For a nation which has an almost evil reputation for bustle, bustle, bustle, and rush, rush, rush, we spend an enormous amount of time standing around in line in front of windows, just waiting.”
 (AP, 9/18/97)

1889-1945 Emmy Esther Scheyer was a promoter and collector of the Weimar artists known as the Blue Four. In 1998 the book “The Blue Four: Feininger, Jawlensky, Kandinsky, Paul Klee” was edited by Vivian Endicott Barnett and Josef Helfenstein” to accompany an exhibition.
 (SFEC, 8/23/98, BR p.12)

1889-1950 Vaslav Nijinsky was born in Kiev, Ukraine, and died in London. He was the pre-eminent ballet artist of his day and at 20 became the protege and lover of Sergei Diaghilev. He spent some time in psychotherapy during which he made a number of abstract drawings. He went mad at age 29 and wrote a diary of his experiences.
 (SFC, 9/29/97, p.E5)

1889-1953 Edwin P. Hubble, astronomer, discovered that the more distant a galaxy seemed to be, the more its light was shifted toward the lower frequencies. This is know as the Doppler redshift, named after C.J. Doppler (1803-1853), an Austrian Physicist.
 (WUB, 1995, p.426)

1889-1961 Soetsu Yanagi, Japanese artist. The philosophically inclined aesthete and writer created the concept of folk art and promoted its taste among the Japanese.
 (SFC, 4/28/96, B-7)

1889-1964  Jawaharlal Nehru, Indian statesman: “A man who is afraid will do anything.” “Our chief defect is that we are more given to talking about things than to doing them.”
 (AP, 9/27/97)(AP, 12/28/97)

1889-1973 Conrad Potter Aiken, American poet, was born (Aug 5) and died (Aug 17) in Savannah, and was buried in the Boneventure Cemetery.
 (SFEC,11/30/97, p.T5)

1889-1989 In 1998 Harold Evans published “The American Century,” which recounts these 100 years with illustrations.
 (SFEC, 10/11/98, Par p.19)(SFEC, 10/11/98, BR p.2)

1890  Jan 4, Alfred G. Jodl, German Wehrmacht general and chief of staff, was born.
 (MC, 1/4/02)

1890  Jan 7, William B. Puris patented a fountain pen.
 (MC, 1/7/02)

1890  Jan 9, Karel Capek, Czech writer and playwright, was born. He is best remembered for his play R.U.R. which contained the first use of the word "robot."
 (HN, 1/9/99)

1890  Jan 22, Fred Vinson, Thirteenth Chief Justice of the U.S. Supreme Court, was born.
 (HN, 1/22/99)
1890  Jan 22, Jose Marti formed La Liga (Union of Cuban exiles) in NYC.
 (MC, 1/22/02)

1890  Jan 25, The United Mine Workers of America was founded.
 (AP, 1/25/98)
1890  Jan 25, Reporter Nellie Bly (Elizabeth Cochrane) of the New York World received a tumultuous welcome home after she completed a round-the-world journey in 72 days, 6 hours, 11 minutes.
 (AP, 1/25/00)

1890  Feb 2, Charles Correl, "Andy" of the "Amos and Andy" radio program, was born.
 (HN, 2/2/99)

1890  Feb 10, Boris Pasternak (d.1960), Russian novelist and author, was born. His greatest novel, Dr. Zhivago, was rejected for publication in the USSR “No single man makes history. History cannot be seen, just as one cannot see grass growing.” [OS][see Feb 18]
 (AP, 10/6/98)(HN, 2/10/99)
1890  Feb 10, Around 11 million acres, ceded to US by Sioux Indians, opened for settlement.
 (MC, 2/10/02)

1890  Feb 15, Robert Ley, German chemist, MP (NSDAP), was born.
 (MC, 2/15/02)

1890  Feb 18, Boris L. Pasternak, Russian poet, writer (Dr. Zhivago), was born. [ NS][see Feb 10]
 (MC, 2/18/02)

1890  Feb 28, Vaslav Nijinsky, ballet dancer (3/12 NS), was born in Kiev, Ukraine. He was the pre-eminent ballet artist of his day and at 20 became the protégé and lover of Sergei Diaghilev. He spent some time in psychotherapy during which he made a number of abstract drawings. Nijinsky died in 1950 in London. [see Mar 12]
 (SFC, 9/29/97, p.E5)(MC, 2/28/02)

1890  Feb, Charles E. Kincaid, correspondent for the Louisville Times, shot former Representative William Taulbee, a democrat from Kentucky, at the Capital during an argument over a scandal involving the lawmaker. Taulbee died ten days later.
 (SFC, 7/25/98, p.A6)

1890  Mar 1, 1st US edition of Sherlock Holmes (Study in Scarlet) was published.
 (SC, 3/1/02)

1890  Mar 9, Vyacheslav Molotov, former Soviet Prime Minister and signer of a non-aggression pact with Nazi Germany, was born.
 (HN, 3/9/99)

1890  Mar 11, Vannevar Bush was born. He developed the 1st electronic analogue computer.
 (MC, 3/12/02)

1890  Mar 12, Vasav Nijinsky (d.1950), Russian dancer, was born. He was considered the world's greatest ballet dancer. [see Feb 28]
 (HN, 3/12/99)

1890  Mar 18, The 1st US state naval militia was organized in Massachusetts.
 (MC, 3/18/02)

1890  Mar 20, Lauritz Melchior, baritone, tenor (Met Opera), was born in Copenhagen, Denmark.
 (MC, 3/20/02)
1890  Mar 20, German emperor Wilhelm II fired republic chancellor Otto Von Bismarck.
 (MC, 3/20/02)

1890  Mar 21, Austrian Jewish communities were defined by law.
 (MC, 3/21/02)

1890  Mar 28, Paul Whiteman, orchestra leader (Paul Whiteman's TV Teen Club), was born in Denver, Co.
 (MC, 3/28/02)

1890  Apr 6, Anthony Herman Gerard Fokker, aircraft pioneer, was born in Holland.
 (MC, 4/6/02)

1890  Apr 7, Marjory Stoneman Douglas, environmentalist (1st Lady of Everglades), was born.
 (MC, 4/7/02)

1890  Apr 11, Ellis Island was designated as an immigration station.
 (MC, 4/11/02)

1890  Apr 25, J. Palisa discovered asteroids #291 Alice & #292 Ludovica.
 (SS, 4/25/02)

1890  May 2, The Oklahoma Territory was organized.
 (AP, 5/2/97)(HN, 5/2/98)

1890  May 5, Christopher Morley (d.1957), author-journalist (Kitty Foyle), was born. “Religion is an attempt, a noble attempt, to suggest in human terms more-than-human realities.” "My theology, briefly, is that the universe was dictated but not signed." "Truth is not a diet but a condiment."
 (HN, 5/5/01)(AP, 11/1697)(AP, 11/25/98)(AP, 1/19/99)

1890  May 6, Mormon Church renounced polygamy. [see Sep 24]
 (MC, 5/6/02)

1890  May 12, Louisiana legalized prize fighting.
 (SC, Internet, 5/12/97)

1890  May 19, Ho Chi Minh, revolutionist and leader of North Vietnam (1946-1969), was born. He fought the Japanese, French and United States to gain independence for his country.
 (HN, 5/19/99)(MC, 5/19/02)

1890  May 20, Beniamino Gigli, tenor (Enzo-La Gioconda), was born in Italy.
 (MC, 5/20/02)

1890  May 29, Francis de Bourguignon, composer, was born.
 (SC, 5/29/02)

1890   Jun 1, The U.S. census stood at 62,622,250. The US government used the Jean Baptiste Pacard card punch to tabulate the results of the census. Herman Hollerith designed a system that used a machine with a sorter.
 (DTnet, 6/1/97)(SFC, 8/5/97, p.A20)(WSJ, 10/15/01, p.R23)

1890  Jun 2, Hedda Hopper, gossip columnist (From Under My Hat), was born.
 (SC, 6/2/02)

1890  Jun 10, Sessue Hayakawa, Japanese actor (Bridge on River Kwai, Hell to Eternity), was born.
 (MC, 6/10/02)

1890  Jun 16, Stan Laurel (d.1965), entertainer, was born in England. He teamed up with Oliver Hardy (Laurel & Hardy) to make over 100 comedy films.
 (WUD, 1994 p.811)(HN, 6/16/01)(MC, 6/16/02)

1890  cJun, Vincent Van Gogh painted his Portrait of Dr. Gachet. He described the painting in detail to his brother and sister. A 2nd portrait of Dr. Gachet, held by the Musee d'Orsay is a variant of the first and is suspected to be unfinished by Van Gogh and completed by someone else.
 (WSJ, 2/16/99, p.A20)

1890  Jul 2, Congress passed the Sherman Antitrust Act. It put some teeth into earlier antitrust law. It was initially used against labor unions and then came to be used against businesses engaged in monopolistic practices.
 (SFC, 7/8/96, p.D2)(AP, 7/2/97)(WSJ, 1/11/99, p.R48)

1890  Jul 3,  Idaho became the 43rd state of the US.
 (HFA, ‘96, p.32)(AP, 7/3/97)

1890  Jul 10, Wyoming became the 44th state.
 (AP, 7/10/97)(HN, 7/10/98)

1890  Jul 22, Rose Kennedy, mother of President John F. Kennedy and senators Robert and Edward Kennedy, was born.
 (HN, 7/22/98)

1890  Jul 29, Artist Vincent van Gogh died of a self-inflicted gunshot wound in Auvers, France, while painting “Wheatfield with Crows.” Earlier in the year he painted his “Garden at Auvers” and “Portrait of Dr. Gachet,” which sold to a Japanese tycoon in 1990 for $82.5 mil. In 1939 Irving Stone wrote a novel about Van Gogh titled “Lust for Life,” which spawned a 1956 movie.
 (WSJ, 2/8/96, p.A-12)(SFC, 5/26/96, Zone 1 p.2)(AP, 7/29/97)(SFEC, 6/14/98, BR p.9)

1890  Aug 6, Convicted murderer William Kemmler became the first person to be executed in the electric chair as he was put to death at Auburn State Prison in New York. He had been convicted  of murdering his lover, Matilda Ziegler, with an axe.
 (AP, 8/6/97)(HN, 8/6/98)(MC, 8/6/02)

1890  Aug 17, Harry Hopkins, organized the Works Projects Administration under President Roosevelt, was born.
 (HN, 8/17/98)

1890  Aug 20, H.P. Lovecraft, author of horror tales whose works included “The Color out of Space,” was born.
 (HN, 8/20/98)

1890  Aug 24, Jean Rhys, author of “Wild Sargasso Sea,” was born.
 (HN, 8/24/00)

1890  Aug 27, Man Ray (Emmanuel Radinski) was born. A painter and photographer, he and Marcel Duchamp founded the Dadaism movement.
 (Reuters, 8/28/01)

1890  Sep 1, The 1st baseball tripleheader was between Boston and Pittsburgh.
 (SC, 9/1/02)

1890  Sep 9, Colonel Harland Sanders, originator of Kentucky Fried Chicken fast-food restaurants, was born in Henryville, Ind. [see Dec 16]
 (HN, 9/9/98)(MC, 9/9/01)

1890  Sep 10, Franz Werfel, author (40 Days of Musa Dagh), was born in Austria.
 (MC, 9/10/01)

1890  Sep 13, Cecil Rhodes' colonies hoisted the Union Jack in Mashonaland and Salisbury.
 (MC, 9/13/01)

1890  Sep 15, Agatha Christie, English writer of mystery novels, was born. Her books included "Death on the Nile" and "And Then There Were None."
 (HN, 9/15/99)
1890  Sep 15, Claude McKay, poet and novelist, was born. He was part of the Harlem Renaissance.
 (HN, 9/15/00)

1890  Sep 24, The president of Mormon Church in Salt Lake City issued a manifesto advising members that the teaching and practice of polygamy should be abandoned. [see Sep 25]
 (MC, 9/24/01)

1890  Sep 25, President Benjamin Harrison signed a measure establishing Sequoia National Park. Sequoia National Park, the nation’s 2nd oldest, was created by Congress. The army was assigned park patrol duty.
 (AP, 9/25/99)(SFC, 7/21/96, p.T3)(SFC, 2/1/03, p.A15)
1890  Sep 25, Congress established California’s Yosemite National Park.
 (MC, 9/25/01)
1890  Sep 25, Mormon president Wilford Woodruff issued a Manifesto formally renouncing the practice of polygamy. The Mormons renounced the practice of polygamy after six decades in exchange for statehood for Utah. [see Sep 24]
 (AP, 9/25/97)(SFC, 4/8/96, p.A-7)

1890  Oct 1, Congress created the Weather Bureau.
 (MC, 10/1/01)
1890  Oct 1, Congress passed the McKinley Tariff Act, which raised tariffs to a record level.
 (AP, 10/1/97)
1890  Oct 1, Yosemite National Park, created by Congress, was dedicated in California.
 (SFEC, 5/18/97, Z1 p.4)(HN, 10/1/98)

1890  Oct 2, Julius Henry “Groucho” Marx (d.1977), American comedian, was born. Although there is some discrepancy about the exact date, Groucho was most likely born on October 2, 1890, in New York. He later went on to host the television quiz show “You Bet Your Life.” He began singing as a boy and then performed wisecracking comedy on stage and screen with his brothers (Chico, Harpo, Zeppo and Gummo). Groucho also had radio shows, wrote books and screenplays, and became the most famous Marx Brother for his mustached, cigar-smoking persona and lines like, “I sent the club a wire stating, ‘please accept my resignation. I don’t want to belong to any club that will accept me as a member.’” “There’s one way to find out if a man is honest—ask him. If he says ‘yes,’ you know he is crooked.” Groucho Marx died in 1977.
 (SFEC, 5/25/97, p.C15)(HNPD, 10/2/98)(AP, 10/2/97)

1890  Oct 4, Mormons in Utah renounced polygamy. [see Sep 24,25]
 (MC, 10/4/01)

1890   Oct 8, Edward Vernon Rickenbacker (d.1973) was born in Columbus, Ohio. He became America’s “Ace of Aces” in World War I with more than 20 kills. Rickenbacker was already a famous race car driver when he entered World War I at age 28. Although he was considered too old to become an aviator, “Rick,” ultimately won the Medal of Honor for his wartime exploits. “If a thing is old, it is a sign that it was fit to live. ... The guarantee of continuity is quality.”
 (HNPD, 10/7/98)(AP, 10/8/98)(HN, 10/8/98)

1890  Oct 11, The Daughters of the American Revolution was founded in Washington, D.C.
 (AP, 10/11/97)

1890  Oct 13, Conrad Richter, novelist and short story writer, was born.
 (HN, 10/13/00)

1890  Oct 14, Dwight D. Eisenhower, 34th president of the United States, was born in Denison, Texas.
 (AP, 10/14/97)(HN, 10/14/98)

1890  Oct 16, Michael Collins (d.1922), Irish revolutionist, was born.
 (MC, 10/16/01)

1890  Oct 23, Borodin's Opera "Prince Igor" was produced posthumously in St. Petersburg.
 (MC, 10/23/01)

1890  Oct 26, Collodi, [Carlo Lorenzini], Italian writer (Pinocchio), died.
 (MC, 10/26/01)

1890  Nov 8, Cesar-Auguste Franck (67), Belgian organist and composer (Symphony in D), died.
 (MC, 11/8/01)

1890  Nov 11, D. McCree patented a portable fire escape.
 (MC, 11/11/01)

1890  Nov 22, Charles de Gaulle (d.1970), French general and president (1958-1969), was born in Lille, France. "Nothing great will ever be achieved without great men, and men are great only if they are determined to be so."
 (AP, 11/22/97)(AP, 11/22/98)(HN, 11/22/98)

1890  Nov 23, Grand Duchy of Luxembourg separated from the Netherlands.
 (AP, 11/23/02)

1890  Nov 29, The first Army-Navy football game was played, at West Point, New York. Navy defeated Army by a score of 24-to-nothing.
 (AP, 11/29/00)
1890  Nov 29, The Imperial Diet, forerunner of Japan's national legislature, opened its first session, four days after its members were summoned by Emperor Meiji.
 (AP, 11/29/99)

1890  Dec 5, Fritz Lang (d.1976), film director, was born. His work included “Metropolis,” “M,” and “The Big Heat.”
 (WSJ, 4/3/00, p.A46)(HN, 12/5/00)
1890  Dec 5, Berlioz' opera "Les Troyens," premiered in Karlsruhe.
 (MC, 12/5/01)

1890  Dec 13, Marc Connelly, playwright, actor, director and journalist (The Green Pastures), was born.
 (HN, 12/13/00)

1890  Dec 15, Sioux Indian Chief Sitting Bull and 11 other tribe members were killed in Grand River, S.D., during a fracas with Indian police [US troops]. In an attempt to arrest Sitting Bull at his Standing Rock, South Dakota, cabin, shooting broke out and Lt. Bullhead shot the great Sioux leader. The killing of Indian leader Sitting Bull was one factor that led to the Wounded Knee Massacre on the Pine Ridge Reservation in South Dakota. The reservation was left in disarray when Sioux leader Sitting Bull was killed by Indian police.
 (WUD, 1994, p.1680)(AP, 12/15/97)(HN, 12/15/98)(HNQ, 1/5/99)

1890  Dec 16, Harlan Sanders, founder and CEO of Kentucky Fried Chicken, was born. [see Sep 9]
 (MC, 12/16/01)

1890  Dec 18, Edwin Howard Armstrong, radio pioneer and inventor of FM, was born in NYC.
 (MC, 12/18/01)

1890  Dec 19, Start of Sherlock Holmes "Adventure of Beryl Coronet."
 (MC, 12/19/01)

1890  Dec 26, Heinrich Schliemann (86), German businessman and archaeologist, died. He discovered the site of ancient Troy in 1870-1871.
 (NH, 4/96, p.48)(MC, 12/26/01)

1890  Dec 28, As Big Foot, another Sioux leader, led his tribe away from the reservation they were surrounded by 7th Cavalry troops at Wounded Knee Creek. The next morning, when the cavalry tried to disarm the Sioux, shots rang out and during the next 6 hours, 146 Sioux men, women and children, including Big Foot, were killed. The 7th Cavalry lost 30 killed.
 (HNQ, 1/5/99)

1890  Dec 29, The last major conflict of the Indian wars took place at Wounded Knee Creek in South Dakota after Colonel James W. Forsyth of the 7th Cavalry tried to disarm Chief Big Foot and his followers. Seventy-year-old Sioux chief Big Foot was killed by the 7th U.S. Cavalry during the massacre at Wounded Knee on December 29, 1890. Three days later his body was found frozen where he had been killed. The South Dakota reservation had been left in disarray when Sioux leader Sitting Bull was killed by Indian police on December 15, and as Big Foot led his tribe away from the reservation on December 28, they were surrounded by 7th Cavalry troops. The next morning, when the cavalry tried to disarm the Sioux, shots broke out and during the next 6 hours, 146 Sioux men, women and children were killed. The 7th Cavalry lost 30 killed. The Wounded Knee massacre took place in South Dakota as some 300 Sioux Indians were killed by U.S. troops sent to disarm them.
 (HFA, '96, p.44)(AP, 12/29/97)(HN, 12/29/98)(HNPD, 12/29/98)

1890  Dec 31, Ellis Island, NYC, opened as a US immigration depot.
 (MC, 12/31/01)

1890  Cezanne began his still-life painting “Still Life with a Ginger jar and Eggplants.” He also created his watercolor “Tree Study.”
 (WSJ, 6/4/97, p.A16)(WSJ, 2/6/00, p.A16)

1890  Leon Frederic, Belgian painter, began his work "The Stream," a vast triptych of thousands of naked babies frolicking in water. He completed it in 1899.
 (WSJ, 2/16/00, p.A14)

1890  Van Gogh painted “A Woman from Arles” shortly before his suicide. He also painted "Thatched Huts of Cordeville."
 (SFC, 5/21/98, p.A14)(SFC, 5/25/99, p.C1)

1890  Claude Monet painted “Field of Poppies.”
 (SFC, 7/11/01, p.D1)

1890  Paul Signac (1863-1935), French neo-impressionist pointillist painter, began his work “Portrait of Felix Feneon, Opus 217” (1890-1891).
 (WSJ, 11/6/01, p.A24)

1890  Alfred Sisley painted “The Alley of the Poplars.” In 1998 it was stolen from the French Fine Arts Museum of Nice.
 (SFC, 9/22/98, p.B7)

1890  Agnes M. Clerke published “System of the Stars,” a popular work on astronomy.
 (NH, 10/98, p.87)

1890  Joseph Conrad published “Lord Jim.”
 (WSJ, 4/24/98, p.W1)

1890  George Grove published a 4-volume compilation of musical knowledge.
 (SSFC, 3/18/01, DB p.49)

1890  Alfred Marshall, English economist, published his "Principles of Economics," considered the bible of British economics. He stressed that the output and price of a good are determined by supply as well as demand.
 (WSJ, 1/11/99, p.R20)

1890  Leo Tolstoy wrote his novel “The Kreutzer Sonata.”
 (WUD, 1994, p.795)

1890  P.I. Tchaikovsky composed his opera “Queen of Spades.” It was first performed in St. Petersburg at the Marinsky theater.
 (BFST, 1937, p.473)

1890  The first production of “Sleeping Beauty” was made.
 (SFEC, 8/17/97, DB p.48)

1890  The gospel railroad song: “Life’s a Railway to Heaven,” was first published.
 (WSJ, 8/21/97, p.A12)

1890  William Sheppard (b.1865 in Virginia) left the US for missionary work in Congo. In 2002 Pagan Kennedy authored “Black Livingstone: A True Tale of African Adventure.”
 (SSFC, 2/3/02, p.M1)

1890  In California Katherine Layne Curran and Townshend S. Brandegee founded the botanical journal, Zoe.
 (PacDis, Winter ’97, p.26)

1890  Coloma, Ca., dedicated the John Marshall (d.1885) Monument, for the man who discovered gold in California.
 (SFEC, 7/6/97, p.T3)

1890  Frank and Charles Menches included a recipe for the first known chopped-beef sandwich called a “hamburger.” They named it after the town of Hamburg, N.Y.
 (SFC, 6/6/98, p.E3)

c1890  Golf balls began to be made of a rubber thread wound around a solid rubber core.
 (SFEC, 6/14/98, p.A12)

1890  John Montgomery Ward led baseball player to form the Players League in opposition to the National League. The league lasted a year. In 1999 Bryan Di Salvatore authored "A Clever Base-Ballist: The Life and Times of John Montgomery Ward."
 (SFEC, 10/3/99, BR p.4)

1890  The US census categorized the population as “White, Black, Mulatto, Quadroon, Octoroon, Chinese, Japanese, and Indian.”
 (SFC,12/26/97, p.A21)

1890  The US government sold its buildings at Fort Laramie and the site fell into disrepair until rescued by the National Park Service.
 (HT, 3/97, p.43)

1890  The US Bureau of Census declared that there was no longer any difference between "frontier" and "settlements."
 (SFC, 6/12/99, p.B3)

1890  A tradition of rivalry began between the Army and Navy Academies.
 (WSJ, 12/9/96, p.A12)

1890  A Louisiana law was passed that mandated separate railroad cars for blacks and whites.
 (SFC, 5/12/96, p.A-6)

1890  The US Board of Geographic Names began a primitive database of US place names.
 (SFEC, 8/11/96, p.A20)

1890  Mary Harris Jones (aka Mother Jones) helped organize the United Mine Workers with the slogan "Join the union, boys."
 (WSJ, 1/11/99, p.R25)

1890  A Congress of world Socialist parties selected May 1 as Int'l. Workers Day to support the US labor struggle.
 (SFEC, 5/2/99, p.C7)

1890  Israel C. Russell, sponsored by the National Geographic Society, returned from an expedition to Mt. St. Elias, Alaska, with fossil bearing rocks.
 (NG, 12/97, p.1)

1890  The railroad arrived to St. Michaels on the Chesapeake Bay.
 (SMBA, 1996)

1890  The Canton Art Metal Co. was founded [may be 1880] and specialized in institutional furniture designed to last longer than wood furniture.
 (SFC, 4/1/98, Z1 p.7)

1890  American Tobacco was formed by James B. Duke as a consolidation of the principal cigarette factories in the US.
 (WSJ, 5/28/96, p. R-45)

1890  Distilling and Cattle Feeding company was formed as a successor to the Distillers and Cattle Feeders Trust. It was broken up in the late 1890s and a handful of operations continued under the umbrella of American Spirits Manufacturing Co.
 (WSJ, 5/28/96, p. R-45)

1890  North American Co. was formed and controlled street railways, natural gas and electricity businesses up to 1955.
 (WSJ, 5/28/96, R45)

1890  The Orinoco Furniture Company was started by the Rohminger brothers in Columbus, Indiana. It was sold in 2 years to a group headed by Harvey Lincoln. The Lincoln Chair Co. went out of business in the 1930s.
 (SFC, 1/29/97, z-1 p.2)

1890  The star T Pyxidis flared up as a recurrent novae. It recurred in 1902 and 1960.
 (SCTS, p.1182)

1890  The Michigan Daily, a campus newspaper at U of M, began publishing.
 (MT, Fall. ‘97, p.18)

1890  The population of Chicago was nearly one million people.
 (Hem., 7/95, p.77)

1890  The population of US buffalo was reduced to 1,000.
 (NH, 12/96, p.10)

1890  Eugene Schieffelin, a German immigrant, released 40 pairs of European starlings in NYC’s Central Park. By 1959 the birds reached the Pacific coast. To honor his new homeland he had attempted to release every species of bird mentioned in the plays of Shakespeare. In 2002 the starling population in North America exceeded 200 million.
 (HNQ, 5/1/02)(AH, 6/02, p.42)

1890  Mt. Logan, Canada’s highest peak, was discovered by I.C. Russell on the first expedition sponsored by the National Geographic Society.
 (NG, Nov. 1985, B.C. Bishop, p.657)

1890  Woodsmen marched west to Minnesota clearing forests of white pine, yellow birch, hemlock, maple, and oak.
 (NOHY, Weiner, 3/90, p.51)

1890  John C. Fremont (b.1830), American explorer and 1st Republican presidential candidate (1856), died. In 1999 David Roberts authored "A Newer World: Kit Carson, John C. Freemont and the Claiming of the American West." In 2002 Tom Chaffin authored “Pathfinder: John Charles Fremont and the Course of American Empire.”
 (WUD, 1994, p.567)(SFEC, 2/13/00, BR p.5)(SSFC, 12/22/02, p.M1)

1890  Junius Morgan, father of J. Pierpont Morgan, died and left his son in charge of both the London and New York Morgan firms.
 (WSJ, 3/30/99, p.A24)

1890  John T. Wood, archeologist, died at age 69. In 1869 he discovered the Temple of Artemis in Ephesus, Turkey, built in 323BC. He authored “Discoveries at Ephesus” in 1877.
 (ON, 11/00, p.5)

1890  Argentina defaulted on its foreign debt and caused a near-collapse to Barings Bank.
 (WSJ, 1/11/99, p.R48)

1890  The French restaurant Tour d’Argent began numbering its servings of Caneton Tour d’Argent, a meal of pressed duck.
 (WSJ, 5/15/96, p.A-12)

1890  The Home Rule movement of the Irish Nationalist Party led by Charles Stewart Parnell was set back when his love affair with Katherine O’Shea was revealed in the London Times.
 (WSJ, 9/3/96, p.A14)

1890  The Ecole Biblique of Jerusalem, a research center for Biblical and archeological studies, was founded.
 (WSJ, 8/28/01, p.A12)

1890  Anton Chekhov visited the Russian penal colony at Sakhalin. The experience crystallized his political awareness.
 (SFEC, 5/31/98, p.8)

1890s  William Vanderbilt spent some $3-11 million on his Marble House in Newport, R.I.
 (WSJ, 10/25/96, p.B10)

1890s  The US federal government purchase Plum Island, located off the tip of Long Island. It was used as a fort during both world wars. An Army project for conversion to a biological warfare lab was later halted and the island was turned over to the Agriculture Dept.
 (WSJ, 1/8/02, p.A8)

1890s  The great land runs in the US continued.
 (SFC, 4/14/96, T-6)

1890s  A rash of violent mining strikes began in the West. Strikes in Colorado and Idaho were led by the ultra-militant Western Federation of Miners.
 (SFC, 10/7/97, p.A20)

1890s  A $5 silver note called “Electricity” that showed a scantily clad female holding a light bulb was taken out of circulation due to the drapery falling so low below her waist.
 (SFC, 4/30/97, p.B3)

1890s  Beeman’s Chewing Gum came out as a heartburn remedy.
 (SFC, 6/30/96, Zone 1 p.5)

1890s  Peanut Butter was invented for people with missing teeth.
 (SFEC, 4/25/99, Z1 p.8)

1890s  In New Bern N.C., Pharmacist Caleb Bradham produced Brad’s drink, a mixture of syrup and soda water, as a digestive aid and energy booster. It became a hit and was renamed in 1898 to Pepsi-Cola. The story of Pepsi, “Pepsi, 100 Years” was later written by Bob Stoddard of Upland, Ca.
 (SFC, 2/18/98, p.B2)

1890s  Turquoise Mountain, a sacred place for native Americans in Arizona, was rediscovered by Anglo prospectors, who then mined the semi-precious stone for over the next 50 years.
 (SFC, 7/20/96, p.A7)

1890s  Pierce's disease, spread by the glassy-winged sharpshooter, destroyed the Southern California grape industry.
 (SFC, 9/1/99, Z1 p.4)(SFC, 5/20/00, p.A3)

1890s  In Africa a great rinderpest, a virus-caused distemper in cattle, occurred. Millions of animals died including nearly 80% of all livestock. It raged across Africa till the 1930s.
 (NH, 6/96, p.16)

1890s  Cultured pearls were developed in Japan.
 (WSJ, 5/14/96, p.A-17)

1890s  In Malaysia a tin rush was on and the elite gathered at the Royal Selangor Club in Kuala Lumpur.
 (SFEC, 8/3/97, p.T3)

1890s  British settlers led by Cecil Rhodes marched north from South Africa and appropriated vast stretches of arable land. The Shangaani people, a hunting tribe, were gradually forced to become poachers after the British took control.
 (SFC, 3/28/98, p.A12)(SFC, 8/10/98, p.A14)

1890s  A rail line was established between Nairobi and Mombasa, Kenya, and became the Lunatic Express from media speculation that the planners were insane.
 (SSFC, 12/22/02, p.C4)

1890-1892 Cezanne painted his oil on canvas: “Card Players.” It is part of the Dr. Barnes collection and on the Corbis CD. [see 1972-1951, Barnes]
 (Civil., Jul-Aug., ‘95, p.85)

1890-1895 George Washington Vanderbilt built his Biltmore Estate, a 250-room mansion on 125,000 acres overlooking the Blue Ridge Mountains. Richard Morris Hunt designed the home.
 (WSJ, 1/11/99, p.R37)

1890-1899 Two conspiratorial traditions crystallized into their current form in Russia in the 1890s. Two publications had a key role: On the right, the czar’s secret police forged “The Protocols of the Elders of Zion,” the standard text of anti-Semitism; on the left, Lenin produced his main theoretical writings on imperialism.
 (WSJ, 4/26/95, p.A-16)

1890-1900 Black River Falls, Wisc., was plagued by a series of suicides, murders, financial ruin and bizarre eruptions of violence. These events were described in the 1973 book “Wisconsin Death Trip” by Michael Lesy. In 2000 a documentary film was completed based on the book and this period.
 (SFC, 1/2/02, p.D1)

c1890-1910  Jim Crow, the regime of legalized segregation, exclusion and disenfranchisement of black people in the US, hardened into place.
 (WSJ, 6/12/01, p.A20)

1890-1912 In France a 151-km. private railroad was constructed from Nice to Digne above the River Var. It was brought under state control in 1933 and again privatized in 1972.
 (Hem., 1/97, p.116)

1890-1917 Some 2-3 black southerners were hanged, burned at the stake, or quietly murdered every week to enforce deference and submission to whites.
 (SFEC, 4/19/98, BR p.4)

1890-1930 The California Plein Air movement in art was based in outdoor scenes that captured the state’s colors and light. Later Ruth Lilly Westphall edited “Plein Air Painters of California.”
 (SFEC, 8/9/98, p.B6)

1890-1930 This period marks the 3rd Great Awakening in America according to Robert Fogel of the Univ. of Chicago, who argued that America is undergoing its fourth religious revival and that it started about 1960. This is from his Bradley lecture at the American Enterprise Institute.
 (WSJ, 10/6/95, p.A-10)

1890-1954 Edwin Howard Armstrong, engineer and inventor, was known as the “Father of FM” or frequency modulation. In 1939 Armstrong perfected his system of static-free radio, which was widely adopted in the U.S. and Europe.  Born in New York in 1890, Armstrong developed the superheterodyne circuit, basic to radio receivers, in 1918. His super-regenerative circuit, devised in 1920, was used in 2-way police and aircraft radio systems.
 (HN, 5/12/99)

1890-1958 Elmer Davis, American news commentator: "The first and great commandment is: Don't let them scare you."
 (AP, 5/29/99)

1890-1960  Gene Fowler, American journalist and author: “Men are not against you; they are merely for themselves.”
 (AP, 5/6/97)

1890-1964 Idwal Jones, California writer. His work included the classic novel “The Vineyard,” set in Napa Valley with a foreword by Robert Mondavi, and the non-fiction work “Vines in the Sun.”
 (SFEM,10/26/97, p.36)

1890-1969 Dwight D. Eisenhower, the 34th president of the US, was born on Oct 14. He was a general through World War II and president from 1953-1961.
 (HFA, ‘96, p.40)(AHD, 1971, p.418)

1890-1972 Gabriel Heatter, American radio commentator: "Life is never so bad at its worst that it is impossible to live; it is never so good at its best that it is easy to live."
 (AP, 5/19/00)

1890-1976 Paul Strand, American photographer. He documented the streets of New York City from 1915-1917 and did early experiments in photographic abstraction.
 (SFEM, 5/31/98, p.13)

1890-1980 Gerald W. Johnson, American journalist: “What makes a leader—intelligence, integrity, imagination, skill: in brief, statecraft? Not at all. It is the fact that the man has a following.”
 (AP, 9/28/97)

1890-1980  Katherine Anne Porter, American author: “Love is purely a creation of the human imagination ... the most important example of how the imagination continually outruns the creature it inhabits.”
 (AP, 7/30/97)

1890-1995 Rose Kennedy: “I have always believed that God never gives a cross to bear larger than we can carry. ... No matter what, God wants us to be happy. He doesn’t want us to be sad. Birds sing after a storm. Why shouldn’t we?”
 (AP, 7/25/98)

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