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1912   Jan 3, Plans were announced for a new $150,000 Brooklyn stadium for the Trolley Dodgers baseball team.
 (HN, 1/3/99)

1912  Jan 6, New Mexico became the 47th state of the US.
 (HFA, ‘96, p.22)(AP, 1/6/98)

1912  Jan 7, Charles Addams, cartoonist whose macabre Addams Family appeared in The New Yorker, was born.
 (HN, 1/7/99)

1912  Jan 9,  Colonel Theodore Roosevelt announced that he would run for president if asked.
 (HN, 1/9/01)
1912  Jan 9, The $18 million Equitable Life Assurance building in New York was destroyed by fire.
 (HN, 1/9/98)

1912  Jan 10, The World's first flying-boat airplane, designed by Glenn Curtiss, made its maiden flight at Hammondsport. Curtis was the 1st licensed pilot and Orville Wright was the 2nd.
 (HN, 1/10/99)(SFC, 8/5/00, p.B4)

1912  Jan 11, Norwegian explorer Roald Amundsen beat Scott to the South Pole by five days. [see Dec 11,14,15]
 (HNQ, 7/22/98)

1912  Jan 13, A temp. of 40F (-40C), Oakland, Maryland, set a state record.
 (MC, 1/13/02)

1912  Jan 16, British explorer Robert Falcon Scott wrote in his diary after reaching the South Pole on January 16, 1912, "Great God this is an awful place and terrible enough for us to have labored to it without the reward of priority." Robert Scott, attempting to lead the first exploration party to the South Pole, wrote the passage after finding the black flag of Norwegian explorer Roald Amundsen. Thoroughly demoralized, the five members of the Scott party died during their 800-mile trek back to their base camp. [see Jan 17,18]
 (HNQ, 7/22/98)

1912  Jan 17, Robert Scott reached the South Pole only a month after Amundsen. [see Jan 16,17]
 (HN, 1/17/99)

1912  Jan 18, A team of British Royal Navy Captain Robert Falcon Scott, and four others intended to be the first to reach the South Pole, but when they arrived, they found a letter from Norwegian explorer Roald Amundsen--he had been there 36 days before. Scott and his group had set out from a camp in Antarctica 81 days earlier, and on their way back, their supplies ran out. Scott wrote in a diary during the trek, which a search party discovered with the team's frozen bodies in November. Part of Scott's March 29 entry reads, "We shall stick it out to the end, but we are getting weaker, of course, and the end cannot be far." The team had made it to within 11 miles of the camp. Scott's diary ended with, "Last Entry: For God's sake look after our people." [see Jan 16,17]
 (AP, 1/18/98)(HNPD, 1/18/99)

1912  Jan 22, Second Monte-Carlo auto race began.
 (HN, 1/22/99)

1912  Jan 28, Jackson Pollock (d.1956), "Jack the Dripper", expressionist painter (Lavender Mist), was born in Cody, Wyoming. Leader of the abstract expressionist school of art. He filled 2 sketchbooks between 1937-1939 and another from 1938-1941.
 (AHD, 1971, p.1015)(WSJ, 11/5/97, p.A20)(MC, 1/28/02)

1912  Jan 29, "Professor" Irwin Corey, comedian (Car Wash, Doc), was born in Brooklyn, NY.
 (MC, 1/29/02)

1912  Jan 30, Barbara Tuchman, U.S. historian best remembered for her book "The Guns of August," was born.
 (HN, 1/30/99)
1912  Jan 30, The British House of Lords opposed the House of Commons by rejecting home rule for Ireland.
 (HN, 1/30/99)

1912  Feb 3, New U.S. football rules were set: the field was shortened to 100 yds.; touchdown became six points instead of five; four downs were allowed instead of three; and the kickoff was moved from midfield to the 40 yd. line.
 (HN, 2/3/99)

1912  Feb 4, Erich Leinsdorf, available conductor & banana eater, was born in Vienna, Austria.
 (MC, 2/4/02)

1912  Feb 6, Eva Braun, mistress (Adolph Hitler), was born.
 (MC, 2/6/02)

1912  Feb 10, Dr. Joseph Lister, founder of sterile technique in surgical practice, died at age 85. In 1917 Sir Rickman John Godlee authored "Lord Lister."
 (ON, 7/00, p.9)

1912  Feb 11, Rudolf Firkusny, pianist (Julliard), was born in Napajedla, Czechoslovakia.
 (MC, 2/11/02)
1912  Feb 11, Roy Fuller, poet and novelist, was born.
 (HN, 2/11/01)

1912  Feb 12, China became a republic following the overthrow of the Manchu dynasty. Hsuan T'ung, the last Ch'ing (Manchu) emperor of China, abdicated. China adopted the Gregorian calendar.
 (HN, 2/12/01)(MC, 2/12/02)

1912  Feb 13, The Chinese imperial government acknowledged the new republic.
 (HN, 2/13/98)

1912  Feb 14, Arizona became the 48th state of the Union.
 (HN, 2/14/98)(AP, 2/14/98)
1912  Feb 14, The 1st US submarines with diesel engines were commissioned at Groton, Ct.
 (MC, 2/14/02)

1912  Feb 15, The Fram reached latitude 78ø 41' S, farthest south ever by ship.
 (440 Int’l., 2/15/99)

1912  Feb 19, Stan Kenton, [Newcomb], jazz musician (Music 55), was born in Wichita, Ks.
 (MC, 2/19/02)

1912  Feb 24, Italy bombed Beirut in the first act of war against the Ottoman Empire.
 (HN, 2/24/98)

1912  Feb 26, Coal miners struck in England. They settled on 03/01.
 (SC, 2/26/02)

1912  Feb 27, Lawrence Durrell, English novelist and poet, was born. His books included "The Alexandria Quartet." In 1998 Ian MacNiven wrote the biography: "Lawrence Durrell."
 (WUD, 1994, p.443)(SFEC, 7/12/98, BR p.7)(HN, 2/27/01)

1912   Mar 1, Albert Berry completed the first in-flight parachute jump, from a Benoist plane over Kinlock Field in St. Louis.
 (HN, 3/1/98)
1912  Mar 1, Isabella Goodwin, 1st US woman detective, was appointed in NYC.
 (SC, 3/1/02)

1912  Mar 4, The French council of war unanimously voted a mandatory three-year military service.
 (HN, 3/4/98)

1912  Mar 5, The Italians became the first to use dirigibles for military purposes, using them for reconnaissance flights behind Turkish lines west of Tripoli.
 (HN, 3/5/98)
1912  Mar 5, Spanish steamer "Principe de Asturias" sank NE of Spain and 500 died.
 (MC, 3/5/02)

1912  Mar 7, Roald Amundsen announced the discovery of the South Pole. [see Dec 14-15, 1911]
 (MC, 3/7/02)
1912  Mar 7, French aviator, Heri Seimet flew non-stop from London to Paris in three hours.
 (HN, 3/7/98)

1912  Mar 12, Juliette Gordon Low organized the Girl Guides, the first Girl Scouts troop in America, at the 1848 Andrew Low House in Savannah, Ga.
 (AHD, p.225)(HFA, ‘96, p.26)(SFEC,11/30/97, p.T5)(AP, 3/12/98)
1912  Mar 12, Capt. Albert Berry performed the 1st parachute jump from an airplane.
 (MC, 3/12/02)

1912  Mar 14, An anarchist named Antonio Dalba unsuccessfully attempted to kill Italy’s King Victor Emmanuel III in Rome.
 (HN, 3/14/98)

1912  Mar 15, Yuan Shih-kai succeeded Sun Yat-sen as President of the Republic of China.
 (HN, 3/15/98)

1912  Mar 16, Thelma Catherine Patricia Ryan Nixon, first lady (1968-75) to Richard Nixon, was born in Ely, Nevada.
 (HN, 3/16/01)(MC, 3/16/02)
1912  Mar 16, Mrs. William Howard Taft planted the 1st cherry tree in Washington, DC. It was a gift from Japan.
 (MC, 3/16/02)

1912  Mar 19, Adolf Galland, German Luftwaffe pilot and youngest German General at the age of 33, was born.
 (HN, 3/19/99)

1912  Mar 21, Peter Bull, actor, author (Executioner, Tom Jones, Dr. Strangelove), was born.
 (MC, 3/21/02)

1912  Mar 23, Werner von Braun, rocket expert (I Aim at the Stars), was born in  Wirsitz, Germany. He led the development of the V-2 rocket during World War II.
 (HN, 3/23/99)(SS, 3/23/02)
1912  Mar 23, Dixie Cup was invented.
 (SS, 3/23/02)

1912  Mar 27, The first cherry blossom trees, a gift from Japan, were planted in Washington, D.C. First Lady Helen Herron Taft and the Viscountess Chinda, wife of the Japanese ambassador, planted two Yoshina cherry trees on the northern bank of the Potomac Tidal Basin, near the Jefferson Memorial. The event was held in celebration of a gift, by the Japanese government, of 3,020 trees to the US government for planting along Washington's Potomac River.
 (HN, 3/27/98)(MC, 3/27/02)

1912  Mar 29, The U.S. sent rifles to the Mexican ambassador in Mexico City and readied U.S. ships to transport troops to fight the rebels.
 (HN, 3/29/98)
1912  Mar 29, Capt. Robert F. Scott, British pole explorer, storm-bound in a tent near South Pole, made a last entry in his diary: "the end cannot be far."
 (MC, 3/29/02)

1912  Mar, The Univ. of Michigan Board of Regents voted to accept specific color shades of maize and azure blue as filed by Professor Warren P. Lombard.
 (MT, Fall ‘96, p.11)

1912  Apr 2, Titanic underwent sea trials under its own power.
 (MC, 4/2/02)
1912  Apr 2, Sun Yet Sen formed the Kuomintang-Party in China.
 (MC, 4/2/02)

1912  Apr 4, A Chinese republic was proclaimed in Tibet.
 (MC, 4/4/02)

1912  Apr 6, The electric starter 1st appeared in cars.
 (MC, 4/6/02)

1912  Apr 8, Sonja Henie (d.1969), ice skater, actress (Olympic-gold-1928,32,36), was born in Oslo, Norway. Henie won 10 consecutive world championships.
 (MC, 4/8/02)(SSFC, 10/5/03, Par p.2)
1912  Apr 8, Steamers collided in Nile, drowning 200.
 (MC, 4/8/02)

1912  Apr 10, The 66,000 ton RMS Titanic left port from Southampton, England, on its ill-fated maiden voyage with 2,223 people.
 (SFC, 7/5/96, PM, p.16)(SFEC, 12/8/96, BR p.6)(AP, 4/10/97)
1912  Apr 10, The first wireless transmission was received on an airplane.
 (HN, 4/10/98)

1912  Apr 12, Clara Barton (b.1821), the founder of the American Red Cross, died at her home in Glen Echo, Maryland at age 90.
 (HNPD, 12/26/98)(MC, 4/12/02)

1912  Apr 13, Royal Flying Corps formed (later RAF).
 (MC, 4/13/02)

1912  Apr 14, The British liner Titanic, on her maiden voyage and hailed as ‘the unsinkable ship,’  collided with an iceberg in the North Atlantic and began sinking.
 (AP, 4/14/97)(HN, 4/14/99)

1912  Apr 15, Kim Il Sung, North Korea's communist founder and leader (1948-1994), was born.
 (AP, 7/8/97)(WSJ, 6/26/97, p.A14)(SSFC, 3/17/02, p.A22)
1912  Apr 15, At 2:20 a.m., two hours and 40 minutes after impact, the luxury liner RMS Titanic sank in the North Atlantic Ocean off Newfoundland with the loss of about 1,522 lives. About 1,500 [1517] people died. Because there were lifeboats for only half those on board, only 705 passengers and crew survived the disaster. Among the survivors was J. Bruce Ismay, president of the White Star Line, who telegraphed his New York office, "Deeply regret advise you Titanic sank this morning after collision with iceberg, resulting in serious loss of life. Full particulars later." Nearly a third of the passengers died. By 1996 only 8 were still alive. The ship’s band played the waltz "Songe d’Automne" as it sank. The accident killed 1,523 [1503] people and 705 survived. Nearly 60% of the first-class passengers survived. There were 214 staff members of the 685 survivors. The last night on the ship was described by Rick Archbold and Dana McCauley in their book: "Last Dinner on the Titanic." The steamer Carpathia rescued 705 of the 2,358 people onboard. In 1955 Walter Lord (d.2002) authored "A Night To Remember." Prof. Steven Biel of Brandeis Univ. wrote "A Cultural History of the Titanic" in 1997.
 (AP, 4/15/97)(SFC, 7/5/96, PM, p.16)(SFC, 9/22/96, Par p.25)(WSJ, 4/9/97, p.A1)(SFC, 4/14/97, p.E8)(SFC, 4/19/97, p.A3)(SFEC,12/797, DB p.37) (HNPD, 4/15/99)(SFC, 5/21/02, p.A21)

1912  Apr 16, Harriet Quimby became the first woman to fly solo across the English Channel.
 (AP, 4/16/97)

1912  Apr 19, Glenn T. Seaborg, first head of Atomic Energy Commission, was born. He won a Nobel Prize in 1951 for co-discovering Plutonium.
 (HN, 4/19/97)(MC, 4/19/02)

1912  Apr 20, Bram Stoker, Irish theater manager, writer (Dracula), died.
 (MC, 4/20/02)

1912  Apr 21, Marcel Camus, French film director (Black Orpheus), was born.
 (HN, 4/21/01)

1912  Apr 25, Gladys L. Presley, mother of Elvis Presley, was born.
 (HN, 4/25/98)

1912  Apr 28, Odette Hallowes, British secret agent in France, was born. He was later captured and tortured by the Gestapo.
 (HN, 4/28/99)

1912  Apr 30, Eve Arden (Eunice Quedens), actress, was born.
 (HN, 4/30/01)

1912  Apr, The Arthur Conan Doyle novel "The Lost World" began running in serial form in The Strand magazine.
 (PacDisc. Spring/’96, p.18)

1912  May 2, Axel Springer, German newspaper magnate, was born.
 (MC, 5/2/02)

1912  May 3, May Sarton, poet and writer, was born.
 (HN, 5/3/01)

1912  May 5, The Soviet Communist Party newspaper Pravda began publishing. Iosif Vissarionovich Dzhugashvili took the name Stalin, meaning "man of steel," about the time he helped found the Russian Communist newspaper Pravda.  Stalin specialized in writing about national minorities in Russia and went on to become editor of Pravda.
 (HN, 5/5/98)(HN, 12/21/98)(HNQ, 4/6/00)

1912  May 7, Columbia University approved plans for awarding the Pulitzer Prize in several categories. The award was established by Joseph Pulitzer.
 (MC, 5/7/02)

1912  May 11, Phil Silvers, comedian and actor, was born. He stared on TV's "Sergeant Bilko."
 (HN, 5/11/99)

1912  May 13, Gil Evans, jazz pianist and composer, was born.
 (HN, 5/13/01)
1912  May 13,  The Royal Flying Corps was established in England. It was the predecessor of the Royal Air Force.
 (SS, Internet, 5/13/97)(HN, 5/13/99)

1912  May 14, Johan August Strindberg (b.1849), Swedish novelist, dramatist and essayist, died. In 1985 Michael Meyer authored a Strindberg biography.
 (WUD, 1994 p.1407)(SFC, 8/10/00, p.D2)(MC, 5/14/02)

1912  May 15, Ty Cobb rushed a heckler at a NY Highlander game and was suspended.
 (MC, 5/15/02)

1912  May 16, Studs Terkel American author, was born. He wrote The 'Good War.' "Take it easy, but take it."
 (AP, 5/16/98)(HN, 5/16/99)

1912  May 17, Archibald Cox was born. He was the special prosecutor in the Watergate hearings who was fired by President Richard Nixon.
 (HN, 5/17/99)

1912  May 18, Richard Brooks, director (Blackboard Jungle, In Cold Blood), was born in Philadelphia, PA.
 (SC, 5/18/02)
1912  May 18, Georg von Opel, German auto manufacturer, was born.
 (SC, 5/18/02)
1912  May 18, Maurits Binger established 2 Dutch movie companies.
 (SC, 5/18/02)

1912  May 20, Joseph Proce, 3rd victim of NYC's Zodiac killer, was born.
 (MC, 5/20/02)

1912  May 25, Eddie Maxwell, singer (Yes We Have No Bananas), was born.
 (SC, 5/25/02)

1912  May 27, John Cheever (d1982), Pulitzer Prize winning writer was born. His work included "The Wapshot Chronicle" and "The World of Apples."
 (BS, 5/3/98, p.13E)(HN, 5/27/01)

1912  May 28, Patrick White, Australian writer (The Tree of Man, The Eye of the Storm), was born.
 (HN, 5/28/01)

1912  May 29, John Hanlo, Dutch poet (Go to the Mosque), was born.
 (SC, 5/29/02)
1912  May 29, Curtis Publishing fired 15 young women for dancing the "Turkey Trot" during their lunch break.
 (SC, 5/29/02)

1912  May 30, U.S. Marines were sent to Nicaragua to protect American interests.
 (HN, 5/30/99)
1912  May 30, Wilbur Wright (b.1867), aeronautical inventor, died of a typhoid infection.
 (WUD, 1994, p.1647)(ON, SC, p.4)

1912  May, The first US feature film, Oliver Twist, was released.
 (SFC, 9/17/96, p.A22)

1912   May, Albanians rose against the Ottoman authorities and seized Shkup (Skopje, Macedonia).
 (www, Albania, 1998)

1912  Jun 4, Massachusetts passed the 1st US minimum wage law.
 (MC, 6/4/02)

1912  Jun 5, US marines invaded Cuba (3rd time).
 (MC, 6/5/02)

1912  Jun 6, In Alaska Mount Katmai volcano exploded. Crops withered across Canada and the US that summer under skies shrouded with volcanic ash.
 (Hem, 4/96, p.78)

1912  Jun 7, US army tested the 1st machine gun mounted on a plane.
 (SC, 6/7/02)
1912  Jun 7, Pope Pius X issued the encyclical: "On the Indians of South America."
 (SC, 6/7/02)

1912  Jun 17, Wessel Couzijn, sculptor, cartoonist (Auschwitz-monument), was born.
 (MC, 6/17/02)
1912  Jun 17, The German Zeppelin SZ 111 burned in its hanger in Friedrichshafen.
 (HN, 6/17/98)

1912  Jun 18, Glen Morris, Olympic champion, actor (Tarzan), was born in MO.
 (MC, 6/18/02)

1912  Jun 19, A new labor law is passed by Congress, extending the 8-hour working day to all workers under federal contract.
 (DTnet, 6/19/97)

1912  Jun 21, Mary McCarthy, American novelist whose works include "Memories of Catholic Girlhood" and "The Group," was born.
 (HN, 6/21/98)

1912  Jun 23, Alan M. Turing (d.1954), English mathematician and pioneer of computer theory, was born. He cracked the Enigma code in World War II that was used by the Germans to communicate with their submarines. A play by Hugh Whitemore titled "Breaking the Code," tells his story. It was shown as a TV film on Masterpiece Theater in 1997.
 (V.D.-H.K.p.349)(SFC, 1/31/97, p.D3)(HN, 6/23/01)

1912  Jun 24, Norman Cousins (d.1990), editor of the Saturday Review, was born. He wrote "Anatomy of an Illness as Perceived by the Patient."  "History is an accumulation of error."
 (AP, 4/22/97)(HN, 6/24/99)

1912  Jun 26, Gustav Mahler's 9th Symphony premiered in Vienna.
 (MC, 6/26/02)

1912  Jun 27, Audrey Christie, actress (Dorothy-Fair Exchange), was born in Chicago, Ill.
 (SC, 6/27/02)

1912  Jun 28, Sergiu Celibidache, Romanian conductor, was born.
 (MC, 6/28/02)
1912  Jun 28, Karl F. von Weisacker, German physicist, philosopher, was born.
 (MC, 6/28/02)

1912  Jun 29, John Toland, US political writer (Adolf Hitler, Rising Sun, Pulitzer 1971), was born.
 (MC, 6/29/02)

1912  Jun 30, Belgian workers struck to demand universal suffrage.
 (HN, 6/30/98)

1912  Jul 1, Drama critic Harriet Quimby (28) took a passenger up in her new Blériot monoplane from Boston to fly over Dorchester Bay at the Harvard-Boston Aviation Meet. As she descended for landing, the plane went into a dive and, without seat belts, she and her passenger were thrown out into the shallow water of the bay, where they struck the muddy bottom and were crushed to death. Quimby was the first licensed woman pilot in the United States. Her interest in flight was piqued at an aviation meet in 1910. Quimby promoted aviation for women and once wrote, "In my opinion, there is no reason why the aeroplane should not open up a fruitful occupation for women."
 (HNPD, 7/31/98)(ON, 1/00, p.11)

1912  Jul 3, Elizabeth Taylor, novelist and short story writer, was born.
 (HN, 7/3/01)

1912  Jul 4, Detroit Tiger George Mullen no-hits St Louis Browns, 7-0.
 (Maggio, 98)
1912  Jul 4, Jack Johnson TKOd Jim Flynn in 9 for heavyweight boxing title.
 (Maggio, 98)

1912  Jul 15, British National Health Insurance Act went into effect.
 (MC, 7/15/02)

1912  Jul 16, A Naval torpedo, launched from an airplane, was patented by B.A. Fiske.
 (MC, 7/16/02)

1912  Jul 17, Art Linkletter, radio and television personality, was born.
 (HN, 7/17/98)

1912  Jul 14, Woodrow Wilson "Woody" Guthrie, American folk singer, was born. Woody Guthrie (d.1967) was born in Okemah, Okla.
 (HN, 7/14/98)(SFC, 11/27/98, p.C11)

1912  Jul 25, The Comoros were proclaimed to be French colonies.
 (SC, 7/25/02)

1912  Jul 31, Milton Friedman, Nobel Prize winning economist (1976), was born. He became the premier spokesman for the monetarist school of economics. He argued that changes in money supply precede changes in the overall economic conditions. He argued that all social welfare programs should be replaced with a negative income tax. He held that there was a natural rate of unemployment that depended on the given economic structure.
 (HN, 7/31/98)(WSJ, 1/11/99, p.R20)

1912  Aug 7, The Progressive Party nominated Theodore Roosevelt for president. Ex-President Theodore Roosevelt had stormed the Republican convention but failed to wrest the nomination from William Howard Taft. He then founded his own, short-lived, Progressive Party. The party split allowed Taft to win the election.
 (WSJ, 6/5/96, p.A12)(AP, 8/7/97)(SFEC, 3/5/00, p.D8)

1912  Aug 11, Moroccan Sultan Mulai Hafid abdicated his throne in the face of internal dissent. Most of the country became a French protectorate with Spain taking the northern fifth.
 (HN, 8/10/98)(SFEC, 7/25/99, p.T11)(AP, 5/17/03)

1912  Aug 13, Ben Hogan, American golfer, was born.
 (HN, 8/13/00)

1912  Aug 15, Julia Child, American chef and television personality, was born as Julia Carolyn McWilliams in Pasadena, Calif. Her 90th B-day party was held in SF on Aug 1, 2002.
 (SFEC, 9/28/97, BR p.5)(SFC, 10/20/99, Z1p.4)(HN, 8/15/00)(MC, 8/15/02)(SFCM, 9/1/02, p.33)

1912  Aug 23, Gene Kelly, dancer and actor who starred in "An American in Paris" and "Singing in the Rain," was born in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, as Eugene Curan. Kelly debuted on Broadway in 1938 musical "Pal Joey" and in the film "For Me and My Gal" four years later
 (HN, 8/23/98)(MC, 8/23/02)

1912  Aug 24, By an act of Congress, Alaska was given a territorial legislature of two houses.
 (HN, 8/24/98)

1912  Aug 27, Edgar Rice Burroughs’s "Tarzan of the Apes" first appeared in a magazine. Burroughs (d. 1950 at 74) wrote "Tarzan of the Apes" for The All-Story Magazine and received $700.
 (SDUT, 6/6/97, p.E2)(SFEC, 5/9/99, Par p.8)(HN, 8/27/00)

1912  Aug 31, Ramon Vinay, operatic tenor and baritone, was born.
 (MC, 8/31/01)

1912  Sep 3, World's 1st cannery opened in England to supply food to the navy.
 (MC, 9/3/01)

1912  Sep 4, Alexander Liberman, editor, painter and photographer (639), was born.
 (MC, 9/4/01)

1912  Sep 5, John Cage (d.1992), inventive composer, writer, philosopher, and artist, was born. [2nd source says Sep 15] "The highest purpose is to have no purpose at all."
 (HN, 9/5/98)(SFC, 12/27/99, p.E3)(AP, 6/20/00)

1912  Sep 7, French aviator Roland Garros set an altitude record of 13,200 feet.
 (HN, 9/7/98)

1912  Sep 9, Kurt Sanderling, conductor (E Berlin Symph 1960-77), was born in Arys, Germany.
 (MC, 9/9/01)

1912  Sep 10, J. Vedrines became the first pilot to break 100 m.p.h. barrier.
 (HN, 9/10/98)

1912  Sep 14, The United States government notified Nicaragua that it would protect American lives and property there and uphold the government against rebels.
 (MC, 9/14/01)

1912  Sep 15, War between Turkey & Montenegro broke out in Albania.
 (MC, 9/15/01)

1912  Sep 21, Chuck Jones, animator and director of Warner Brothers cartoons Bugs Bunny and Daffy Duck, was born.
 (HN, 9/21/00)(MC, 9/21/01)

1912  Sep 23, Mack Sennett's first Keystone Cops short subject "Cohen collects a Debt", a split-reel of two comedies starring Mabel Normand and Ford Sterling, was released.
 (AP, 9/23/97)(HN, 9/23/01)

1912  Sep 27, W C Handy published "Memphis Blues," the 1st Blues Song. [see Sep 28]
 (MC, 9/27/01)

1912  Sep 28, W.C. Handy’s "Memphis Blues" was published. It was the first published blues composition. [see Sep 27]
 (HN, 9/28/98)(SFC, 12/27/99, p.E3)
1912  Sep 28, The SS Kichemaru disappeared in a storm off the Japanese coast and 1,000 died.
 (MC, 9/28/01)

1912  Oct 4, Gen. Zeledon, Nicaraguan opponent of US occupation, was executed.
 (MC, 10/4/01)

1912  Oct 8, Montenegro declared war on Turkey, beginning  Balkan War.
 (MC, 10/8/01)

1912  Oct 14, Theodore Roosevelt, former president and the Bull Moose Party candidate, was shot at close range by anarchist William Schrenk while greeting the public in front of the Hotel Gilpatrick in Milwaukee while campaigning for the presidency. He was saved by the papers in his breast pocket and still managed to give a 90 minute address in Milwaukee after requesting his audience to be quiet because "there is a bullet in my body." Schrenk was captured and uttered the now famous words  "any man looking for a third term ought to be shot."
 (WSJ, 8/5/96, p.A10)(AP, 10/14/97)(WSJ, 8/5/96, p.A10)(HN, 10/14/98)(MC, 10/14/01)

1912  Oct 17, John Paul I, [Albino Luciano], 263rd Roman Catholic pope (1978), was born.
 (MC, 10/17/01)
1912  Oct 17, Bulgaria, Greece and Serbia declared war on Turkey. [see Oct 18]
 (MC, 10/17/01)

1912  Oct 18, The First Balkan War broke out between the members of the Balkan League-- Serbia, Bulgaria, Greece and Montenegro--and the Ottoman Empire. A small Balkan War broke out and was quelled by the major powers. Albanian nationalism spurred repeated revolts against Turkish dominion and resulted in the First Balkan War in which the Turks were driven out of much of the Balkan Peninsula. Austria-Hungary’s 1908 annexation of Bosnia and Herzegovina spurred Serbian efforts to form the Balkan alliance with its neighbors.  As a result of the war on Turkey, Serbia doubled its territory with the award of Northern Macedonia. Albanian leaders affirmed Albania as an independent state.
 (V.D.-H.K.p.290)(CO, Grolier’s/ Albania)(HN, 10/18/98)(HNQ, 3/27/99)(www, Albania, 1998)

1912  Oct 21, Georg Solti, conductor (Fidelio), was born in Budapest, Hungary.
 (MC, 10/21/01)

1912  Oct 26, By an executive order Delaware was represented by the first star and Delaware was represented by the top stripe of the American flag. Delaware was the first of the 13 colonies to ratify the Constitution, on Dec. 7, 1787. It was thus assigned the top of the 13 stripes and the first of the then 48 stars by an executive order signed by President William Howard Taft. Each subsequent stripe was then assigned to the colonies in the order in which they ratified the Constitution. The first 13 stars (from left to right) also represent the order in which the colonies ratified, and are then followed by the rest of the states in the order in which they were admitted into the Union.
 (HNQ, 1/6/00)

1912  Oct 28, Richard Doll, English epidemiologist, was born. He established a link between tobacco smoke and cancer.
 (HN, 10/28/00)

1912  Oct, A film of "Richard III" directed by James Keane with Frederick Warde was the 2nd feature film produced in the US. A complete copy was discovered in 1996. It came 5 months after the first feature, a version of "Oliver Twist," released in May.
 (SFC, 9/17/96, p.A22)

1912  Nov 3, Alfredo Stroessner, dictator of Paraguay (1954-89), was born.
 (MC, 11/3/01)
1912  Nov 3, The first all metal plane was flown near Issy, France, by pilots Ponche and Prinard.
 (HN, 11/3/98)

1912  Nov 5, Democrat Woodrow Wilson was elected the 28th president, defeating Progressive Republican Theodore Roosevelt and incumbent Republican William Howard Taft. Wilson had served as the president of Princeton Univ.
 (I&I, Penzias, p.216)(AP, 11/5/97)(HN, 11/5/98)(WSJ, 2/8/99, p.A21)
1912  Nov 5, Arizona, Wisconsin and Kansas granted women the right to vote.
 (HN, 11/5/98)
1912  Nov 5, Bulgarian troops in Constantinople blockaded drinking water.
 (MC, 11/5/01)

1912  Nov 6, Mykola Vytalyevich Lysenko (70), composer, died.
 (MC, 11/6/01)

1912  Nov 11, Joseph Wieniawski (75), composer, died.
 (MC, 11/11/01)

1912  Nov 12, Robert Scott's diary and dead body were found in Antarctica.
 (MC, 11/12/01)

1912  Nov 14, Barbara Hutton, heiress (Woolworth), was born.
 (MC, 11/14/01)

1912  Nov 18, Cholera broke out in Constantinople.
 (HN, 11/18/98)

1912  Nov 24, Garson Kanin, writer and director, was born. His work included "Born Yesterday."
 (HN, 11/24/00)
1912  Nov 24, Austria denounced Serbian gains in the Balkans; Russia and France backed Serbia while Italy and Germany backed Austria.
 (HN, 11/24/98)

1912  Nov 25, Johannes D. De Jong, Frisian poet and photographer (Kar £t twa), was born.
 (MC, 11/25/01)
1912  Nov 25, American College of Surgeons incorporated in Springfield, Ill.
 (MC, 11/25/01)

1912  Nov 26, Eric Sevareid, American broadcast journalist, was born.
 (HN, 11/26/98)
1912  Nov 26, Eugene Ionesco, dramatist (Rhinoceros), was born in Slatina, Romania. [see Nov 13 and Nov 26, 1909]
 (WUD, 1994 p.750)(MC, 11/26/01)

1912  Nov 27, David Merrick, [Margulois], Broadway producer (Hello Dolly), was born in Hong Kong.
 (MC, 11/27/01)

1912  Nov 30, Gordon Parks, filmmaker and photographer, was born.
 (HN, 11/30/98)

1912  Nov, Albanian delegates at Vlora declared the independence of Albania and established a provisional government.
 (www, Albania, 1998)

1912  Dec 1, Minoru Yamasaki, architect (World Trade Center, NY), was born.
 (MC, 12/1/01)

1912  Dec 2, Henry Armstrong, the only boxer to hold three titles simultaneously, was born.
 (HN, 12/2/98)

1912  Dec 3, Turkey, Serbia, Montenegro, Greece & Bulgaria signed a weapons pact.
 (MC, 12/3/01)

1912  Dec 5, Italy, Austria, and Germany renewed the Triple Alliance for six years.
 (HN, 12/5/98)

1912  Dec 9, Thomas P. "Tip" O’Neill, Speaker of the House of Representatives, was born.
 (HN, 12/9/98)

1912  Dec 12, Henry Armstrong, American boxer, was born.
 (HN, 12/12/98)

1912  Dec 14, Louis Botha resigned as South Africa's premier.
 (AP, 12/14/02)

1912  Dec 18, In the famous Piltdown Man Forgery amateur archaeologist Charles Dawson announced the discovery of two skulls from the Piltdown Quarry in Sussex, England. They appeared to belong to a primitive hominid and ancestor of man. Also found was a canine tooth, a tool carved from an elephant's tusk, and fossil teeth from a number of prehistoric animals. Dawson enlisted the help of vertebrate paleontologist Arthur Smith Woodward. They christened it Eoanthropus dawsoni and on this day they announced their find to the Geological Society of London. A 1996 book "Unraveling Piltdown" by John Evangelist Walsh labeled Dawson as the perpetrator of the hoax. The missing link was later determined to be only 600 years old. The fossils had been doctored to look and test to be older. [see 1908, 1913, 1953, 1955 & 1983]
 (PacDisc, Spring ‘96, p.15)(SFEC, 9/22/96, BR p.9)(MC, 12/18/01)

1912  Dec 20, J. Hartley Manners' "Peg O' My Heart" premiered in NYC.
 (MC, 12/20/01)

1912  Dec 22, Claudia "Lady Bird" Johnson, wife of President Lyndon Baines Johnson, was born.
 (HN, 12/22/98)

1912  Dec 23, The 1st "Keystone Kops" film, titled "Hoffmeyer's Legacy," was produced.
 (MC, 12/23/01)
1912  Dec 23, The Aswan Dam in Egypt began operation.
 (MC, 12/23/01)

1912  Dec 25, Italy landed troops in Albania to protect its interests during a revolt there.
 (HN, 12/25/98)

1912  Dec, Ambassadorial conference opened in London and discussed Albania's fate.
 (www, Albania, 1998)

1912  Charles Samuel Adams, American cartoonist of the Macabre, was born.
 (AHD, 1971, p.14)

1912  Dr. Barnes went to Paris a tried to buy the prize Picasso paintings held by Gertrude Stein. She declined to sell. [see 1872-1951, Barnes]
 (Civil., Jul-Aug., ‘95, p.84)

1912  Arthur G. Dove painted his pastel on canvas: "Plant Forms."
 (WSJ, 4/9/98, p.A21)

1912  Marcel Duchamp (1887-1968), French painter, painted his "Nude Descending a Staircase, No.2." It caused a sensation at the 1913 Armory Show.
 (WSJ, 12/2/96, p.A16)

1912  Piet Mondrian made his semi-abstract "Flowering Trees."
 (SFC, 10/4/97, p.E1)

1912  Picasso added a found commercial object to one of his paintings and created the first collage.
 (WSJ, 8/11/98, p.A16)

1912  Egon Schiele, Austrian expressionist, painted "Portrait of Wally."
 (SFC, 1/9/98, p.A7)

1912  John Singer Sargent painted "Spanish Fountain."
 (WSJ, 12/4/97, p.A20)

c1912  E.J. Bellocq, photographer, made 89 glass negatives of prostitutes in the Storyville district of New Orleans. They were published in 1996 in the book: "Bellocq: Photographs from Storyville" with text by John Szarkowski.
 (SFEC, 10/6/96, BR p.6)

1912  American poet Robert Frost and his family moved to England because he could not find a publisher for his poems in the United States. He was greatly admired by the English poets. He returned to the United States three years later, and became one of the country's most important poets, receiving four Pulitzer Prizes for his poetry. In 1961, John F. Kennedy invited Frost to read a poem at his inauguration.
 (HNQ, 12/27/98)

1912  Thomas Mann wrote his novella "Death in Venice." In 1971 it was made into a film by Luchino Visconti.
 (WSJ, 12/26/95, p. A-5)(SFEC, 4/6/97, DB p.55)

1912  Harriet Monroe, former Chicago Tribune art critic, founded the monthly Poetry Magazine. In 2002 Ruth Lilly (87), great-grandchild of Eli Lilly, gave the magazine a $100 million endowment.
 (SFC, 11/19/02, p.A3)

1912  H.G. Wells wrote his novel "Marriage."
 (WSJ, 11/21/96, p.B12)

1912  Edith Wharton authored her novel "The Reef."
 (SSFC, 1/14/01, BR p.8)

1912  The book "Sinking of the Titanic: The World’s Greatest Sea Disaster," was published.
 (SFC, 9/30/98, Z1 p.3)

1912  Vaslav Nijinsky created the ballet "Afternoon of a Faun."
 (SFC, 12/27/99, p.E3)

1912  Buddy Gilmore, drummer with the Jim Europe Band, established drummers in the dance music of the era. The group recorded on Victor Records. His work was later described in the biography "A Life in Ragtime" by Reid Badger.
 (SFEM, 10/5/97, p.9)

1912  The song "Ragtime Cowboy Joe" was written.
 (BAAC, 8/97, p.1)

1912  Frieda (von Richthofen) Weekley left her husband and three children after 12 years of marriage to live with D.H. Lawrence. She was 32, the daughter of a Prussian baron from Metz, and Lawrence was 26, a collier’s son, who was seeking a lecturing position from Earnest Weekley, his former English teacher.
 (WSJ, 5/15/95, p. A-16)

1912  Gertrude Stein went to Avila, Spain, and was inspired to a new style of writing.
 (WSJ, 2/1/96, p.A-16)

1912  The Imperial Theater in Montreal, Canada, was built.
 (WSJ, 9/5/96, p.A14)

1912  The SF carousel in Golden Gate Park was crafted by dedicated blacksmiths. it underwent restoration in the 1980s.
 (SFC, 12/28/96, p.A24)

1912  Harriet Pullman Carolan and her husband Francis purchased 554 acres in Hillsborough, CA., and proceeded with plans to build a mansion inspired by the 17th century French châteaux, Vaux le Vicomte. The 98-room mansion, the Carolands Chateau, was completed in 1915, but the couple separated in 1917 and she seldom visited. By 1997 it was falling into disrepair and plans were proposed to turn it into a 15-unit condo.
 (SFC, 8/19/97, p.A13,17)

1912  Baseball stadiums Fenway Park in Boston and Tiger Stadium in Detroit were built.
 (SFC, 7/21/96, zone 1 p.6)(SFEC, 8/28/98, p.T4)

1912  Chicago meatpackers built Market Square. It is listed on the National Register of Historic Places as the first planned shopping center in the US.
 (Hem., 7/96, p.26)

1912  Prizes were added to boxes of Cracker Jacks. [see Feb 19, 1913]
 (HFA, ‘96, p.67)(SFC, 7/29/98, Z1 p.23)(AH, 10/01, p.34)

1912  A young George S. Patton was a 5th place finisher in a Military Pentathlon.
 (WSJ, 7/23/96, p.A6)

1912  At the Stockholm Olympics Native American Jim Thorpe won gold medals in the decathlon and pentathlon.
 (HT, 4/97, p.18)

1912  Alexis Carrel (b.1873), French surgeon and biologist, won a Nobel Prize for the development of blood vessel suture technique.
 (HN, 6/28/99)(MC, 6/28/02)
1912  Gerhart Hauptmann (b.1862), German author (Before Dawn) won the Nobel Prize in Literature.
 (MC, 11/15/01)

1912  The US banned the drink absinthe.
 (WSJ, 12/24/96, p.A6)

1912  The Supreme Court in Cincinnati vs. Louisville & N.R. Co. extended the concept of eminent domain to include intangibles, including "a charter, or any kind of contract."
 (Wired, 10/96, p.133)

1912  The 1912-1913 "Money Trust" investigations were spearheaded by Wall Street lawyer-turned-reformer Samuel Untermeyer.
 (WSJ, 8/1/03, p.W10)

1912  The Radio Act of this year was the first US law to license operators.
 (SFC, 12/27/99, p.E3)

1912  Dr. Rupert Blue at age 45 became the US Surgeon General and served under 2 presidents to 1920. He had led the bubonic plagued eradication program in SF between 1901-1908.
 (ON, 1/00, p.7)

1912  Helena Rubinstein, following her success in Australia and London opened a beauty salon in Paris.
 (SFEM, 8/23/98, p.29)

1912  The 1st neon sign illuminated the Palais Coiffeur, a Parisian beauty shop.
 (SFEC, 8/13/00, p.T6)

1912  AT&T engineers produced the vacuum tube and made possible Theodore Vail’s prediction of transcontinental phone service by 1914. High power vacuum tubes were used to amplify voice signals over electric noise.
 (I&I, Penzias, p.215)(SFEC,12/14/97, p.A12)

1912  The 42-ton Dixiana No. 1 Shay steam engine at Roaring Camp, Ca., was built.
 (SFC, 5/12/96, p.T-3)

1912  On the West Coast maritime Radio PH had its transmitter relocated from SF to Bolinas and its receiver to Tomales Bay under the Marconi Co.
 (SFC, 7/1/97, p.A14)

1912  Du Pont was forced to give up a big piece of its explosives business due to government trust busting but kept its military line and became the chief supplier to the Allies in WW I.
 (WSJ, 1/11/99, p.R46)

1912  The Hearst Corp. acquired Harper's Bazaar fashion magazine, and Motor Boating and Sailing magazine.
 (SFC, 8/7/99, p.A9)

1912  Standard Oil established America’s first gas station in Cincinnati.
 (F, 10/7/96, p.67)

1912  Standard Cordage Co. was liquidated.
 (WSJ, 5/28/96, p.R46)

1912  Harry C. Heath (d.1962) invented a new siren capable of an instant blast. It was refereed to as the 1st-ever electric siren. A Heath-designed siren was used in the SF Ferry Building from 1918-1972.
 (SFC, 11/23/01, p.A22)

1912  The synthetic resin PVC, polyvinyl chloride, was first produced.
 (SFC, 8/5/98, Z1 p.3)

1912  Alfred Wegener, German scientist, suggested that the continents had drifted to their present positions from the break-up of a single primeval super-continent. He said that the break up of Pangaea came at the end of the Mesozoic era.
 (DD-EVTT, p.22,189)

1912  Casimir Funk, a Polish-American scientist, suggested that dietary deficiencies in substances that he named "vitamins" might cause such diseases as beriberi, rickets, pellagra, sprue and others.
 (MT, Fall ‘96, p.4)

1912  Chemists in Europe introduced MDMA, a euphoria-producing psychedelic, as a potential appetite suppressant. It was later known as "ecstasy."
 (SFEC, 8/6/00, p.A1)

1912  The 25,000 acre National Elk Refuge was established outside of Jackson Hole, Wyoming.
 (SSFC, 1/6/02, p.C7)

1912  California farmers in the wet lowlands of the Sacramento Valley began raising rice, a Japanese variety imported from Texas.
 (SFC, 5/22/96, zz-1)

1912  The U of Mich. established a separate graduate school that in 1935 was named for Horace H. Rackham for a financial contribution.
 (MT, Fall. ‘97, p.19)

1912  The College Art Association of art teachers and art scholars began holding annual conferences.
 (WSJ, 3/13/00, p.A44)

1912  Grasshoppers swept across Tulsa, Okla. People raked them up and sold them as chicken feed.
 (SFC, 5/23/98, p.C3)

1912  The mitten crab was first identified in Europe.
 (Pac. Disc., summer, ‘96, p.6)

1912  Katmai volcano in southwest Alaska erupted. E.G. Zeis later studied the volcanic gases emitted from the volcano for years after the eruption and measured significant quantities of hydrogen fluoride, one of the chemicals said to cause depletion of ozone. Scientists visited the site in 1914 and dubbed it: "The Valley of Ten Thousand Smokes."
 (WSJ, 1/12/95, A-17)

1912  Charles Franklin Kettering (1876-1958) died. As president of Delco he introduced the electric-starter in 1912, one of many inventions that he pioneered. The electric starter was first introduced on the 1912 Cadillac.
 (WSJ, 6/19/96, Adv. Supl)

1912  General William Booth (b.1829), the founder and leader of the Salvation Army, died.
 (HNQ, 3/13/00)

1912  Karl May (b.1842), German author of US Western novels, died. A third of his 80 books were set in the American West and included "Son of the Bear Hunter," "The Spirit of Llano Estacado" and the 4 Winnetou novels.
 (WSJ, 4/4/01, p.A1)

1912  A small Balkan War broke out and was quelled by the major powers. Albanian nationalism spurred repeated revolts against Turkish dominion and resulted in the First Balkan War in which the Turks were driven out of much of the Balkan Peninsula.
 (V.D.-H.K.p.290)(Compuserve Online, Grolier’s Amer. Acad. Enc./ Albania)

1912  In Belgium Jean Neuhaus Jr. took an empty chocolate shell and filled it with rich creations developed by his pharmacist granddad and perfected by his father. Thus was born the praline.
 (SFEC, 9/15/96, p.T9)

1912  In Canada the 1st Calgary Stampede began as a rodeo organized by American Guy Weadick, a trick roper.
 (SFEC, 6/25/00, p.T11)

1912  In France the Archbishop of Paris stated that "Christians must not tango."
 (SFEC,11/30/97, Z1 p.3)

1912  German psychologist William Stern introduced the term "intelligence quotient" and abbreviation "IQ."
 (WSJ, 7/18/97, p.A15)

1912  Greece acquired Crete.
 (WSJ, 3/20/97, p.A17)

1912  In Japan the Sumitomo Bank was founded.
 (WSJ, 10/15/99, p.A1)

1912  In Japan Emperor Meiji died. Under Meiji the country had moved from a pre-industrial state to a leading modern power.
 (WSJ, 8/30/00, p.A24)

1912  Pancho Villa, a former bandit, returned to Mexico from the US with a tiny band of men that he built into the "Division del Norte."
 (SFC, 5/5/99, p.A2)

1912  After the fall of the Manchu dynasty, Mongol princes, supported by tsarist Russia, declared the independence of Mongolia from China.
 (www.gobiexpeditions.com)

1912  Kim Il Sung was born in Pyongyang, N. Korea. He ruled the country from 1948 to 1994.
 (NG, Aug., 1974, H. Edward Kim, p.259)

1912  Engineers dammed the Chagres River to create the Panama Canal’s main water supply. The submerged town of Matachin ("kill the Chinese") had been named after hundreds of Chinese railway workers committed suicide over a period of several months.
 (SSFC, 10/20/02, p.C5)

1912-1913 Marc Chagall painted "The Violinist," showing a fiddler, who stands with one foot covering a Vitebsk rooftop.
 (WSJ, 5/11/95, p. A-14)

1912-1913 During the Balkan Wars the Kingdom of Greece acquired Macedonia from the Turkish Ottoman Empire.
 (SFC, 4/23/98, p.B4)

1912-1918 The US government washed its circulated paper currency and recycled it.
 (SFC, 4/4/98, p.C4)

1912-1926  The Taisho Period was named after the reign of Emperor Taisho, the father of Hirohito.
 (Jap. Enc., BLDM, p. 215)(WSJ, 1/29/02, p.A18)

1912-1930 James Rolph Jr. was the Mayor of San Francisco. Under him the first municipal railroad system in the US was built.
 (SFC, 4/14/96, EM, p.22)

1912-1938 Leopold Stokowski was the music director of the Philadelphia Orchestra.
 (Hem, 6/96, p.107)(WSJ, 2/11/99, p.A24)

1912-1976 Afro Libio Basaldella, Italian artist. He personified the progressive impulses of post WW II Italian painting.
 (SFC, 4/17/99, p.B10)

1912-1988 Ray Kaiser Eames, artist and wife of Charles Eames.
 (SFC, 6/6/96, E1)

1912-1989  Mary McCarthy, American author: "When writers come, I find I’m talking all the time, exchanging thoughts I haven’t exchanged for some time. I get stupid in solitude."
 (AP, 11/8/97)

1912-1989  Barbara Tuchman, American historian: "If power corrupts, weakness in the seat of power, with its constant necessity of deals and bribes and compromising arrangements, corrupts even more."
 (AP, 9/22/98)

1912-1992  Eric Sevareid, American news commentator: "The biggest big business in America is not steel, automobiles, or television. It is the manufacture, refinement and distribution of anxiety."
 (AP, 5/8/98)

1912-1993 William Golding, writer, received the Nobel Prize in 1983. His books include "Lord of the Flies," "Inheritors," and "Double Tongue," published posthumously in 1995.

1913  Loretta Young (d.2000), film actress, was born in Salt Lake City as Gretchen Michaela Young.
 (SFEC, 8/13/00, p.B10)

1913  Jan 9, Richard M. Nixon, 37th president of the United States and first President to resign from office, was born in Yorba Linda, Calif.
 (HN, 1/9/98)(AP, 1/9/99)

1913  Jan 11, The first sedan-type automobile, a Hudson, went on display at the 13th Automobile Show in New York.
 (AP, 1/11/99)

1913  Jan 12, Kiel and Wilhelmshaven became submarine bases in Germany.
 (HN, 1/12/99)

1913  Jan 13, Ralph Edwards, TV host (This is Your Life), was born in Merino, Colo.
 (MC, 1/13/02)

1913  Jan 15, Lloyd Bridges, actor (Sea Hunt, Roots, Airplane), was born in San Leandro, Calif.
 (MC, 1/15/02)
1913  Jan 15, The first telephone line between Berlin and New York was inaugurated.
 (HN, 1/15/99)

1913  Jan 18, Danny Kaye, UNICEF, comedian, actor, was born in Brooklyn, NY.
 (MC, 1/18/02)

1913  Jan 21, Aristide Briand formed a French government.
 (MC, 1/21/02)

1913  Jan 22, Turkey consented to the Balkan peace terms and gave up Adrianople.
 (HN, 1/22/99)

1913  Jan 23, The "Young Turks" revolted because they were angered by the concessions made at the London peace talks.
 (HN, 1/23/99)

1913  Jan 24, Mark Goodson, TV game-show producer (Goodson-Toddman), was born.
 (MC, 1/24/02)

1913  Jan 26, Jim Thorpe relinquished his 1912 Olympic medals for being a pro.
 (MC, 1/26/02)

1913  Feb 3, The 16th Amendment to the Constitution, providing for a federal income tax, was ratified. The new income tax laws included an exemption on life insurance to help widows and orphans. The 1st $3,000 was exempted. The top rate on incomes over $500,000 was 6%.
 (AP, 2/3/00)(SSFC, 7/28/02, p.A3)(WSJ, 6/4/03, p.B1)

1913  Feb 4, Rosa Lee Parks, civil rights activist, was born. Her refusal to give up her seat on a segregated bus in Alabama started the Civil Rights Movement.
 (HN, 2/4/99)

1913  Feb 6, Mary Douglas Nicol, later archaeologist and paleo-anthropologist Mary Leakey, was born in London. She met anthropologist Louis Leakey in 1933 and joined him in Kenya.
 (SFC, 12/10/96, p.A6)(HN, 2/6/01)

1913  Feb 7, Turks lost 5,000 men in a battle with the Bulgarian army in Gallipoli.
 (HN, 2/7/99)

1913  Feb 9, Leo van der Kar, masseur, businessman, founder (Sports funds), was born.
 (MC, 2/9/02)
1913  Feb 9-18, The 10 Day Tragedy of Mexico City when 3,000 died.
 (MC, 2/9/02)

1913  Feb 12, A New York commission reported that there was widespread violation of child labor laws.
 (HN, 2/12/97)

1913  Feb 13, Joaquin Miller (b.1837), known as the "poet of the Sierras," died in Oakland, Ca. His work included "Utopia" (1880). Miller was born as Cincinnatus Hiner Miller near Liberty, Indiana. His secret "California Diary" was unearthed 25 years after his death.
 (SFEM, 4/2/00, p.48)(Internet)

1913  Feb 14, Jimmy Hoffa (d.1975), Teamsters leader who disappeared, was born.
 (MC, 2/14/02)
1913  Feb 14, Mel Allen, sportscaster (voice of NY Yankees), was born in Birmingham, Alabama.
 (MC, 2/14/02)

1913  Feb 15, The 1st avant-garde art show in America opened in NYC. [see Feb 17]
 (440 Int’l., 2/15/99)

1913  Feb 17, Oskar Danon, composer, conductor, was born.
 (MC, 2/17/02)
1913  Feb 17, Rene Leibowitz, composer, conductor, was born.
 (MC, 2/17/02)
1913  Feb 17, NY Armory Show introduced Picasso, Matisse, Duchamp to US public. [see Feb 15]
 (MC, 2/17/02)

1913  Feb 18, Artur Axmann, Nazi youth leader, was born.
 (MC, 2/18/02)
1913  Feb 18, Marcel Duchamp’s painting "Nude Descending a Staircase" was displayed at the Armory Show in NYC.
 (MC, 2/18/02)

1913  Feb 19, The 1st prize was inserted into a Cracker Jack box. [see 1912]
 (MC, 2/19/02)

1913  Feb 25, Jim Backus, actor (Mr. Magoo, Thurston Howell III-Gilligan's Island), was born in Cleveland.
 (MC, 2/25/02)
1913  Feb 25, The 16th Amendment to the constitution was adopted, setting the legal basis for the income tax. The amendment, proposed by Congress at the urging of pres. Taft, established a corporate tax.
 (HN, 2/25/98)(WSJ, 3/11/98, p.A20)

1913  Feb 27, Irwin Shaw, US novelist (Rich Man Poor Man), was born.
 (MC, 2/27/02)

1913  Mar 1, The US Federal income tax took effect (16th amendment). [see Mar 8]
 (SC, 3/1/02)
1913  Mar 1, The 1st state law requiring bonding of officers and state employees was enacted in North Dakota.
 (SC, 3/1/02)

1913  Mar 3, Ida B. Wells-Barnett demonstrated for female suffrage in Washington DC.
 (SC, 3/3/02)

1913  Mar 4, Gabriel Fauré's opera "Penelope" premiered in Monte Carlo.
 (SC, 3/4/02)
1913  Mar 4, Woodrow Wilson was inaugurated as 28th President.
 (SC, 3/4/02)
1913  Mar 4, Department of Commerce & Labor was split into separate departments.
 (SC, 3/4/02)
1913  Mar 4, 1st US law regulating the shooting of migratory birds was passed.
 (SC, 3/4/02)

1913  Mar 6, Stewart Granger, actor (Saraband for Dead Lovers, Scaramouche), was born.
 (MC, 3/6/02)

1913  Mar 8, Internal Revenue Service began to levy and collect income taxes. [see Mar 1, Oct 13]
 (MC, 3/8/02)

1913  Mar 10, Harriet Tubman, abolitionist, conductor on Underground RR, died in NY.
 (MC, 3/10/02)

1913  Mar 13, William J. Casey, headed CIA during Iran Contra scandal (1981-87), was born.
 (MC, 3/13/02)
1913  Mar 13, Kansas legislature approved censorship of motion pictures.
 (MC, 3/13/02)

1913  Mar 14, John D. Rockefeller gave $100 million to Rockefeller Foundation. At this time Rockefeller’s net worth approached $900 million (about $13 billion in 1998 dollars.) He endowed the foundation with nearly $183 million.
 (WSJ, 5/8/98, p.W10)(MC, 3/14/02)

1913  Mar 15, Lewis Robert Wasserman (d.2002) was born in Cleveland. In 1946 Dr. Jules Stein (d.1981), founder of Music Corp. of America hired Lew Wasserman as director of advertising and public relations. Wasserman went on to expand the company as MCA Inc. into a major entertainment conglomerate.
 (SFC, 6/4/02, p.A18)

1913  Mar 15, President Wilson held the first open presidential news conference.
 (AP, 3/15/97)

1913  Mar 16 The 15,000-ton battleship Pennsylvania was launched at Newport News, Va.
 (HN, 3/16/98)

1913  Mar 18, Greek King George I was killed by an assassin. Constantine I was to succeed.
 (HN, 3/18/98)

1913  Mar 22, Karl Malden, actor (Mike-Streets of SF, American Express), was born in Chicago.
 (MC, 3/22/02)
1913  Mar 22, Martha Modl, German singer, soprano (Wagner), was born.
 (MC, 3/22/02)

1913  Mar 25, The home of vaudeville, the Palace Theatre, opened in New York City starring Ed Wynn.
 (AP, 3/24/98)(MC, 3/25/02)
1913  Mar 25, Great Dayton, Ohio, flood. [see Mar 25]
 (MC, 3/25/02)

1913  Mar 26, Dayton, Ohio, was almost destroyed when Scioto, Miami, and Muskingum River reached flood stage simultaneously.
 (SS, 3/26/02)
1913  Mar 26, The Balkan allies took Adrianople. Bulgaria captured Adrianople, ending the 1st Balkan War.
 (HN, 3/25/98)(SS, 3/26/02)

1913  Mar 29, The Reichstag announced a raise in taxes in order to finance the new military budget.
 (HN, 3/29/98)

1913  Mar 31, John Pierpont Morgan (75), US banker, CEO (US Steel Corp), died.
 (MC, 3/31/02)

1913  Apr 3, British suffragette Emily Pankhurst was sentenced to 3 years in jail.
 (MC, 4/3/02)

1913  Apr 7, The suffragists' marched to the Capitol in Washington, D.C. By the second decade of the 20th century, woman suffrage--women's right to vote--had become an issue of national importance in America. The growth in the numbers of American working women and the valuable contributions women made in war production during World War I further increased the suffragists' support. On August 20, 1919, the 19th Amendment to the Constitution was ratified, giving women the right to vote.
 (HNPD, 4/7/99)

1913  Apr 8, The US Seventeenth Amendment was ratified, requiring direct election of senators.
 (HN, 4/8/98)
1913  Apr 8, Opening of China's 1st parliament took place in Peking (Beijing).
 (MC, 4/8/02)

1913  Apr 9, Pancho Villa and his men stole 122 silver bars from a train in Northern Mexico. The silver was then valued at about $160,000 and in 1999 would be $2.6 million. Wells Fargo and its Mexican subsidiary arranged to buy back the silver for cash and gave Villa either $50,000 or 50,000 pesos ($25,000) in exchange for 93 of the 122 bars.
 (SFC, 5/5/99, p.A2)

1913  Apr 14, Jean Fournet, French conductor, was born.
 (MC, 4/14/02)

1913  Apr 19, California passed the Webb Bill, excluding Japanese from owning land. It was signed into law on May 19, 1913.
 (HN, 4/19/97)

1913  Apr 21, Gideon Sundback of Sweden patented the zipper. [see Apr 29]
 (MC, 4/21/02)

1913  Apr 25, Earl Bostic, alto sax player (Flamingo, Temptation), was born in Tulsa, OK.
 (SS, 4/25/02)
1913  Apr 25, Russ Conway Brandon, actor (Richard Diamond Private Eye), was born in Manitoba.
 (SS, 4/25/02)

1913  Apr 26, Mary Phagan (13) was killed at an Atlanta pencil factory. She had stopped to pick up her check on her way to Peachtree Street to see a Confederate Memorial Day Parade. Leo Frank (29), a Jewish factory manager, was falsely accused of raping and murdering the young working-class girl. The story is covered in the 1997 novel "The Old Religion" by David Mamet. In 1998 the musical "Parade" was produced based on the Frank lynching.
 (SFEC, 1/4/98, BR p.6)(WSJ, 12/22/98, p.A16)(WSJ, 6/9/00, p.A12)
1913  Apr 26, Sun Yet San called for revolt against Pres. Yuan Shikai in China.
 (MC, 4/26/02)

1913  Apr 29, Gideon Sundback of Hoboken patented an all-purpose zipper. The name was coined by B.F. Goodrich, who used it to fasten rubber galoshes. [see Apr 21]
 (HN, 4/29/98)(SFEC, 5/23/99, p.B7)

1913  May 1, Walter Susskind, conductor, was born in Prague, Czechoslovakia.
 (MC, 5/1/02)

1913  May 3, William Inge, American playwright (Picnic, Bus Stop), was born.
 (HN, 5/3/01)

1913  May 5, Tyrone Power, actor (Mark of Zorro, Alexander's Ragtime Band), was born in Cleveland.
 (MC, 5/5/02)

1913  May 6, Stewart Granger, [James Stewart], actor (Prisoner of Zenda, Scaramouche), was born in London.
 (MC, 5/6/02)

1913  May 7, British House of Commons rejected women's right to vote.
 (MC, 5/7/02)

1913  May 9, The 17th amendment to the Constitution, providing for the election of US senators by popular vote rather than selection by state legislatures, was ratified. [see May 31]
 (AP, 5/9/01)

1913  May 13, The first 4 engine aircraft was built & flown by Igor Sikorsky of Russia.
 (SS, Internet, 5/13/97)(HN, 5/13/98)

1913  May 14, Franz Hals museum opened in Haarlem, Netherlands.
 (MC, 5/14/02)

1913  May 16, Woody Herman (d.1987), jazz bandleader, was born.
 (HN, 5/16/01)

1913  May 18, Perry Como (Pierino Roland Como, d. 2001), singer, was born in Canonsburg, Pa. [maybe 1912]
 (SSFC, 5/13/01, p.A27)(SC, 5/18/02)
1913  May 18, Otto Reubke (70), composer, died.
 (SC, 5/18/02)

1913  May 19, The Webb Alien Land-Holding Bill was signed in California, excluding Japanese from owning land.
 (DTnet, 5/19/97)

1913  May 20, William Hewlett, co-founder of Hewlett-Packard Co., was born.
 (MC, 5/20/02)

1913  May 25, Joseph Peter Grace, businessman, was born.
 (SC, 5/25/02)

1913  May 26, The Actors' Equity Association was organized in NYC.
 (AP, 5/26/97)

1913  May 29, Iris Adrian, actress (Blue Hawaii, Bluebeard), was born in Los Angeles, CA.
 (SC, 5/29/02)
1913  May 29, The premier of the ballet Le Sacre du Printemps (The Rite of Spring) by Igor Stravinsky in Paris caused rioting in the theater. The orchestra was led by Pierre Monteux.
 (T&L, 10/80, p. 58)(SFEC, 8/10/97, p.B9)(HN, 5/29/01)

1913  May 30, Conclusion of the First Balkan War. The Treaty of London ended First Balkan War, and the Second Balkan War began.
 (HN, 5/30/98)(www, Albania, 1998)
1913  May 30, New country of Albania formed.
 (MC, 5/30/02)

1913  May 31, The 17th Amendment to the Constitution, providing for the popular election of U.S. senators, was declared in effect. [see May 9]
 (AP, 5/31/97)(HN, 5/31/98)

1913  Jun 2, Bert Farber, orchestra leader (Arthur Godfrey, Vic Damone), was born in  Brooklyn, NY.
 (SC, 6/2/02)
1913  Jun 2, Barbara Pym (Mary Crampton), English novelist (Less Than Angels, Quartet in Autumn), was born.
 (HN, 6/2/01)
1913  Jun 2, The 1st strike settlement mediated by US Dep't of Labor for the RR clerks.
 (SC, 6/2/02)

1913  Jun 11, Vince Lombardi, National Football League coach, was born. He coached the Greenbay Packers who won the first Super Bowl.
 (HN, 6/11/98)

1913  Jun 17, U.S. Marines set sail from San Diego to protect American interests in Mexico.
 (HN, 6/17/98)

1913  Jun 24, Greece and Serbia annulled their alliance with Bulgaria following border disputes over Macedonia and Thrace.
 (HN, 6/24/98)

1913   Jun 27, Richard Bissell, novelist and playwright, was born.
 (HN, 6/27/01)
1913   Jun 27, Willie Mosconi, professional billiards player and world champion (1941-57), was born.
 (HN, 6/27/01)(SC, 6/27/02)

1913  Jun 29, The 2nd Balkan War began. Bulgaria defeated Greek and Serbian troops. [see Jun 30]
 (MC, 6/29/02)

1913  Jun 30, Fighting broke out between Bulgaria and her ex-allies Greece and Spain, bringing on the Second Balkan War.
 (HN, 6/30/98)

1913  Jul 1, Serbia and Greece declared war on Bulgaria.
 (MC, 7/1/02)

1913  Jul 7, British House of Commons accepted Home-Rule Law.
 (MC, 7/7/02)

1913  Jul 10, A temperature of 134 degrees was recorded in Death Valley. It was the highest ever recorded in the US.
 (SFEC, 11/14/99, p.T6)(AP, 7/23/03)

1913  Jul 14, Gerald Ford, 41st vice-president and 38th president of the United States, was born as Leslie King, Jr. in Omaha, Nebraska, and achieved his highest prominence as the 38th president of the Untied States. He became president upon Richard Nixon's resignation from office. Gerald Rudolph Ford was age two when his mother divorced his father and moved to Grand Rapids, Michigan. She remarried Gerald Ford, Sr., who adopted the young boy and gave him his name. Ford assumed the presidency on August 9, 1974, upon the resignation of Richard M. Nixon.
 (HN, 7/14/99)(HNQ, 11/24/99)(MC, 7/14/02)
1913  Jul 14, Jimmy Hoffa, missing labor leader, was born.
 (MC, 7/14/02)
1913  Jul 14, Fritz Erler, German politician (SDP), was born.
 (MC, 7/14/02)

1913  Jul 18, Richard "Red" Skelton, legendary clown, was born in Vincennes, Ind. During a career that stretched through medicine shows, vaudeville, motion pictures, radio and television, the gentle Skelton created a beloved host of characters from the silent tramp Freddie the Freeloader (shown at left) to the Mean Widdle Kid, who coined the catch phrase, "I dood it!" Skelton's sentimental humor, so popular in the '40s, '50s and '60s, did not change with the times and in 1970, CBS canceled The Red Skelton Show. Skelton refused to retire, touring the college lecture circuit and painting clown faces that sold for as much as $80,000. Red Skelton died at age 84 on September 17, 1997.
 (HNPD, 7/18/98)(MC, 7/18/02)

1913  Jul 22, Licia Albanese, operatic soprano (NY Met Opera), was born in Bari, Italy.
 (MC, 7/22/02)

1913  Jul 23, The "Second Revolution" broke out in south China.
 (AP, 7/23/97)

1913  Aug 9, Herman Eugene Talmadge (d.2002), later George state governor and US Senator, was born.
 (SFC, 3/22/02, p.A27)

1913  Aug 10, The Treaty of Bucharest ended the Second Balkan War. In 1878, Bulgaria had no army. By 1913, it had one of the most formidable land forces in Europe.
 (HN, 8/10/98)

1913  Aug 12, Cantinflas (d.1993), comedian and film star, was born in Mexico City as Mario Moreno. [see Aug 12, 1911]
 (SFC, 9/17/02, p.D1)

1913  Aug 16, Menachem Begin, Israeli statesman (1977-83) and Nobel Peace Prize (1978) recipient, was born.
 (HN, 8/16/98)(MC, 8/16/02)

1913  Aug 25, Walt Kelly (d.1973), cartoonist who created the comic strip "Pogo," was born.
 (HN, 8/25/98)(SFC, 3/10/99, Z1 p.6)

1913  Aug 28, Richard Tucker, [Reuben Ticker], Tenor (NY Met Opera), was born in Brooklyn, NY.
 (MC, 8/28/01)

1913  Sep 1, George Bernard Shaw’s "Androcles and the Lion," premiered in London.
 (MC, 9/1/02)

1913  Sep 10, Lincoln Highway (US 30) opened as the 1st paved coast-to-coast highway.
 (MC, 9/10/01)

1913  Sep 11, Hedy Lamarr, actress, was born in Austria. She featured in numerous minor roles in Austro-German film prior to her 1938 Hollywood arrival and gained significant notoriety for her libidinous 10 nude scene in the Czech film 'Ecstasy' (1932).  She was cast in many romantic films including 'Samson and Delilah' and 'My Favorite Spy' "Any girl can be glamorous. All you have to do is stand still and look stupid"-- Hedy Lamarr.
 (MC, 9/11/01)

1913  Sep 13, Jesse Owens, track and field athlete, was born. He was a four-gold medal winner at the 1936 Olympic games at Berlin.
 (HFA, ‘96, p.38)(AHD, 1971, p.938)(HN, 9/12/98)

1913  Sep 14, Jacobo Guzman Arbenz, president of Guatemala (1951-54) was born. He was overthrown by the CIA. Arbenz, soldier and nationalist politician and president Guatemala, was the son of a Swiss pharmacist who emigrated to Guatemala, Arbenz joined a group of army officers that overthrew dictator Jorge Ubico in 1944. Arbenz became president with the support of army and leftists, including the Communist Party. His radical policies, especially regarding expropriation of portions of the United Fruit Company holdings, led to a U.S. backed coup in 1954 and his fleeing to Mexico. Arbenz died in 1971 in Mexico City.
 (NG, 6/1988, p.783)(NG, 10/1988, member’s forum)(HNQ, 1/14/00)(MC, 9/14/01)

1913  Sep 15, John Mitchell, Nixon's attorney general who went to jail, was born.
 (MC, 9/15/01)

1913  Sep 21, The 1st aerobatic maneuver, a sustained inverted flight, was performed in France.
 (MC, 9/21/01)

1913  Sep 22, "7 Keys to Baldpate," by Earl Derr Biggers (Charlie Chan) premiered in NYC.
 (MC, 9/22/01)
1913  Sep 22, Coal mine explosion killed 263 at Dawson, New Mexico. [see Oct 22]
 (MC, 9/22/01)

1913  Sep 23, Serbian troops marched into Albania.
 (MC, 9/23/01)

1913  Sep 26, Ernst Schnabel, German sailor and dramatist (Anne Frank), was born.
 (MC, 9/26/01)
1913  Sep 26, The first boat was raised in the locks of the Panama Canal.
 (HN, 9/26/99)

1913  Sep 28, Race riots in Harriston, Mississippi, killed 10 people.
 (HN, 9/28/98)

1913  Fall, Henry Ford (1863-1947) introduced the moving assembly line at his Highland Park, Mich., plant.
 (WSJ, 6/19/96, Adv. Supl)(F, 10/7/96, p.67)

1913  Oct 3, A 1% US federal income tax was signed into law. [see Oct 13]
 (MC, 10/3/01)

1913  Oct 7, In attempting to find ways to lower the cost of the automobile and make it more affordable to ordinary Americans, Henry Ford took note of the work of efficiency experts like Frederick Taylor, the "father of scientific management." The result was the assembly line that reduced the time it took to manufacture a car, from 12 hours to 93 minutes. Ford reversed the slaughter house production process of removing parts from a moving line to adding parts.
 (HN, 10/7/00)(SFC, 6/13/03, p.B4)

1913  Oct 10, Panama Canal was completed when President Woodrow Wilson triggered a blast which exploded the Gamboa Dike by pressing an electric button at the White House in Washington, D.C. [see Oct 10, 1911]
 (MC, 10/10/01)

1913  Oct 13, The 16th amendment to the constitution was ratified and the modern income tax came into being. It lifted the constitutional ban on income taxes. The levy was 1% of GDP and the highest rate was 7%. An exemption on the first $20,000 in dividend income was revoked during WW I.
 (SFC, 11/2/96, p.D1)(CyCEO, 6/3/97, p.1,8)(WSJ, 3/11/98, p.A20)(WSJ, 9/25/02, p.D8)

1913  Oct 14, An explosion in a coal mine in Cardiff, Wales, killed 439.
 (MC, 10/14/01)

1913  Oct 15, Klaus Barbie, gestapo chief (Lyon), was born.
 (MC, 10/15/01)

1913  Oct 17, Zeppelin LII exploded over London, killing 28.
 (HN, 10/17/98)

1913  Oct 18, Austrian-Hungary demanded that Serbia and Albania leave.
 (MC, 10/18/01)

1913  Oct 22, An explosion at Dawson, NM, coal mine killed 263 mine workers. [see Sep 22]
 (MC, 10/22/01)

1913  Oct 27, Pres. Wilson said US will never attack another country.
 (MC, 10/27/01)

1913  Nov 2, American actor Burt Lancaster, was born.
 (HN, 11/2/98)

1913  Nov 4, Gig Young, actor (They Shoot Horses Don't They), was born in St. Cloud, Minn.
 (MC, 11/4/01)

1913  Nov 5, Vivian Leigh, American actress famous for her role as Scarlet O’Hare in "Gone With the Wind," was born.
 (HN, 11/5/98)

1913  Nov 6, Mohandas K. Gandhi led a march of Indian miners into Transvaal, South Africa. He was arrested 3 times during the 1st 4 days of the march. The miners had struck because the Cape Colony Supreme Court Justice had ruled that only Christian marriages registered by the Registrar of Marriages would be considered legal.
 (AP, 11/6/97)(ON, 9/03, p.5)

1913  Nov 7, Albert Camus (d.1960), French philosopher, novelist, and dramatist best known for his book "The Stranger," was born on an Algerian farm.
 (WSJ, 12/12/97, p.A16)(HN, 11/7/98)

1913  Nov 9, Storm "Freshwater Fury" sank 8 ore-carriers on Great Lakes.
 (MC, 11/9/01)

1913  Nov 10, Carmen Miranda, singer and actress (4 Jills in a Jeep, Down Argentine Way), was born.
 (MC, 11/10/01)

1913  Nov 16, "Swann's Way," the first volume of Marcel Proust's 7-part novel "Remembrance of Things Past," was published.
 (HN, 11/16/00)

1913  Nov 17, The first ship sailed through the Panama Canal.
 (HN, 11/17/98)

1913  Nov 22, Benjamin Britten (d.1976), English composer, pianist and conductor, was born.
 (WSJ, 7/26/99, p.A21)(HN, 11//00)

1913  Nov 25, Lewis Thomas, physician and author, was born. His work included "The Lives of a Cell."
 (HN, 11/25/00)

1913  Nov 26, Russian kingdom forbade Polish congregation of speakers.
 (MC, 11/26/01)

1913  Nov 28, Heavyweight Jack Johnson KO’d Andre Spaul in Paris.
 (DTnet, 11/28/97)

1913  Nov, Treaty of Bucharest ended the Second Balkan War. The Great Powers recognized an independent Albanian state. Demographics were ignored, however, and half of the territories inhabited by Albanians (such as Kosova and Chameria) were divided among Montenegro, Serbia and Greece.
 (www, Albania, 1998)

1913  Dec 1, Mary Martin, American actress famous for her roles in "South Pacific" and "The Sound of Music," was born.
 (HN, 12/1/98)
1913  Dec 1, The first drive-in automobile service station opened, in Pittsburgh. [see Cincinnati in 1912]
 (AP, 12/1/97)
1913  Dec 1, Continuous moving assembly line was introduced by Ford.
 (MC, 12/1/01)

1913  Dec 2, The US Senate passed the Raker Act which authorized SF rights to dam the Tuolumne River in Yosemite National Park for water-collection and power-generation facilities.
 (www.sfwater.org/)

1913   Dec 6, President Woodrow Wilson signed the Raker Act into law. It authorized SF rights to dam the Tuolumne River in Yosemite National Park for water-collection and power-generation facilities.
 (www.sfwater.org/)

1913  Dec 8, Delmore Schwartz, poet and writer, was born.
 (HN, 12/8/00)

1913  Dec 12 , Authorities in Florence, Italy, announced that the Mona Lisa, stolen from the Louvre Museum in Paris in 1911, had been recovered.
 (AP, 12/12/97)

1913  Dec 14, Greece formally annexed Crete.
 (AP, 12/14/02)

1913  Dec 16, Charlie Chaplin began his film career at Keystone for $150 a week.
 (MC, 12/16/01)

1913  Dec 18, Willy Brandt, Mayor of Berlin and Chancellor of West Germany, was born as Herbert Frahm.  He was chancellor from 1969-74 and won a Nobel Prize in 1971.
 (HN, 12/18/98)(MC, 12/18/01)

1913  Dec 21, The first crossword puzzle was published, in the New York World. [see Dec 31]
 (AP, 12/21/97)(SFC, 10/6/99, p.E7)

1913  Dec 23, The Federal Reserve Act was signed by President Woodrow Wilson. The Owen-Glass Act established the decentralized, government-controlled banking system in the U.S. known as the Federal Reserve. It repealed the gold standard and replaced it with a system that ensured that the US dollar would be a better store of value than gold. The act guarded against inflation but allowed deflation. It was the first thorough reorganization of the national banking system since the Civil War.
 (HFA, ‘96, p.44)(Wired, 10/96, p.142)(WSJ, 3/7/97, p.A14)(HNQ, 10/16/99)

1913  Dec 27, Charles Moyer, president of the Miners Union, was shot in the back and dragged through the streets of Chicago.
 (HN, 12/27/98)

1913  Dec 29, The 1st movie serial, "Adventures of Kathlyn," premiered in Chicago.
 (MC, 12/29/01)

1913  Dec 31, The first crossword puzzle was published in the New York World. [see Dec 21]
 (AP, 12/21/97)(SFC, 10/6/99, p.E7)

1913  Dec, In Calumet, Mich., at a Christmas Party for families of copper miners, somebody yelled fire and caused a panic that led to the death of 72 people, mostly children.
 (SFEC, 4/13/97, Z1 p.4)

1913  Arthur B. Davies helped organize the Armory Show of modern art in New York. The exhibit included works by Fauvists and Cubists which outraged traditional artists. The show featured "Nude Descending a Staircase," (1912) by Marcel Duchamp (1887-1968), French painter.
 (V.D.-H.K.p.361)(WSJ, 12/18/96, p.A18)

1913  Giacomo Balla created his drawing: "Study for Abstract Speed."
 (WSJ, 8/3/99, p.A20)

1913  Arthur Dove painted his pastel "Sentimental Music."
 (WSJ, 3/6/98, p.A13)

1913  Marcel Duchamp invented the "Readymade," a piece of art created "not by the hand or skill but by the mind and decision of the artist."
 (WSJ, 12/18/96, p.A18)

1913  The Faberge Imperial rock crystal egg with rose cut diamonds set in platinum was created for the Czar. An American in 1994 paid $5.5 mil for the egg. Only 56 eggs were commissioned by the czars and czarinas.
 (SFEM, 6/9/96, p.19)

1913  Phillip Malyavin, Russian artist, painted the portrait "Dancing woman."
 (WSJ, 5/2/03, p.W6)

1913  John Singer Sargent , American painter, painted "The Sketchers."
 (WSJ, 6/6/95, p.A-14)

1913  John Sloan painted "Movies." It included the marquee advertising "A Romance of the Harem."
 (WSJ, 8/11/00, p.W6)

1913  "The Chinese Cook Book" was published by Chong Jan & Co.
 (SFC, 2/19/96, zz-1 p.2)

1913  British economist Norman Angell wrote "The Great Illusion." He predicted that a major war would cause a global financial meltdown.
 (WSJ, 7/8/96, p.C1)

1913  Elsie De Wolfe authored "The House in Good Taste" and marked the beginning of the profession of interior decorating.
 (SFC, 9/9/00, p.B4)

1913  Jack London settled in Glen Ellen, California. His book "Valley of the Moon" described the local area. He built a model farm in the Glen Ellen hillsides and called it Beauty Ranch. the property included a man-made lake, blacksmith shop, cooperage, winery, barns, silos, bath-houses, and a deluxe pig sty. A magnificent mansion called Wolf House was to crown the ranch but it burned down just before he moved in.
 (WCG, p.68)

1913  Wesley Clair Mitchell, professor at Columbia, authored "Business Cycles and Their Causes."
 (NW, 10/7/02, p.50)

1913  "Sons and Lovers" was published.
 (WSJ, 9/3/98, p.A16)

1913  Edith Wharton authored her novel "The Custom of the Country."
 (SSFC, 1/14/01, BR p.8)

1913  Vaslav Nijinsky created the ballet "Jeux" to music by Claude Debussy.
 (WSJ, 11/12/01, p.A20)

1913  Visiting America with a touring company, Charlie Chaplin was cast in his first film, "Making a Living." Although historians are not certain when the "little tramp" was created, Chaplin remains most readily identified with that beloved character.
 (AP, 4/16/00)

1913  The first film by Hollywood’s first major movie studio "The Squaw Man" was produced. The studio was formed by Jesse L. Lasky, his brother-in-law Samuel Goldwyn and friend Cecil B. DeMille.
 (SFC, 9/19/96, p.E4)

1913  The opera "The Glass Blowers" by John Philip Sousa was first performed.
 (WSJ, 8/2/00, p.A12)

1913  The song "Peg o’ My Heart" came out.
 (SFC, 9/9/00, p.B4)

1913  Arnold Schoenberg composed his cantata "Gurrelieder."
 (WSJ, 1/31/02, p.A16)

1913  The Grand Central Terminal in Baltimore was built by Cornelius Vanderbilt at 42nd and Park Ave. It was extensively remodeled in 1998. [see 1877]
 (BS, 5/3/98, p.3D)

1913  The New York Times building was constructed. [see 1904]
 (SFEM, 1/16/00, p.22)

1913  The 60-story, 792-foot Woolworth Building by architect Cass Gilbert was completed at 233 Broadway and became the tallest building in the world. The Woolworth Building in New York reigned as the world's tallest building from its opening until the Chrysler Building was completed in 1930. It was first conceived in 1910 with a simple drawing by architect Cass Gilbert. Commissioned by retail giant Frank Winfield Woolworth as the headquarters of his "five and ten cent" store chain, the Woolworth Building was the first to utilize many key developments in skyscraper technology. The building was supported by a foundation of concrete piers sunk below street level to bedrock. Men worked in caissons, or chambers kept dry with high-pressure air, to sink the foundation below the water line. Above ground, the building's steel framework rose 792 feet--very tall for its day--and its wind bracing was highly developed. High-speed express and local elevators were also used in this building, which instantly became a symbol of the vitality of New York. Gilbert dressed it in Gothic raiment.
 (HT, 5/97, p.24)(HNPD, 2/27/99)(WSJ, 5/28/02, p.D7)

1913  The Bain Morgan bath house in Montreal was constructed for C$300,000.
 (Hem., 12/96, p.64)

1913  Industrialist Charles Gates introduced the 1st residential air-conditioning in his Minneapolis mansion.
 (WSJ, 1/11/99, p.R37)

1913  Hill Auditorium at the Univ. of Michigan was constructed. The 4,200 seat auditorium was a gift from regent Arthur Hill. In 1978 it was added to the National Register of Historical Places.
 (LSA., Fall 1995, p.15)

1913  The Chagres River in Panama was dammed for the construction of Panama Canal and a 4,000 acre island was formed called Barro Colorado. Ten years later the island was set aside for scientific research.
 (Smith, 5/95, p.10)

1913  Mary McAboy began hand-making Skookum Indian dolls. Skookum was a Siwash Indian word that roughly means bully good.
 (SFC, 6/17/98, Z1 p.3)

1913  Joe’s Stone Crab eatery in Miami Beach opened for business.
 (Hem. 1/95, p. 57)

1913  Peppermint Life Savers were introduced.
 (SFC, 9/9/00, p.B4)

1913  Kamerlingh Onnes of Holland won the Nobel Prize for liquefying helium. His major discovery was superconductivity, the elimination of electrical resistance at very cold temperatures. In 1999 Tom Shachtman described the event in his book "Absolute Zero and the Conquest of Cold."
 (WSJ, 12/10/99, p.W12)

1913  Small Balkan War broke out, again quelled by major powers.
 (V.D.-H.K.p.290)

1913  US Pres. Woodrow Wilson, a Virginian, ordered the federal workers in Washington to be segregated.
 (SFC, 5/12/96, p.A-6)

1913  The US Post Office first set up contract stations to reduce congestion at a town’s main post office.
 (SFEC, 9/29/96, C13)

1913  The Wilson Tariff Act banned the plume trade.
 (NH, 9/96, p.8)

1913  Julian Hawthorne, son of Nathanial and one time editor of the New York World, was arrested on a mail fraud charge. He ended his career writing for "Good Words," the first newspaper in any federal penitentiary.
 (SFEC, 10/6/96, zone 1 p.4)

1913  Copper miners walked off the job Calumet, Mich. Workers demanded higher wages, shorter hours and return to the 2-man drill. The strike is described by Jerry Stanley in "Big Annie of Calumet: A True Story of the Industrial Revolution."
 (SFEC, 9/29/96, BR p.10)

1913  Anderson, Delany & Co., an accounting firm, was formed in Chicago. The firm was renamed Arthur Anderson in 1918. Arthur Anderson (28), accounting professor, was a co-founder.
 (SFC, 3/15/02, p.A15)(WSJ, 5/1/02, p.B1)(WSJ, 6/7/02, p.A6)

1913  Theodore Vail, president of AT&T, signed the Kingsbury Commitment. AT&T agreed to stop acquiring companies and allow competitors to interconnect with the Bell System.
 (WSJ, 10/26/00, p.A12)

1913  Brillo pads were introduced.
 (SFC, 9/9/00, p.B4)

1913  Bela Schick devised the "Schick test," which had a dramatic effect on the incidence of diphtheria. The skin test determined a patient’s susceptibility to diphtheria. Mass surveys followed by immunization of Schick-positive children with inactive toxin resulted in a drastic decrease in the incidence of the disease.
 (HNQ, 6/8/99)

1913  The oil refining process called thermal cracking was invented.
 (WSJ, 9/13/99, p.R4)

1913  Niels Bohr proposed that electrons behave in quantum fashion. They remained in fixed orbits and moved from one orbit to another - in quantum leaps - when they emitted or absorbed energy.
 (NG, May 1985, J. Boslough, p. 642)

1913  Franz Schneider patented a gun synchronizing device in Germany, France and Great Britain. In 1915 it was developed as the "Fokker Scourge" to fire bullets through an airplanes propellers.
 (ON, 10/02, p.8)

1913  A temperature of 134 degrees was recorded in Death Valley. It was the highest ever recorded in the US.
 (SFEC, 11/14/99, p.T6)

1913  Charles Dawson and Teilhard de Chardin found the canine tooth that was needed to identify their 1912 jaw as human and not ape.
 (Pac. Disc., summer, ‘96, p.48)

1913  The steamer Pomo sank off the coast of northern California in a gale.
 (SFC, 9/26/97, p.A23)

1913  In Alabama a white man was executed for murdering a black man.
 (SFC, 6/6/97, p.A3)

1913  Josephine Garis Cochrane (73), inventor of the Garis-Cochran Dishwashing Machine, died. Her company was sold to Hobart manufacturing and her appliance was renamed the KitchenAid. It was later acquired by Whirlpool Corp.
 (ON, 4/00, p.12)

1913  Baron Corvo (b.1860) died. A.J.A. Symons later authored "The Quest for Corvo." Corvo’s work included "Hadrian the Seventh."
 (WSJ, 7/6/01, p.W11)

1913  J. P. Morgan (b.1837), financier and art collector, died. In 1990 Ron Chernow published "The House of Morgan." In 1999 Jean Strouse published "Morgan: American Financier."
 (SFC, 2/15/97, p.D1)(WSJ, 3/30/99, p.A24)(WSJ, 9/14/00, p.A26)

1913  Former slave Harriet Tubman was given a military funeral upon her death for her service as a nurse during the Civil War. Already well known for her work to help slaves escape via the Underground Railroad, Massachusetts Governor John A. Andrew asked Tubman to help nurse in the military camps early in the war. Late in her life she was awarded a military pension.
 (HNQ, 7/13/99)

1913  Alfred Russel Wallace (b.1823), naturalist, died. He developed the theory of evolution by natural selection at the same time as did Charles Darwin. In 2001 Peter Raby authored "Alfred Russel Wallace: A Life." In 2002 Michael Shermer authored "Darwin’s Shadow: The Life and Science of Alfred Russel Wallace.
 (NH, 2/02, p.74)

1913  In Denmark the bronze statue of the Little Mermaid, a character from a Hans Christian Anderson story, was installed in the harbor. It was commissioned by Carl Jacobsen, founder of the Carlsberg Beer Co., and created by Edvard Eriksen. [see 1964]
 (SFC,11/5/97, p.C2)

1913  The avant-garde of pre-WW I Paris was chronicled in 1958 by Roger Shattuck’s "The Banquet Years."
 (WSJ, 9/18/98, p.W8)

1913  France enacted legislation requiring owners of protected buildings to maintain them and protect them from damage.
 (Hem. 1/95, p. 68)

1913  Gabrielle "Coco" Chanel opened a milliner's shop [in Paris] with funds from her lover.
 (WSJ, 1/11/99, p.R34)

1913  Dr. Albert Schweitzer (d.1965) and his wife Hélène moved to Gabon and opened a hospital in Lambaréné, which he later expanded with money from the Nobel Peace Prize he was awarded in 1952. Born near Alsace, Germany, in 1875, Schweitzer decided to devote himself to providing health care to people in Africa at the age of 30. Schweitzer also spoke out against the dangers of nuclear weapons, became an organist and expert on Johann Sebastian Bach, and served as a church pastor and university professor. He lived by the principle of "reverence for life."
 (HNPD, 9/4/98)

1913  An imperial edict based nationality on bloodlines rather than birthplace and laid the base for Germany’s citizenship law. The law was set for change in 1998
 (SFC, 3/28/98, p.A9)(SFC, 10/15/98, p.A13)

1913  Dr. Albert Schweitzer of Germany went to Lambarene, Gabon, Africa, to begin his hospital settlement on the banks of the Ogooue River. The area was then know as French Equatorial Africa.
 (T&L, 10/80, p. 162)

1913  The boundary between Iraq and Kuwait was defined.
 (SFC, 2/24/98, p.A9)

1913  In Italy Teatrale alla Scala had its formal opening in Milan on the end floor of the pavilion known as the Casino Ricordi. It contained the Jules Sambon collection, a horde of items pertaining not only to La Scala but to all areas of theater put up for sale in 1911 and acquired by the City of Milan.
 (Civil., Jul-Aug., ‘95, p.90)

1913  The German Tendaguru expedition to East Africa (later Tanzania) yielded a huge collection of dinosaur bones from the late Jurasic. The collection was taken to the Berlin Museum of Natural History.
 (WSJ, 1/31/03, p.A1)

1913  In Mexico a coup led by Victoriano Huerta and encouraged by US Ambassador Lane Wilson overthrew and murdered Pres. Madero.
 (WSJ, 8/13/97, p.A12)

1913  The Banco Mercantil in Monterrey, Mexico faced demands by rebel troops to pay tribute to the Revolution or close. The bank spirited millions of dollars in gold bullion to Laredo, Texas. It survived the hostilities by operating "offshore" and returned home in 1916.
 (WSJ, 4/1/96, p.A-10)

1913  In Serbia the Roman Catholic archbishop of Skopje wrote about Prizren following the collapse of the Ottoman Empire as Serbs massacred Albanians: "They knock on the doors of Albanian houses, take away the men and shoot them immediately… As for plunder looting and rape, all that goes without saying. Henceforth the order of the day is: Everything is permitted against the Albanians - not merely permitted but willed and commended.
 (SFEC, 6/20/99, p.A16)

1913-1914 This period in Vienna, Austria, is documented by Frederic Morton in Nervous Splendor: Vienna 1913-1914.
 (WSJ, 4/12/95, A-12)

1913-1916 Ezra Pound spent 3 winters with W.B. Yeats as the poets artistic prod and secretary.
 (SFEC, 6/18/00, BR p.10)

1913-1916 Sir Aurel Stein made his 3rd expedition along the Silk Road.
 (AM, 7/00, p.72)

1913-1921 Woodrow Wilson was the 28th President of the US.
 (A&IP, ESM, p.96b, photo)
1913-1921 Thomas Riley Marshall served as vice-president. "What this country needs is a really good five-cent cigar."
 (NW, 12/17/01, p.51)

1913-1934 Walter Duranty served as the Moscow correspondent for the New York Times and supplied supportive and untrue copy on the successes of Bolshevism/Communism.
 (WSJ, 2/14/96, p.A-15)

1913-1944 The "Krazy Kat" cartoon by George Harriman ran as a comic strip.
 (SFC, 1/18/97, p.D1)

1913-1967 Ad Reinhardt, painter. A retrospective was held at the LA MOCA in 1991.
 (SFEC, 11/22/98, p.D7)

1913-1991 Sir Angus Wilson, novelist, short-story writer, critic and biographer of Dickens and Kipling. He made his debut in 1949 with "The Wrong Set," a collection of stories. "Anglo-Saxon Attitudes" (1956) has been called his best work. His biography was written in 1996 by Margaret Drabble and titled: "Angus Wilson: A Biography."
 (WSJ, 5/14/96, p.A-20)(SFC, 6/3/96, BR p.5)

1913-1996 May 30, Alexander Langsdorf Jr., American physicist. He helped develop the atomic bomb and provided some of the first usable plutonium from a cyclotron. He was also one of the designers of the first two nuclear reactors and invented the diffusion cloud chamber. He died on 5/24/96.
 (SFC, 5/26/96, p.C-10)

1913-1998 Prof. Reinhardt M. Rosenberg, the father of nonlinear modes. His work in mechanical engineering and dynamics culminated in his text "Analytical Dynamics of Discrete Systems. He and his students developed mathematical models of the electrical activity of the human heart.
 (SFC, 8/25/98, p.B2)

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