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1914  Jan 5, Henry Ford astounded the world as he announced that he would pay a minimum wage of $5 a day and share with employees $10 million in last year’s profits. The wage increase counter-balanced the increased demand on the workers from the new assembly line production methods.
 (HFA, ‘96, p.22)(HN, 1/5/99)(WSJ, 1/11/99, p.R28)

1914  Jan 6, Stock brokerage firm of Merrill Lynch was founded.
 (MC, 1/6/02)

1914  Jan 11, Ambrose Bierce (71), writer (The Devil's Dictionary, Owl Creek Bridge), died.
 (MC, 1/11/02)

1914  Jan 14, Ford Motor Company greatly improved its assembly-line operation by employing a chain to pull each chassis along.
 (AP, 1/14/01)

1914  Jan 16, Maxim Gorky was authorized to return to Russia after an eight year exile for political dissidence.
 (HN, 1/16/99)

1914  Jan 19, Lester Flatt, country musician (Flatt & Scruggs), was born.
 (MC, 1/19/02)

1914  Jan 28, Beverly Hills, Ca, was incorporated.
 (MC, 1/28/02)

1914  Jan, In Japan Mount Sakurajima erupted and left 58 people dead.
 (SFEC, 4/2/00, p.A17)

1914  Jan, Gen. Smuts began negotiations with Mohandas Gandhi to eradicate many of the racist laws imposed on South African Indians.
 (ON, 9/03, p.5)

1914  Feb 5, Sir Alan Hodgin, English physiologist and biophysicist, was born.
 (HN, 2/5/01)

1914  Feb 7, Charlie Chaplin debuted "The Tramp" in "Kid Auto Races at Venice."
 (MC, 2/7/02)
1914  Feb 7, Steel work was completed on Exposition (Civic) Auditorium, SF.
 (MC, 2/7/02)

1914  Feb 9, Gypsy Rose Lee, stripper, was born in Seattle Wash.
 (MC, 2/9/02)
1914  Feb 9, Bill "Rhymes with Wreck" Veeck, baseball club owner, was born.
 (MC, 2/9/02)

1914  Feb 10, Larry Adler, harmonica virtuoso, was born.
 (HN, 2/10/01)

1914  Feb 13, The American Society of Composers, Authors and Publishers, known as ASCAP, was founded in New York City.
 (HN, 2/13/98)(AP, 2/13/98)

1914  Feb 19, Riccardo Zandonai's opera "Francesco da Rimini," premiered in Turin.
 (MC, 2/19/02)

1914  Feb 21, White Wolf troops attacked Zhanjiang, China.
 (MC, 2/21/02)

1914  Feb 24, Joshua Chamberlain (85) died. He was the Bowdoin College Maine professor whose incredible defense of Little Round Top at Gettysburg and other heroics earned him promotion to Major General and the Congressional Medal of Honor.
 (HN, 2/24/98)(MC, 2/24/02)

1914  Feb 26, New York Museum of Science and Industry was incorporated.
 (SC, 2/26/02)
1914  Feb 26, Russian aviator Igor Sikorsky carried 17 passengers in a twin engine plane in St. Petersburg. Igor Sikorsky, founder of Sikorsky Aircraft, produced a film in 1942 that promoted the capabilities of his VS-300 helicopter, highlighting its possible rescue and military applications.
 (HN, 2/26/98)

1914  Mar 1, Ralph Waldo Ellison, renown African-American author who wrote "Invisible Man," was born.
 (HN, 3/1/99)
1914  Mar 1, H. Colijn, Dutch Minister of war, was named director of British Petroleum.
 (SC, 3/1/02)

1914  Mar 4, Doctor Fillatre of Paris, France successfully separated Siamese twins.
 (HN, 3/4/98)

1914  Mar 6, Kirill P. Kondrashin, conductor (Hollywood Bowl 1981), was born in Moscow, Russia.
 (MC, 3/6/02)
1914  Mar 6, German Prince Wilhelm de Wied was crowned as King of Albania. He was installed as head of the Albanian state by the International Control Commission. His rule ended within six months, with the outbreak of World War I.
 (HN, 3/6/98)(www, Albania, 1998)

1914  Mar 9, US Sen Albert Fall (Teapot Dome) demanded the "Cubanisation of Mexico."
 (MC, 3/9/02)

1914  Mar 10, Suffragettes in London damaged painter Rokeby's Venus of Velasquez.
 (MC, 3/10/02)

1914  Mar 12, George Westinghouse (67), US engineer (Westinghouse Electric), died.
 (MC, 3/12/02)

1915  Mar 14, Lincoln Beachey, air devil, plunged into the shallows of SF Bay and was killed as some 50,000 fans watched his performance during the Panama-Pacific Expo. The battleship USS Oregon recovered the plane and body.
 (Ind, 9/5/98, p.5A)

1914  Mar 17, Russia increased the number of active duty military from 460,000 to 1,700,000.
 (HN, 3/17/98)

1914  Mar 20, Svyatoslav Richter, pianist (Stalin Prize-1945), was born in Zhitomir, Ukraine.
 (MC, 3/20/02)

1914  Mar 25, Frederic Mistral, French poet (Nobel-1904), died.
 (MC, 3/25/02)

1914  Mar 27, Budd Schulberg, journalist, novelist and screenwriter (What Makes Sammy Run), was born.
 (HN, 3/27/01)

1914  Mar 26, The birthday of (Thomas Lanier) Tennessee Williams (1914-1983), American dramatist. His play "The Glass Menagerie" was inspired by a pre-frontal lobotomy performed on his sister to cure a case of schizophrenia. The operation failed and his sister, Rose (1909-1996), was institutionalized. He left a $10 million estate to support her and directed that anything left go to support aspiring writers at the Univ. of the South of Sewanee. [see Mar 11 & 26, 1911]
 (AHD, p.1466)(WUD, 1994, p.1634)
1914   Mar 26, William Westmoreland, U.S. army general and head of all ground forces in South Vietnam during the Vietnam War, was born in Saxon, SC.
 (HN, 3/26/99)(SS, 3/26/02)

1914  Mar 27, Budd Schulberg, journalist, novelist and screenwriter (What Makes Sammy Run, On the Waterfront), was born in NYC.
 (HN, 3/27/01)(MC, 3/27/02)
1914  Mar 27, 1st successful blood transfusion took place in Brussels.
 (MC, 3/27/02)

1914  Mar 28, Edmund Sixtus Muskie, (Sen-D-Me), US Sec of State (1980), was born.
 (MC, 3/28/02)

1914  Mar 31, Octavio Paz, Mexican diplomat and Nobel Prize-winning writer, was born.
 (HN, 3/31/01)

1914  Apr 2, Alec Guinness, English stage and film actor, was born illegitimate and spent his early years in penury.
 (WSJ, 8/15/00, p.A26)
1914  Apr 2, Federal Reserve Board announced plans to divide country into 12 districts. [see Nov 16, 1914]
 (HN, 4/2/98)

1914  Apr 4, Marguerite Duras, French author (The Lover), was born.
 (HN, 4/4/01)
1914  Apr 4, "Perils of Pauline" was shown for 1st time in LA.
 (MC, 4/4/02)

1914  Apr 7, British House of Commons passed the Irish Home Rule Bill.
 (HN, 4/7/97)

1914  Apr 8, U.S. and Colombia signed a treaty concerning Panama Canal Zone.
 (HN, 4/8/98)

1914  Apr 9, The 1st full color film: "World, Flesh & Devil" was shown in London.
 (MC, 4/9/02)
1914  Apr 9, In the Tampico incident a US ship crew was arrested in Mexico.
 (MC, 4/9/02)

1914  Apr 11, George Bernard Shaw's "Pygmalion," premiered.
 (MC, 4/11/02)

1914  Apr 14, Stacy G. Carkhuff patented a non-skid tire pattern.
 (MC, 4/14/02)

1914  Apr 20, Soldiers killed 33 during mine strike in Ludlow, Colo. In the Ludlow Massacre 2 women and 11 children perished in a mining camp torched by Colorado militiamen called in by John D. Rockefeller Jr. to settle a strike.
 (SFEC, 5/31/98, BR p.3)(MC, 4/20/02)

1914  Apr 21, U.S. marines occupied Veracruz, Mexico. They stayed for six months.
 (HN, 4/21/98)

1914  Apr 22, Babe Ruth's 1st professional game as a pitcher was a 6-hit 6-0 win.
 (MC, 4/22/02)

1914  Apr 25, Ross Lockridge, Jr., novelist (Raintree Country), was born.
 (HN, 4/25/01)

1914  Apr 26, Bernard Malamud (d.1986), American novelist and short story writer (The Natural), was born. "Life is a tragedy full of joy." He won a Pulitzer Prize in 1967. In 1997 "The Complete Stories" by Bernard Malamud was published.
 (AP, 5/26/97)(WSJ, 9/17/97, p.A12)(HN, 4/26/01)(MC, 4/26/02)
1914  Apr 26, James William Rouse, US builder of shopping malls, was born.
 (MC, 4/26/02)

1914  Apr 28,  At Eccles, WV, 181 died in coal mine collapse.
 (MC, 4/28/02)
1914  Apr 28, W.H. Carrier patented the air conditioner.
 (MC, 4/28/02)

1914  May 1, Yuan Shikai, China's 1st president, won dictatorial qualification.
 (MC, 5/1/02)

1914  May 6, British House of Lords rejected women suffrage.
 (MC, 5/6/02)

1914  May 7, Woodrow Wilson's daughter Eleanor married in the White House.
 (MC, 5/7/02)

1914  May 9, Carlo Maria Giulini, conductor, was born.
 (MC, 5/9/02)
1914  May 9, Clarence Eugene Snow (d.1999), later known as singer Hank Snow (I Went to Your Wedding), was born in Brooklyn, Nova Scotia. His songs included the 1950 hit "I'm Moving On."
 (SFC, 12/21/99, p.A27)(MC, 5/9/02)
1914  May 9, Pres. Wilson proclaimed Mother's Day.
 (MC, 5/9/02)

1914  May 13, Joe Louis, world heavyweight boxing champion from 1937 to 1949, was born in Lafayette, Ala. His boxing record was 63-3 with 49 knock-outs.
 (AP, 5/13/97)(HN, 5/13/99)

1914  May 25, Paolo Giorza (81), composer, died.
 (SC, 5/25/02)
1914  May 25, British House of Commons passed Irish Home Rule.
 (HN, 5/25/98)

1914  May 29, The Canadian ship Empress of Ireland sank while enroute to Quebec City to Liverpool after colliding with the Norwegian coal freighter Storstad. 1,012 (1,024) of the 1,500 passengers and crew were killed. The site of the tragedy was proclaimed a protected historic and archeological site by Quebec in 1999.
 (SFC, 4/23/99, p.D3)(SC, 5/29/02)

1914  May, President Woodrow Wilson issued a proclamation designating the second Sunday in May 1914 the first national Mother’s Day. In 1907 Anna Jarvis of Philadelphia suggested the idea of wearing carnations on the second Sunday in May to honor mothers.
 (HNPD, 5/9/00)

1914  Jun 2, Glenn Curtiss flew his Langley Aerodrome.
 (SC, 6/2/02)

1914  Jun 6, The 1st air flight out of sight of land was made from Scotland to Norway.
 (MC, 6/6/02)

1914  Jun 7, The first vessel passed through the Panama Canal. [see Aug]
 (HN, 6/7/98)

1914  Jun 11, Gerald Mohr, actor (Christopher-Foreign Intrigue), was born in NYC.
 (SC, 6/11/02)

1914  Jun 13, The advisor to the Czar Gregory, Rasputin, was poisoned and stabbed to death in St. Petersburg.
 (HN, 6/13/98)

1914  Jun 15, Yuri Andropov, Russian KGB chief, 1st secretary, was born.
 (MC, 6/15/02)
1914  Jun 15, Saul Steinberg, American cartoonist (New Yorker), was born in Romania.
 (HN, 6/15/01)

1914  Jun 17, John Hersey, novelist and journalist (Men of Bataan, Hiroshima), poet, was born.
 (HN, 6/17/01)

1914  Jun 19, Alan Cranston, former Sen., D-Calif., was born.
 (DT, 6/19/97)
1914  Jun 19, Harry Lauter, actor (Waterfront), was born in White Plains, NY.
 (MC, 6/19/02)
1914  Jun 19, The comic strip "Captain and the Kids" debut in newspapers.
 (DTnet, 6/19/97)

1914  Jun 26, Laurie Lee, British writer (Cider with Rosie) , was born.
 (HN, 6/26/01)
1914  Jun 26, Babe (Mildred) Didrikson Zaharias (International Women's Sports Hall of Famer, Olympic Hall of Famer, World Golf Hall of Famer, LPGA Hall of Famer, National Track and Field Hall of Famer), was born.
 (MC, 6/26/02)

1914  Jun 27, Giorgio Almirante, Italian fascist (member of parliament (1948-87), was born.
 (SC, 6/27/02)
1914  Jun 27, US signed a treaty of commerce with Ethiopia.
 (SC, 6/27/02)

1914  Jun 28, Austrian Archduke Francis Ferdinand, heir to Austria-Hungary,  and his wife, Sofia, were assassinated in Sarajevo, Bosnia, by a Serb nationalist. As the royal couple rode through the streets of Sarajevo in an open touring car, seven young radicals from an obscure Serbian-Bosnian nationalist group, called the Black Hand, lay in wait. An initial assassination attempt failed, but a wrong turn brought the car near Gavrilo Princip, who fired two shots at point-blank range into the couple's bodies. Within minutes, both the Archduke and Sophia were dead. Princip was arrested, but political tensions were so high between Austria-Hungary and Serbia that war broke out as a result. Like falling dominoes, international alliances brought one country after another into the conflict. The event triggered World War I.
 (HFA, '96, p.32)(V.D.-H.K.p.252, 284-285,290)(AP, 6/28/97)(HNPD, 6/28/98)
1914  Jun 28, World War I (WW I) began in 1914 and ended on this date in 1919. [see Jul 28] In 1999 Niall Ferguson published "The Pity of War," in which he blames the British government for having turned a European war into a world war.
 (HFA, ‘96, p.32)(WSJ, 4/14/99, p.A24)

1914  Jul 2, Frederick Fennell, conductor (Time & the Winds), was born in Cleveland, Ohio.
 (SC, 7/2/02)

1914  Jul 4, 1st US motorcycle race (300 miles, Dodge City Ks).
 (Maggio, 98)

1914  Jul 10, The Boston Red Sox purchased Babe Ruth (19) from the Baltimore Orioles for 30 pieces of gold.
 (Hem., 4/97, p.105)(MC, 7/10/02)

1914  Jul 11, Babe Ruth debuted in the major leagues with the Boston Red Sox. He earned $2,900 in his rookie season.
 (MC, 7/11/02)

1914  Jul 14, 1st patent for liquid-fueled rocket design was granted to Dr. R. Goddard.
 (MC, 7/14/02)

1914  Jul 15, Gavin Maxwell, Scottish writer and naturalist (Ring of Bright Water), was born.
 (HN, 7/15/01)
1914  Jul 15, Mexican president Huerta fled with 2 million pesos to Europe.
 (MC, 7/15/02)

1914  Jul 16, A Socialist conference in Brussels was attended by Kautsky, Trotsky & Rosa Luxemburg.
 (MC, 7/16/02)

1914  Jul 18, US army air service 1st came into being as part of the Signal Corps.
 (MC, 7/18/02)

1914  Jul 20, Armed resistance against British rule began in Ulster.
 (MC, 7/20/02)

1914  Jul 23, Austria and Hungary issued an ultimatum to Serbia after the assassination of Archduke Ferdinand; the dispute led to World War I.
 (AP, 7/23/98)

1914  Jul 25, Russia declared that it would act to protect Serbian sovereignty.
 (HN, 7/25/98)

1914  Jul 26, Erskine Hawkins, trumpeter, was born.
 (HN, 7/26/01)

1914  July 27, Germany informed Belgium and Luxembourg of its intention to pass its troops through their countries. German Chancellor Theobald von Bethmann-Hollweg reportedly called the 1839 London Treaty, in which all the European powers had guaranteed Belgian neutrality, "a scrap of paper" not worth fighting over. Bethmann-Hollweg was trying to persuade Britain not to declare war based on the treaty. Unsuccessful in his efforts, Britain and Belgium declared war when German troops entered Belgium on August 4.
 (HNQ, 7/24/98)
1914  Jul 27, British troops invaded the streets of Dublin, Ireland, and began to disarm Irish rebels.
 (HN, 7/27/98)

1914  Jul 28, Austria-Hungary declared war on Serbia, beginning World War I.
 (CFA, ‘96, p.50)(HN, 7/28/98)
1914  Jul 28, The New York Stock Exchange closed for 4 ½ months.
 (CFA, ‘96, p.50)(HN, 7/28/98)
1914  Jul 28, World War I. Van Doren described the world of this time in four economic zones:
 1) Where the industrial force exceeds the number of people engaged in agriculture. This included Great Britain, the US, Germany, Belgium and Japan.
 2) The agricultural population continues to be about twice as large as the industrial force. This included Sweden, Italy and Austria.
 3) Those countries that had begun to industrialize but were still primarily preindustrial. This included Russia.
 4) Countries that still depended almost exclusively on handicrafts, artisanal work, and unskilled labor. This included most of the Third World.
 (V.D.-H.K.p.252, 284-285,290)

1914  Jul 29, Transcontinental telephone service began with the first phone conversation between New York and San Francisco.
 (AP, 7/29/97)

1914  Aug 1, Germany declared war on Russia.
 (HN, 8/1/98)

1914  Aug 2, Germany invaded Luxembourg.
 (HN, 8/2/98)

1914  Aug 3, Germany invaded Belgium and declared war on France.
 (AP, 8/3/97)(HN, 8/3/98)(SC, 8/3/02)
1914  Aug 3, German Admiral Souchon, commander of the battle cruisers Goeben and Breslau, received an unexpected change in his orders. After attacking the Algerian coast he was no longer to sail west to the Atlantic Ocean. Instead, he was now ordered to turn around and sail east to Turkey. His new mission was to persuade the neutral Turkish government to enter the war on the side of Germany. The 2 ships were sold to Turkey and Souchon was made commander of the Turkish navy. He took the ships into the Black Sea, where he bombarded the Russian cities of Odessa, Sebastopol and Novorossiysk without the knowledge or consent of the Turkish government.
 (http://www.worldwar1.com/sfgb.htm)(ON, Dec, 1995)

1914  Aug 4, Britain and Belgium declared war after German troops entered Belgium. The United States proclaimed its neutrality.
 (HNQ, 7/24/98)(AP, 8/4/97)

1914  Aug 5, The first electric traffic lights were installed, in Cleveland, Ohio.
 (AP, 8/5/97)
1914  Aug 5, The British Expeditionary Force mobilized for World War I.
 (HN, 8/5/98)

1914  Aug 6, Ellen Louise Wilson, the first wife of the twenty-eighth president, Woodrow Wilson, died of Barite’s disease.
 (HN, 8/6/98)
1914  Aug 6, Austria-Hungary declared war against Russia and Serbia declared war against Germany.
 (AP, 8/6/00)

1914  Aug 13, The British purchased 3 fast cross-channel packets: Empress, Riviera and Engadine. The ships were converted into seaplane tenders for reconnaissance.
 (AHM, 1/97)

1914  Aug 15, The Panama Canal opened to traffic. The Panama Canal, a 52-mile waterway, was completed. In 1977 David McCullough authored "The Path Between the Seas," a definitive account of the building of the Panama Canal.
 (WSJ, 7/22/96, p.A11)(SFEC, 11/3/96, p.A16)(HN, 8/15/98)(WSJ, 10/17/02, p.A18)

1914  Aug 16, Liege, Belgium, fell to the German army.
 (HN, 8/16/98)

1915  Aug 17, Leo Frank, a Jewish factory manager, was lynched by a mob of anti-Semites in Cob County, Georgia. He had been convicted in the killing of Mary Phagan, a 13-year-old girl who worked at his pencil factory. The governor believed him innocent and commuted his death sentence in June. Frank was pardoned in 1986. In 2000 Stephen Goldfarb posted the names of some 2 dozen men believed to have participated in the murder.
 (WSJ, 6/9/00, p.A1)(AP, 8/17/02)

1914  Aug 18, President Wilson issued his Proclamation of Neutrality, aimed at keeping the United States out of World War I.
 (AP, 8/18/97)
1914  Aug 18, Germany declared war on Russia.
 (HN, 8/18/00)

1914  Aug 19, The British Expeditionary Force (BEF) landed in France.
 (HN, 8/19/98)

1914  Aug 20, German forces occupied Brussels, Belgium, as the Belgian army retreated to Antwerp.
 (AP, 8/20/97)(MC, 8/20/02)
1914  Aug 20, Russia won an early victory over Germany at Gumbinnen.
 (HN, 8/20/98)

1914  Aug 22, In France some 27,000 soldiers died in the bloodiest battle of French history.
 (SFEC, 9/28/97, Z1 p.2)

1914  Aug 23, The Emperor of Japan sided with the Allies and declared war on Germany in World War I.
 (Jap. Enc., BLDM, p. 215)(AP, 8/23/97)(HN, 8/23/98)

1914  Aug 24, German Zeppelins bombed Antwerp.
 (AHM, 1/97)

1914  Aug 27, 2nd day of battle at Tannenberg: Germany bombed Usdau.
 (MC, 8/27/01)

1914  Aug 28, Three German cruisers were sunk by ships of the Royal Navy in the Battle of Heligoland Bight, the first major naval battle of World War I. The Germans lost four ships and 1,000 sailors; British casualties were 33 killed.
 (HN, 8/28/98)(RTH, 8/28/99)
1914  Aug 28, Anatoli Liadov (59), composer, died.
 (MC, 8/28/01)

1914  Aug 29, 4th day of Tannenberg: Russian Narev-army panics, Gen Martos caught.
 (MC, 8/29/01)

1914  Aug 30, The 1st German plane bombed Paris and 2 people were killed.
 (SFC, 8/24/96, p.E3)(MC, 8/30/01)

1914  Aug, Alberto Santos-Dumont (1873-1932), Brazilian aviation pioneer, burned his aeronautical papers after French neighbors labeled him a German spy.
 (SSFC, 6/28/03, p.M1)

1914  Aug, Sir Ernest Shackleton (40) left England on a voyage to Antarctica with a 27 man crew on the HMS Endurance. He planned to lead the "Imperial Trans-Continental Expedition," a dog-sled party across the continent.
 (WSJ, 4/2/98, p.B15)(ON, 5/00, p.9)

1914  Aug, The British Flying Corps (RFC) was sent to France to support the British Expeditionary Corps.
 (AHM, 1/97)

1914  Sep 1, Russia renamed St. Petersburg to Petrograd.
 (MC, 9/1/02)
1914  Sep 1, Martha, the last known passenger pigeon, died at Cincinnati Zoo.
 (MC, 9/1/02)

1914  Sep 2, German Zeppelins again bombed Antwerp.
 (AHM, 1/97)

1914  Sep 3, Dixie Lee Ray, Chairperson of the Atomic Energy Commission who received the U.N. Peace Prize in 1977, was born.
 (HN, 9/3/98)
1914  Sep 3, The French capital was moved from Paris to Bordeaux as the Battle of the Marne began. The British expeditionary army under general Lanrezacs army attacked the Marne. French troops vacated Reims.
 (HN, 9/3/98)(MC, 9/3/01)
1914  Sep 3, The air defense of Great Britain was assigned to Royal Naval Air Service (RNAS). Winston Churchill, the new first lord of the Admiralty, and the RNAS were assigned the task of stopping the Zeppelins.
 (AHM, 1/97)

1914  Sep 4, General von Moltke ceased German advance in France.
 (MC, 9/4/01)

1914  Sep 5, The First Battle of the Marne began during World War I. The German First Army was led by Gen. Alexander von Kluck.
 (AP, 9/5/97)(WSJ, 12/31/99, p.A10)

1914  Sep 6, In the Battle of Marne Germans were prevented from occupying Paris.
 (MC, 9/6/01)

1914  Sep 7, James Alfred Van Allen, discovered and named the two radiation belts surrounding the Earth, was born.
 (HN, 9/7/98)

1914  Sep 9, In the Battle of Marne the German advance stalled and Paris was saved.
 (MC, 9/9/01)

1914  Sep 10, The six-day Battle of the Marne ended, and the German advance into France was stopped. 20th century history turned on this pivotal event.
 (HN, 9/10/98)(WSJ, 12/31/99, p.A10)

1914  Sep 11, W.C. Handy published: "The Saint Louis Blues."
 (SI-WPC, 12/6/96)(MC, 9/11/01)

1914  Sep 15, President Woodrow Wilson ordered the Punitive Expedition out of Mexico. The Expedition, headed by General John Pershing, had been searching for Pancho Villa, a Mexican revolutionary.
 (HN, 9/15/99)
1914  Sep 15, The Battle of Aisne began between Germans and French during WW I.
 (MC, 9/15/01)

1914  Sep 18, Battle of Aisne ended with Germans beating the French during WW I.
 (MC, 9/18/01)
1914  Sep 18, Gen. von Hindenburg was named commander of German armies on the Eastern Front.
 (MC, 9/18/01)
1914  Sep 18, The Irish Home Rule Bill became law, but was delayed until after World War I. The Government of Ireland Act became law. It was an act by the British government to take effect at the end of World War I.
 (WSJ,3/13/95, p.A-15)(HN, 9/18/98)

1914  Sep 20, Kenneth More, English actor (39 Steps, Doctor in the House), was born.
 (MC, 9/20/01)

1914  Sep 22, The German cruiser Emden shelled Madras, India, destroying 346,000 gallons of fuel and killing only five civilians.
 (HN, 9/22/99)
1914  Sep 22, A German submarine sank 3 British ironclads, 1,459 died. The Aboukir, the Hogue, and the Cressy, were all sunk  in just over one hour.  This loss alerted the British  to the deadly effectiveness of the submarine, which had  been generally unrecognized up to that time.
 (MC, 9/22/01)
1914  Sep 22, The RNAS attempted their first air attack on the Zeppelins at Dusseldorf and Cologne. There was little damage done.
 (AHM, 1/97)

1914  Sep 24, In the Alsace-Lorraine area between France and Germany, the German Army captured St. Mihiel.
 (HN, 9/24/98)

1914  Sep 26, Jack LaLanne, fitness guru, was born.
 (MC, 9/26/01)
1914  Sep 26, The Federal Trade Commission was established to foster competition by preventing monopolies in business.
 (AP, 9/26/97)(HN, 9/26/99)

1914  Sep, Francis H. Leggett, a steam cruiser bound for San Francisco, sank in heavy seas off the Oregon coast. 74 people died and 2 survived.
 (SFEC, 12/26/99, p.W4)

1914  Sep, The Government of Ireland Act became law. It was an act by the British government to take effect at the end of World War I.
 (WSJ,3/13/95, p.A-15)

1914  Oct 1, Daniel Joseph Boorstin, author (Empire of Czar), was born. He won a Pulitzer Prize in 1974 .
 (MC, 10/1/01)

1914  Oct 4, The first German Zeppelin raided London.
 (HN, 10/4/98)

1914  Oct 6, Thor Heyerdahl, Norwegian entomologist and adventurer whose Kon-Tiki expedition established the possibility that Polynesians may have originated in South America, was born.
 (HN, 10/6/98)

1914  Oct 8, The RNAS attempted another air attack on the Zeppelins at Dusseldorf and Cologne. The dirigible shed at Dusseldorf was destroyed.
 (AHM, 1/97)

1914  Oct 9, German troops took Antwerp after a 12-day siege in WW I crushing the resistance of over 100,000 Belgian troops and violating Belgian neutrality.
 (HN, 10/9/98)(MC, 10/9/01)

1914  Oct 12, The 1st battle at Ypres, France, began.
 (MC, 10/12/01)

1914  Oct 13, Garrett Morgan invented and patented the gas mask.
 (MC, 10/13/01)

1914  Oct 15, ASCAP (American Society of Composers, Authors & Publishers) founded.
 (MC, 10/15/01)
1914  Oct 15, Congress passed the Clayton Anti-Trust Act, which labor leader Samuel Gompers called "labor's charter of freedom." It strengthened previous anti-monopoly legislation. The act exempted unions from anti-trust laws; strikes, picketing and boycotting became legal; corporate interlocking directorates became illegal, as did setting prices which would effect a monopoly.
 (SFC, 7/8/96, p.D2)(AP, 10/15/97)(HN, 10/15/98)
1914  Oct 15, Aleksander Rozycki, composer, died at 69.
 (MC, 10/15/01)

1914  Oct 16, Christian J. Modeste, Gypsy king, was born.
 (MC, 10/16/01)

1914  Oct 17, John Mosely, recording expert and entrepreneur, was born.
 (MC, 10/17/01)

1914  Oct 19, The German cruiser Emden captures her thirteenth Allied merchant ship in 24 days.
 (HN, 10/19/99)

1914  Oct 21, Battle of Warsaw ended with a German defeat.
 (MC, 10/21/01)

1914  Oct 22, The U.S. placed economic support behind Allies.
 (HN, 10/22/98)

1914  Oct 25, John Berryman, poet, was born.
 (HN, 10/25/00)

1914  Oct 27, Dylan Thomas, British poet and author whose works included "Portrait of the Artist as a Young Dog," was born in Swansea, Wales.
 (AP, 10/27/97)(HN, 10/27/98)
1914  Oct 27, The British battleship Audacious was sunk by a mine.
 (MC, 10/27/01)

1914  Oct 28, Jonas Salk, U.S. scientist who developed the first vaccine against polio, was born in NYC.
 (HN, 10/28/98)(MC, 10/28/01)
1914  Oct 28, George Eastman announced the invention of the color photographic process.
 (HN, 10/28/00)
1914  Oct 28, The German cruiser Emden, disguised as a British ship, steamed into Penang Harbor near Malaya and sank the Russian light cruiser Zhemchug.
 (HN, 10/28/99)

1914  Oct 29, A Turkish fleet including 2 German cruisers stormed the Black Sea and bombarded Odessa, Sevastopol and Theodosia. [see Aug 3]
 (PC, 1992, p.706)(ON, Dec, 1995)

1914  Oct 30, The Allied offensive at Ypres, Belgium, began.
 (MC, 10/30/01)

1914  Fall, Armenian volunteer bands organized themselves and fought against the Turks. "The Protestant missionaries distributed... propaganda in favor of England and stirred the Armenians to desire autonomy under British protection."
 (History of Armenia, Horen Ashikian)

1914  Nov 1, Von Hindenburg was named marshal of Eastern front.
 (MC, 11/1/01)
1914  Nov 1, A German squadron engaged the British fleet under Adm. Craddock near Coronel Bay, Chile. The ships Good Hope and Monmouth were sunk and 1,600 men were lost including Adm. Craddock.
 (MC, 11/1/01)(ON, 3/02, p.11)

1914  Nov 2, Ray Walston, actor (My Favorite Martian, Damn Yankees, Picket Fences), was born in New Orleans, La.
 (MC, 11/2/01)
1914  Nov 2, Victor Herbert's  "Only Girl," premiered in NYC.
 (MC, 11/2/01)
1914  Nov 2, Great Britain annexed Cyprus.
 (MC, 11/2/01)
1914  Nov 2, Russia declared war with Turkey. [see Oct 29]
 (HN, 11/2/98)

1914  Nov 5, The Great Britain and France declared war on Turkey.
 (HN, 11/5/98)

1914  Nov 7, Japan attacked a German concession on Chinese peninsula of Shanghai.
 (MC, 11/7/01)

1914  Nov 9, The Australian light cruiser HMAS Sydney wrecked the German cruiser Emden, forcing her to beach on a reef on North Keeling Island in the Indian Ocean.
 (HN, 11/9/99)

1914  Nov 11, Howard Fast, screenwriter (Rachel & the Stranger, Spartacus), was born in NYC.
 (MC, 11/11/01)

1914  Nov 13, The brassiere, invented by Caresse Crosby, was patented by Mary Phelps Jacob.
 (HN, 11/13/00)(MC, 11/13/01)

1914  Nov 15, Italian socialist Benito Mussolini founded the newspaper Il Populo d’Italia.
 (MC, 11/15/01)

1914  Nov 16, Federal Reserve System formally opened. [see Apr 2, 1914]
 (MC, 11/16/01)

1914  Nov 17, US declared Panama Canal Zone neutral.
 (MC, 11/17/01)

1914  Nov 20, Emilio Pucci, fashion designer (Neiman-Marcus Award-1954), was born in Naples.
 (MC, 11/20/01)
1914  Nov 20, US State Department began requiring photographs for passports.
 (MC, 11/20/01)
1914  Nov 20, Bulgaria proclaimed its neutrality in the First World War.
 (HN, 11/20/98)

1914  Nov 21, The RNAS attempted an air attack on the Zeppelins at Friedrichshafen. They succeeded in doing considerable damage.
 (AHM, 1/97)

1914  Nov 22, Peter Woolridge Townsend, war hero, courtier, writer, was born.
 (MC, 11/22/01)

1914  Nov 24, Benito Mussolini left Italy's socialist party.
 (MC, 11/24/01)

1914  Nov 25, Joe DiMaggio, baseball star for the New York Yankees, was born.
 (HN, 11/25/98)
1914  Nov 25, German Field Marshal Fredrich von Hindenburg called off Lodz offensive 40 miles from Warsaw, Poland. The Russians lost 90,000 to the Germans’ 35,000 in two weeks of fighting.
 (HN, 11/25/98)

1914  Nov 26, Battleship HMS Bulwark exploded at Sheerness Harbor, England, 788 died.
 (MC, 11/26/01)

1914  Dec 2, Ray Walston, actor (My Favorite Martian), was born.
 (MC, 12/2/01)
1914  Dec 2, Austrian troops occupied Belgrade, Serbia.
 (HN, 12/2/98)

1914  Dec 4, The first Seaplane Unit formed by the German Navy officially came into existence and began operations from Zeebrugge, Belgium.
 (HN, 12/4/98)

1914  Dec 5, Sir Ernest Shackleton left South Georgia Island on the HMS Endurance in the Weddell Sea in Antarctica.
 (Hem. 1/95, p. 28)(WSJ, 4/2/98, p.B1)

1914  Dec 6, German troops over ran Lodz.
 (MC, 12/6/01)

1914  Dec 8, "Watch Your Step," the first musical revue to feature a score composed entirely by Irving Berlin, opened in New York.
 (AP, 12/8/99)
1914  Dec 8, The German cruisers Scharnhorst, Gneisenau, Nurnberg, and Liepzig were sunk by a British force under Adm. Sturdee in the Battle of the Falkland Islands. 1,800 German sailors were killed including Adm. Von Spee and his 2 sons. Over 2,500 lives were lost in a single day.
 (HN, 12/8/98)(ON, 3/02, p.11)(SSFC, 10/6/02, p.C12)

1914  Dec 15, The New York Stock Exchange reopened under restrictions that specified minimum prices. It had closed for 4 1/2 months due to the war.
 (WSJ, 7/8/96, p.C1)(WSJ, 1/11/99, p.R42)

1914  Dec 17, Jews were expelled from Tel Aviv by Turkish authorities.
 (MC, 12/17/01)

1914  Dec 24, 577,875 Allied soldiers spent Christmas as prisoners in Germany. World War I was only months old on Christmas Eve 1914 when an extraordinary unofficial truce occurred in many places along the Western Front. "We were all moved and felt quite melancholy," wrote one German soldier, "each of us taken up with his own thoughts of home." German and English troops, often less than one hundred yards from each other, set aside warfare to trade Christmas greetings and sing familiar carols in two languages. The truce, probably observed by two-thirds of the British and German troops, ended with the holiday, but reasserted the basic decency of ordinary men like these British and German soldiers caught up in war. In 2001 Stanley Weintraub authored "Silent Night: The Remarkable 1914 Christmas Truce."
 (HN, 12/24/98)(HNPD, 12/24/98)(WSJ, 12/17/01, p.A16)
1914  Dec 24, John Muir (76), naturalist, died in Martinez, Ca. He was born in Dunbar, Scotland, in 1838.
 (SFEC, 1/2/00, DB p.23)(SFC, 2/2/00, p.A21)(ON, 7/03, p.3)

1914  Dec 25, German and British troops declared an unofficial truce to celebrate Christmas during World War I.
 (HN, 12/25/98)
1914  Dec 25, The British Royal Navy Air Force attempted to bomb the German Zeppelin shed at Cuxhaven. Fog obscured the mission and the bombs were dropped on other sites, i.e. a seaplane base on Langeoog Island, the light cruisers Stralsund and Graudenz and the city of Wilhemshaven. An audacious British air attack on a Zeppelin base in northern Germany caught the Germans with their defenses down. In 1985 R.D. Layman (d.1999) published "The Cuxhaven Raid: The World's First Carrier Air Strike."
 (AHM, 1/97)(HN, 3/22/97)(SFC, 6/25/99, p.D6)

1914  Dec 26, Richard Widmark, actor, was born: Judgment at Nuremberg, Murder on the Orient Express, The Halls of Montezuma, How the West was Won, The Alamo, Against All Odds, True Colors.
 (440.com)

1914  Dec 29, The production of Belgian newspapers was halted to protest German censorship.
 (HN, 12/29/98)

1914  Dec 30, Bert Parks, [Jacobson], TV host (Miss America), was born in Atlanta, Ga.
 (MC, 12/30/01)

1914  Dec, Arthur Conan Doyle planted a fossil elephant femur in the gravel pit near Piltdown that was believed to be a genuine Paleolithic tool. It was shaped like a cricket bat and appears to be part of Doyle’s Piltdown Ape-man playing cricket hoax.
 (PacDisc. Spring/’96, p.33)

1914  Hans J, Wegner, designer of Danish Modern style wooden furniture, was born. His 3 most famous chair designs were the "Classic," the "Chinese," and the "Peacock," all made during the late ‘40s and early ‘50s.
 (SFC, 3/11/98, Z1 p.5)

1914  Marc Chagall returned to Vitebsk and a year later married his muse, Bella Rosenfeld. He founded a fine arts academy in his birthplace and later moved to Moscow where he painted decorative murals for the Yiddish theater. He later moved to Berlin.
 (WSJ, 5/11/95, p. A-14)

1914  The sculpture "Large Horse" was made by Duchamp-Villon.
 (WSJ, 1/9/97, p.A8)

1914  Gaudier-Brzeska made the sculpture "Hieratic Head of Ezra Pound."
 (WSJ, 1/9/97, p.A8)

1914  Raymond Duchamp-Villon made his sculpture: "Large Horse," an abstract vision of horsepower.
 (SFC, 10/26/96, p.B6)

1914  Andre Favory painted his cubist "Woman with a Fan."
 (WSJ, 2/8/96, p.A-12)

1914  Jean Metzinger created his cubist tabletop Still Life in muted shades of brown, blue and yellow.
 (WSJ, 2/8/96, p.A-12)

1914  Stanley Spencer painted "The Centurion’s Servant."
 (SFC, 6/5/98, p.C1)

1914  Egon Schiele (b.1990), Viennese artist, made his "Reclining Woman With Raised Chemise."
 (WSJ, 11/19/97, p.A20)

1914  Canadian photographer Margaret Watkins came to New York to study at the White School of Photography, the only school in the US devoted to that art.
 (WSJ, 12/31/96, p.5)

1914  S. Ansky wrote "Dybbuk," a classic tale of love and ghostly possession. A Talmudic student starves himself to death and inhabits the body of his beloved who was wed to a rich nerd.
 (SFEC,11/9/97, DB p.17)(WSJ, 11/26/97, p.A12)

1914  Chris Evans, San Joaquin Ca. farmer and political idealist published his utopian novel: "Eurasia." He had been imprisoned for the first-degree murder of professional man-hunter Vic Wilson and was suspected of robbing the Southern Pacific Railroad. He was released on parole by Gov. Johnson in 1911.
 (Smith., 5/95, p.94)

1914  E.M. Forster authored his novel "Maurice," a story of cross-class, homosexual love.  A 1987 film version was directed by Merchant Ivory. The novel was not published until after Forster’s death.
 (SFEC, 8/22/99, DB p.37)(SSFC, 11/26/00, DB p.55)

1914  H.G. Wells authored "The World Set Free," which included references to an atomic bomb.
 (SFEC, 6/11/00, Z1 p.2)

c1914  Edith Wharton authored "French Ways and Their Meaning." She argue in the book for American Intervention in WW I.
 (SFEM, 3/12/00, p.50)

1914  Eugene O’Neill wrote his first full-length play "Bread and Butter." It was rejected and he disavowed the work. it was never produced in his lifetime.
 (WSJ, 9/3/98, p.A16)

1914  Cecil B. DeMille (b.1881) made his first film "The Squaw Man," for a new movie company headed by Samuel Goldwyn. It established him as one of America’s top directors. He went on to direct films of all types, making stars out of protégés such as Gloria Swanson and Thomas Meighan in the silent era and Charleton Heston and Paulette Goddard in the talkies.
 (HNPD, 8/12/98)

1914  The 315-mile Northwestern Pacific Railroad reached Eureka, Ca.
 (SFEC, 9/7/97, Z1 p.1)

1914   The Panama-Pacific Exposition opened.
 (I&I, Penzias, p.215)

1914  Edwin Perkins of Hendley, Nebraska, began selling bottles of a flavored syrup called "Fruit Smack." In 1927 he removed the water due to shipping expense and offered the beverage powder in envelopes under the name "Kool-Aid." In 1953 the Perkins Products Co. became part of the General Foods Corp.
 (SFC, 4/9/96, z1 p.5)

1914  Detroit got its first stop sign.
 (WSJ, 6/19/96, Adv. Supl)

1914  May Pierstorff was mailed by her parents to her grandmother’s house at a parcel post rate from Grangeville, Idaho, to Lewiston, Idaho, for 53 cents. She weighed less than the 50 pound parcel post limit.
 (SFEC, 4/20/97, Z1 p.5)

1914  Wrigley Field baseball stadium was built.
 (SFC, 7/21/96, zone 1 p.6)

1914  The Belle of Louisville sternwheeler was built and began service as a freighter. It became a landmark of Louisville, Ky., in 1962, and almost sank in 1997.
 (SFC, 8/25/97, p.A8)

1914  The American Jewish Joint Distribution Committee, a humanitarian relief organization, was founded.
 (WSJ, 3/8/99, p.A16)

1914  Harry Fox introduced the foxtrot dance in the Ziegfeld Follies.
 (SFC, 10/30/99, p.B3)

1914  Japan sided with the Allies in the war against Germany.
 (Jap. Enc., BLDM, p. 215)

1914  The Harrison Narcotics Act was put forth but not signed until 1916. [see 1916]
 (SFC, 10/4/97, p.E3)

1914  In Washington D.C. houses of prostitution were banned.
 (SFEC, 4/18/99, p.A24)

1914  The White House Correspondents Association was formed following rumors that their congressional counterparts would be asked to pick questioners at presidential news conferences. In 1920 the group initiated an annual dinner.
 (WSJ, 4/30/01, p.A16)

1914  The US banned the import of Mexican avocados. The ban stayed in force until Nov 1,1997.
 (WSJ, 10/31/97, p.A20)

1914  When WW I broke out the US military took all the relevant patents for wireless communications and put them into a mandatory licensing pool.
 (Wired, 10/96, p.133)

1914  US Navy Secretary Josephus Daniels substituted grape juice for the daily rum ration.
 (SFEC, 4/20/97, Z1 p.5)

1914  The US Forest Service created the Center for Wood Anatomy Research as a branch of the Forest Products Laboratory. The service provided free wood analysis to the public.
 (WSJ, 10/22/97, p.B1)

1914  All the black families in Prince George County, Alabama, were brutally driven out. The event became known as the "Trouble." The 1996 novel "Sacred Dust" by David Hill tells the story.
 (SFC, 9/1/96, BR p.6)

1914  Believing that every woman should have the right to plan the size of her family, Margaret Sanger published a magazine with information about birth control methods. Sanger was charged under the Comstock Law of 1873 with mailing obscene literature, but the charges were dropped. Two years later, Sanger spent 30 days in jail when she opened America’s first birth control clinic in Brooklyn.
 (HNPD, 9/14/98)

1914  Oregon narrowly repealed its death penalty after having executed 24 men.
 (SFC, 9/6.96, p.A11)

1914  The German ambassador arrived in the US with $150 million to spend on behalf of his country’s war effort. Enterprising San Franciscans made business in shipping deals and supplies. Coal from Mayor James Rolph’s coal company was sold to supply a German cruiser squadron off of South America.
 (SFEC, 10/9/96, E3)

1914  Citibank, USA, opened a branch in Buenos Aires, Arg. The history of Citibank was written by Phillip L. Zweig in 1996 and titled: "Wriston: Walter Wriston, Citibank, and the Rise and Fall of American Financial Supremacy."
 (WSJ, 3/28/96,p.A-12)

c1914  When WW I began Helena Rubinstein relocated her Paris beauty salon business to NYC off 5th Ave.
 (SFEM, 8/23/98, p.29)

1914  Scheduled service in the winter of 1914 on the first winged airline, the St. Petersburg-Tampa Airboat Line, treated a passenger or two to a wooden seat, fresh Florida air—and salt spray in the face.
 (HN, 6/1/98)

1914  Henry Ford (1863-1947) introduced his $5 a day pay that made it possible for the average worker to buy a car. 231,000 "Tin Lizzies" were built this year.
 (WSJ, 6/19/96, Adv. Supl)

1914  Dodge cars were introduced.
 (WSJ, 6/19/96, Adv. Supl)

1914  Becton Dickinson Corp. introduced its all-cotton elastic bandage. A naming contest offered a $200 prize to the physician who thought up the best name. After reviewing 3,000 suggestions, the acronym ACE was selected.
 (Horizon, 8/96, p.8)

1914  Thomas J. Watson Sr. (1874-1956) began running the Computing-Tabulating-Recording Co., a predecessor to IBM. He converted the financially ailing manufacturing business into the international giant IBM.
 (WUD, 1994, p.1614)(HN, 2/17/99)(WSJ, 5/15/03, p.A1)

1914  Mother’s Cake & Cookie Co. was founded in Oakland.
 (SFC, 2/28/98, p.D1)

1914  The Toy Tinkers Company of Evanston, Ill., made the Tinkertoy Wonder Builder construction set out of wood as its first product. It sold for 50 cents. Toy Tinkers was sold in 1952 to A.G. Spalding. It was later acquired by Hasbro who made its parts out of plastic. Hasbro was named after the Hassenfeld Brothers.
 (SFC, 2/5/97, z-1 p.7)(SFC, 4/8/98, Z1 p.6)(SFC, 8/15/98, p.E4)

1914  James Chadwick, British scientist, discovered that beta particles showed a wide spread of energy distribution from zero to a few million electron volts.
 (SCTS, p.130)

1914  Harlow Shapley, American astronomer, suggested that the periodic luminosity changes of cepheids are due to the pulsations of their giant gaseous bodies.
 (SCTS, p.1171)

1914  In California Ishi, the "Stone Age" Indian, led scientists back to the his native canyons and demonstrated his old ways of life.
 (CAS, 1996, p.7)

1914  The bones of a Neanderthal baby were found in southwestern France and shipped to Paris for analysis. The 40,000 year-old "Le Moustier 2" bones were put away and re-discovered in 1996.
 (SFC, 9/5/02, p.A16)

1914  In California Mt. Lassen erupted and continued to spew volcanic debris through 1921.
 (SFEC, 8/3/97, p.T5)

1914  Beno Gutenberg, German geophysicist, located the top of the earth’s core at 1,800 miles below the surface, which means that the core has a radius of 2,200 miles. To this day the top of the core is called the Gutenberg discontinuity.
 (DD-EVTT, p.78)

1914  In Wisconsin Mamah Cheney, the mistress of Frank Lloyd Wright, was axed to death along with her 2 children and 4 others by a crazed servant at Wright’s rural Taliesin home.
 (SFEC, 11/8/98, DB p.48)

1914  The German warship Magdeburg ran aground near Finland. The Russians found a copy of their naval code book and gave copies to the British.
 (SFEC, 2/16/97, BR p.7)

1914  In 2002 "German Atrocities, 1914: A History of Denial" was published.
 (NW, 9/30/02, p.72)

1914  A Japanese settler introduced rice farming to the Murray Region of Australia.
 (Hem., 12/96, p.82)

1914  In western Japan the Takarazuka Revue, a female musical theater troupe, was founded.
 (SFEC, 9/8/96, DB p.55)

1914  In Mexico Elmer Jones, a Wells Fargo vice-president, was summoned by Pancho Villa and ordered to continue doing business on the northern railroads seized by Villa. Jones and another official refused and were imprisoned and ordered to be executed. The execution order was not completed and the Wells Fargo officials were rescued. The incident is contained in the book: "Wells Fargo: Advancing the American Frontier."
 (SFC, 5/5/99, p.A2)

c1914  When WW I began New Zealand pried Western Samoa from the Germans.
 (SFCM, 10/14/01, p.45)

1914  Nigeria was cobbled together by British colonialists. Over 200 ethnic groups were brought together into one country.
 (SFEC, 7/19/98, p.A20)

1914  Venezuela’s 1st oil gusher was drilled near Lake Maracibo.
 (WSJ, 4/18/02, p.A9)

1914-1915 The Cracker Jack prizes of baseball cards of this time later became the most valued prizes. The shoeless Joe Jackson card sold for $8,500 in 1998.
 (SFC, 2/11/98, Z1 p.6)

1914-1916 George Washington Goethals served as the governor of the Canal Zone.
 (WUD, 1994, p.606)

1914-1917 Piet Mondrian painted his abstracts called "Composition," that reflected his plus-minus ideas of masculine and feminine lines. He later moved on to the style he translated as "neo-plasticism," his attempt to reduce painting to its pure essence.
 (WSJ, 9/10/97, p.A20)

1914-1918 Marc Chagall painted the celebrated Above Town, where a reclining couple hover in a celestial daze above Vitebsk. In the lower left, a tiny figure defecates.
 (WSJ, 5/11/95, p. A-14)

1914-1918 In 2002 Winston Groom authored "A Storm in Flanders: The Ypres Salient: 1914-1918: Tragedy and Triumph on the Western Front."
 (SSFC, 6/30/02, p.M4)

1914-1919 During WW I nine million people died; 2 million Frenchmen, 2 million Germans, 1 million Britons, .5 million Italians, 1.7 million Austro-Hungarians, and about .5 million Turks. In 1996 PBS aired an 8-hour documentary on the war. 116,516 Americans died. The Titanic’s sister ship, the Britannic, was sunk during WW I by either a bomb or torpedo in the Aegean. In 1997 Stephen O’shea, a Canadian journalist, wrote "Back to the Front," a book based on a walking tour in which he revisited the front lines of the war. In 1999 John Keegan published "The First World War," written mostly from a British perspective. In 1999 Byron Farwell published "Over There," an account of American participation in the war.
 (SFC, 11/7/96, p.E1)(SFEM, 11/10/96, p.12)(AM, May/Jun 97 p.80)(SFEC, 10/5/97, Par p.5)(WSJ, 5/21/99, p.W5)(WSJ, 6/17/99, p.A24)
1914-1919  The Mack truck became a favorite of the American Expeditionary Force during World War I.
 (HNQ, 11/11/00)

c1914-1919 Ludwig Wittgenstein (1889-1951), Viennese-born philosopher, wrote his "Tractatus Logico-Philosophicus" while serving in the Austrian army during WW I. He had "set out to chart the logical limits of language and ended with poetic gestures toward what words could not capture." In 1996 Marjorie Perloff wrote "Wittgenstein’s Ladder: Poetic Language and the Strangeness of the Ordinary."
 (SFEC, 10/27/96, BR p.4)

1914-1928 German and Austrian Jews born in this period collided with the Third Reich. In 2001 Walter Laqueur authored "Generation Exodus," a study of what happened to many of them.
 (WSJ, 8/13/01, p.A11)

1914-1931 Karen Blixen, Danish author, lived on a farm near Nairobi, Kenya. Her lover was Denys Finch-Hatton. She wrote under the name Isak Dinesen. The two were featured in the 1985 film "Out of Africa" that starred Robert Redford and Meryl Streep. The country was then called British East Africa.
 (SFC, 6/17/98, p.E1)(SFEC, 7/26/98, p.T10)

1914-1933 Sebastion Haffner (d.1999) covered this period of the Weimar in a memoir that was cut short by his death. The English version was published in 2002 as "Defying Hitler."
 (WSJ, 9/19/02, p.D12)

1914-1945 Stanley Payne wrote "A History of Fascism, 1914-1945," publ. in 1996.
 (WSJ, 4/25/96, p.A-16)

1914-1979 Fred Coe was considered the greatest producer in television’s Golden Age in the 1950s. John Krampner wrote "The Man in the Shadows: Fred Coe and the Golden Age of Television" in 1996.
 (MT, Spg. ‘97, p.18)

1914-1996 Masao Maruyama, prof. of political science at the Univ. of Tokyo (1950-1971). He formed the pillar of postwar anti-establishment thought.
 (SFC, 8/20/96, p.A18)

1915  Jan 1, German submarine U-24 sank the British battleship Formidable off the coast of Plymouth Massachusetts.
 (HN, 1/1/99)

1915  Jan 2, Karl Goldmark (84), Austria-Hungarian composer (Queen of Saba), died.
 (MC, 1/2/02)

1915  Jan 6, John Cunningham Lilly (d.2001), was born in Saint Paul, Minn. He later became a medical doctor and dolphin and counter culture researcher
 (SFC, 10/6/01, p.A18)

1915  Jan 9, Les Paul, guitarist inventor (Les Paul), was born.
 (MC, 1/9/02)
1915  Jan 9, Pancho Villa signed a treaty with U.S. General Scott, halting border conflicts.
 (HN, 1/9/98)

1915  Jan 12, The U.S. House of Representatives rejected a proposal to give women the right to vote.
 (AP, 1/12/98)
1915  Jan 12, The U.S. Congress established Rocky Mountain National Park.
 (HN, 1/12/99)

1915  Jan 13, An earthquake in Avezzano, Italy, killed 29,800.
 (MC, 1/13/02)

1915  Jan 14, The French abandoned five miles of trenches to the Germans near Soissons.
 (HN, 1/14/99)

1915  Jan 15, Japan claimed economic control of China.
 (MC, 1/15/02)

1915  Jan 18, The HMS Endurance, under Sir Ernest Shackleton and his 27 man crew, froze into the ice of Antarctica. In 1999 Caroline Alexander published "The Endurance: Shackleton's Legendary Antarctic Expedition."
 (Hem. 1/95, p. 28)(WSJ, 4/2/98, p.B1)(SFEC, 1/24/99, BR p.1)
1915  Jan 18, A train crashed at Colima-Guadalajara Mexico and some 600 people were killed.
 (MC, 1/18/02)

1915  Jan 19, The neon tube sign was patented by George Claude.
 (MC, 1/19/02)
1915  Jan 19, The first German air raids on Britain inflicted minor casualties. A Zeppelin attack over Great Britain killed 4 people.
 (HN, 1/19/99)(MC, 1/19/02)

1915  Jan 21, The first Kiwanis Club was founded, in Detroit.
 (AP, 1/21/98)

1915  Jan 23, Potter Stewart, 94th Supreme Court justice (1958-81), was born in Mich.
 (MC, 1/23/02)

1915  Jan 24, Ernest Borgnine, actor (Ice Station Zebra, McHale, Marty), was born in Hamden, Ct.
 (MC, 1/24/02)
1915  Jan 24, The German cruiser Blücher was sunk by a British squadron in the Battle of Dogger Bank.
 (HN, 1/24/99)

1915  Jan 25, Umberto Giordano, Sardou & Moreau's opera "Madame Sans Gene" premiered in NYC.
 (MC, 1/25/02)
1915  Jan 25, The inventor of the telephone, Alexander Graham Bell, inaugurated transcontinental telephone service in the United States. Bell placed the first ceremonial cross-continental call from New York to his old colleague Thomas Watson in San Francisco.
 (SFC, 2/3/97, p.D1)(AP, 1/25/98)(HN, 1/25/99)

1915  Jan 27, US Marines occupied Haiti. [see Jul 29]
 (MC, 1/27/02)

1915  Jan 28, Pres. Wilson refused to prohibit the immigration of illiterates.
 (MC, 1/28/02)
1915  Jan 28, The U.S. Coast Guard was founded by an Act of Congress to fight contraband trade and aid distressed vessels at sea.
 (AP, 1/28/98)(HN, 1/28/99)
1915  Jan 28, 1st US ship, the William P. Frye, was lost in WW I while carrying wheat to UK.
 (MC, 1/28/02)
1915  Jan 28, The German navy attacked the U.S. freighter William P. Frye, loaded with wheat for Britain.
 (HN, 1/28/99)

1915  Jan 31, Thomas Merton (d.1968), French Trappist monk, poet, essayist , was born. "A happiness that is sought for ourselves alone can never be found; for a happiness that is diminished by being shared is not big enough to make us happy."
 (AP, 4/17/01)(MC, 1/31/02)
1915    Jan 31, Germans used poison gas for the 1st time on the Russians at Bolimov.
  (HN, 1/31/99)(MC, 1/31/02)
1915  Jan 31, German U-boats sank two British steamers in the English Channel.
 (HN, 1/31/99)

1915  Feb 2, Abba Eban (d.2002), Israeli statesman, was born in South Africa. He grew up in England, attaining honors at Cambridge University, where he honed his oratory as a leader of the university debating society.
 (AP, 11/17/02)

1915  Feb 4, Germans decreed British waters part of war zone; all ships were to be sunk without warning.
 (HN, 2/4/99)

1915  Feb 5, Robert Hofstadter, US atomic physicist, was born.
 (MC, 2/5/02)

1915  Feb 7, 1st wireless message sent from a moving train to a station was received.
 (MC, 2/7/02)
1915  Feb 7, Field marshal Paul von Hindenburg moved on Russians at Masurian Lakes.
 (HN, 2/7/99)

1915  Feb 8, D.W. Griffith's silent movie epic about the Civil War, "The Birth of a Nation," premiered at Clune's Auditorium in Los Angeles.
 (AP, 2/8/99)(MC, 2/8/02)

1915  Feb 10, President Wilson blasted the British for using the U.S. flag on merchant ships to deceive the Germans. He also warned the Kaiser that he would hold Germany "to a strict accountability" for U.S. lives and property endangered. In Europe [Lithuania], the Germans encircled and captured 100,000 Russians near Nieman River. When the United States entered World War I, propagandist George Creel set out to stifle anti-war sentiment.
 (HN, 2/10/97)

1915  Feb 12, Andrew J. Goodpaster, US general, supreme commander (NATO-Europe), was born.
 (MC, 2/12/02)
1915  Feb 12, Lorne Greene, actor (Bonanza, Battlestar Galactica), was born in Ottawa, Canada.
 (MC, 2/12/02)
1915  Feb 12, The cornerstone for the Lincoln Memorial was laid in Washington, D.C.
 (AP, 2/12/98)

1915  Feb 14, The Kaiser invited the U.S. Ambassador Gerard to Berlin in order to confer on the war.
 (HN, 2/14/98)

1915  Feb 16, Emil Waldteufel, [Charles Levy], French composer (Estudiantina), died.
 (MC, 2/16/02)

1915  Feb 18, Germany began a blockade of England.
 (MC, 2/18/02)

1915  Feb 19, British and French warships began their attacks on the Turkish forts at the mouth of the Dardenelles, in an abortive expedition to force the straits of Gallipoli. Winston Churchill was the architect of the disastrous campaign.
 (HN, 2/19/99)(NW, 12/24/01, p.64)

1915  Feb 20, President Wilson opened the Panama-Pacific Expo in San Francisco to celebrate the opening of the Panama Canal. The Panama-Pacific Int’l. Exhibition was held on what became the Marina and 300,000 people attended opening day. 60,000 pavilions with exhibits from 41 nations, 43 states and 3 US territories were featured. Herb Caen claimed to have been conceived in this year during the expo. A 40-ton organ with 7,000 pipes played the "Hallelujah Chorus." It was made by the Austin Organs Co. of Hartford, Conn. After the fair it was moved to the Civic Auditorium and used for 7 decades until the 1989 earthquake damaged it.
 (SFC, 6/14/96, p.A1)(HN, 2/20/98)(SFC, 4/27/98, p.A20)(SFEC, 12/26/99, p.W4)

1915  Feb 21, The 20th Russian Army corps surrendered.
 (MC, 2/21/02)

1915  Feb 22, Germany began "unrestricted" submarine warfare.
 (MC, 2/22/02)

1915  Feb 23, Germany sank US ships Carib & Evelyn and torpedoed the Norwegian ship Regin.
 (MC, 2/23/02)

1915  Feb 26, The 1st flame-thrower was used by the Germans at Malancourt, Argonnen.
 (SC, 2/26/02)

1915  Feb 28, Peter Medawar, zoologist, immunologist (Nobel 1953), was born in England.
 (MC, 2/28/02)
1915  Feb 28, Zero "Samuel" Mostel, actor (Fiddler on the Roof), was born in Brooklyn.
 (MC, 2/28/02)

1915   Mar 1, The Allies announced their aim to cut off all German supplies, and assured the safety of the neutrals.
 (HN, 3/1/98)

1915  Mar 2, British Vice Admiral Carden began bombing of Dardanelles forts.
 (SC, 3/2/02)
1915  Mar 2, Vladmir Jabotinsky formed a Jewish military force to fight in Palestine.
 (SC, 3/2/02)

1915  Mar 3, The film "The Birth of a Nation" debuted in New York City. The motion picture brought Lillian Gish, Mae Marsh and Wallace Reid to the silver screen in what has frequently been called the greatest silent film ever produced.
 (SFEC,11/9/97, DB p.44)(HC, Internet, 3/3/98)
1915  Mar 3, National Advisory Committee for Aeronautics, a NASA forerunner, was created.
 (SC, 3/3/02)

1915  Mar 4, Petrus de Jong, Dutch premier (KVP, 1967-71), was born.
 (SC, 3/4/02)

1915  Mar 9, The Germans took Grodno on the Eastern Front.
 (HN, 3/9/98)

1915  Mar 13, Dodgers manager Wilbert Robinson tried to catch a baseball dropped from an airplane, but the pilot substituted a grapefruit.
 (MC, 3/13/02)
1915  Mar 13, The Germans repelled a British Expeditionary Force attack at the battle of Neuve Chapelle in France.
 (HN, 3/13/99)

1915  Mar 14, The British Navy sank the German battleship Dresden off the Chilean coast.
 (HN, 3/14/98)

1915  Mar 16, The Federal Trade Commission was organized.
 (AP, 3/16/97)
1915  Mar 16, British battle cruisers Inflexible and Irresistible hit mines in Dardanelle (Turkey).
 (MC, 3/16/02)

1915  Mar 20, The French called off the Champagne offensive on the Western Front.
 (HN, 3/20/98)

1915  Mar 22, A German Zeppelin made a night raid on Paris railway stations.
 (HN, 3/22/97)

1915  Mar 23, Zion Mule Corp. formed.
 (SS, 3/23/02)

1915  Mar 25, The first submarine disaster occurred when a U.S. F-4 sank off the Hawaiian coast. 21 people were killed.
 (HN, 3/24/98)(MC, 3/25/02)

1915  Mar 31, Henry Morgan, comedian, radio performer, was born.
 (HN, 3/31/01)

1915  Apr 1, Roland Garros (d.1918), French aviator, shot down 2 German aviators over Belgium, with bullets shot through his propellers. Corp. August Spachholz and Lt. Walter Grosskopf became the 1st to be killed by an enemy pilot flying alone.
 (ON, 10/02, p.8)

1915  Apr 3, Paul Touvier, war criminal, was born.
 (MC, 4/3/02)

1915  Apr 4, Muddy Waters, American blues musician, was born as McKinley Morganfield.
 (HN, 4/4/01)(MC, 4/4/02)

1915  Apr 5, Black American educator Booker T. Washington (b.1856) died. His autobiography "Up From Slavery" was listed in 1999 as the 3rd best work of non-fiction in the English language in the 20th century by the Modern Library.
 (AP, 4/5/97)(WUD, 1994, p.1611)(SFC, 4/29/99, p.C5)

1915  Apr 7, Billie Holliday (Holiday, d.1949, jazz and blues legend, was born. She sang "God Bless the Child."
 (HN, 4/7/99)

1915  Apr 10, Harry Morgan, actor (December Bride, M*A*S*H, Dragnet), was born in Detroit, Mich.
 (MC, 4/10/02)

1915  Apr 11, The Armenians of Van began a general revolt, massacring all the Turks in the vicinity so as to make possible its quick and easy conquest by the Russians.
 (http://www.atmg.org/ArmenianFAQ.html#q6)

1915  Apr 15, Manuel de Falla's ballet "El Amor Brujo," premiered in Madrid.
 (MC, 4/15/02)

1915  Apr 21, Anthony Quinn (d.2001), film star, was born in Chihuahua, Mexico, to Frank Quinn and Manuella Oaxaca.
 (HN, 4/21/98)(SFC, 6/4/01, p.A17)

1915  Apr 22, Germans made the first use of poison gas in World War I. Chlorine gas was used along 4 miles of the French line at Ypres.
 (HN, 4/22/98)(NH, 10/98, p.18)

1915  Apr 23, ACA becomes National Advisory Council on Aeronautics (NACA), the forerunner of NASA.
 (HN, 4/23/99)

1915  Apr 24-May 14, Turkey said Armenians had sided with Russia and issued a deportation order for the mass deportation of Armenians. Armenian organizations in Istanbul were closed and 235 members were arrested for treason. Turkish police arrested hundreds of the most prominent Armenians in Constantinople, took them into the hinterlands and shot them. With that the terror spread through "Turkish Armenia" spearheaded by the "Special Organization" of soldiers of the Turkish leader Enver.
 (AP, 4/24/97)(HN, 4/24/98)(SFC, 4/27/99, p.A10)(HNQ, 5/30/99)

1915  Apr 25, Australian and New Zealand troops landed at Gallipoli in Turkey in hopes of attacking the Central Powers from below. Allied soldiers, ANZAC, invaded the Gallipoli Peninsula in Turkey in an unsuccessful attempt to take the Ottoman Turkish Empire out of the war. The allies were defeated in one of the deadliest battles of the war. In 1965 Sir Robert Rhodes James authored "Gallipoli," a definitive account of the Allied expedition.
 (AP, 4/25/97)(SFC, 2/18/98, p.A18)(HN, 4/25/99)

1915  Apr 26, Second Lieutenant Rhodes-Moorhouse became the first airman to win the Victoria Cross after conducting a successful bombing raid.
 (HN, 4/26/99)

1915  Apr 27, Alexander N. Scriabin (43), Russian pianist, composer (Prometheus), died.
 (SFC, 2/16/99, p.B1)(MC, 4/27/02)

1915  Apr, The New York Stock Exchange ended restricted trading imposed in 1914.
 (WSJ, 7/8/96, p.C1)

1915  May 1, The luxury liner Lusitania left New York Harbor for a voyage to Europe. There were warnings by the German government in NYC newspapers that it regarded the refurbished liner a battle target. She was sunk by a German U-boat six days later.
 (HN, 5/1/99)(MC, 5/1/02)
1915  May 1, A German submarine sank the U.S. ship Gulflight I.
 (HN, 5/1/98)

1915  May 5, Alice Jeanne Leppert, known later as the actress Alice Faye, was born in NYC. [some sources give her birth year as 1912] She reigned as the queen of the Fox movie lot from 1935 to 1944.
 (SFEC, 5/10/98, p.C8)
1915  May 5, Richard H. Rovere, journalist (Goldwater Caper), was born in Jersey City.
 (MC, 5/5/02)
1915  May 5, German U-20 sank the Earl of Lathom.
 (MC, 5/5/02)

1915  May 6, Orson Welles, actor, director, and writer, was born in Kenosha, Wisc. He is famous for his movie Citizen Kane.
 (HN, 5/6/99)(MC, 5/6/02)
1915  May 6, Theodore H. White, historian, writer (Making of President), was born.
 (MC, 5/6/02)
1915  May 6, Babe Ruth made his pitching debut with the Red Sox hit his 1st HR, but lost to Yanks 4-3 in 15 innings.
 (MC, 5/6/02)
1915  May 6, German U-20 sank Centurion SE of Ireland.
 (MC, 5/6/02)

1915  May 7, In the 2nd year of WWI, the British Cunard ocean liner Lusitania, on a voyage from New York to Liverpool, sank off the coast of Ireland in only 18-21 minutes after being struck by a torpedo fired by the German U-boat U-20. Of 1,959 [1,978] passengers and crew, 1,195 died. Of the fatalities, 123 were Americans. Even though the Germans maintained the liner was carrying arms purchased in America to Britain, the sinking of a passenger ship aroused intense anger against the German policy of unrestricted submarine warfare and hastened America's entrance into the war. In 2002 Diana Preston authored "Lusitania: An Epic Tragedy" and David Ramsay authored "Lusitania: Saga and Myth."
 (CFA, '96, p.46)(AP, 5/7/97)(HN, 5/7/98)(HNPD, 5/7/99)(HN, 5/7/99)(WSJ, 5/8/02, p.AD9)
1915  May 7, Alfred G. Vanderbilt, US millionaire, died aboard Lusitania.
 (MC, 5/7/02)
1915  May 7, Elbert Hubbard, American platitudinist, author, educator, died.
 (MC, 5/7/02)

1915  May 9, German and French forces fought the Battle of Artois.
 (HN, 5/9/98)

1915  May 10, A Zeppelin dropped hundreds of bombs on Southend-on-Sea.
 (MC, 5/10/02)

1915  May 12, Mary Kay Ash, chairman of Mary Kay Cosmetics, was born.
 (HN, 5/12/99)
1915  May 12, Croatians plundered Armenia and killed 250.
 (MC, 5/12/02)

1915  May 14, Harry Joseph Chick Daugherty, trombonist (Spike Jones & City Slickers), was born.
 (MC, 5/14/02)

1915  May 15, AT&T became the 1st corporation to have 1 million stockholders.
 (MC, 5/15/02)

1915  May 17, The National Baptist Convention was chartered.
 (MC, 5/17/02)

1915  May 19, Pol Pot, Cambodia dictator, mass murderer, was born.
 (MC, 5/19/02)

1915  May 20, Moshe Dayan, Israeli general, minister of Defense, was born.
 (MC, 5/20/02)

1915  May 22, A train disaster killed 227 people outside Gretna, Scotland.
 (SFC, 6/4/98, p.A15)

1915  May 23, Italy declared war on Austria-Hungary in World War I. Italy entered World War I and came up against the Austro-Hungarian forces including many Slovenians in the Julian Alps near Trieste. Over 29 months 12 major battles were fought along the Soca River.
 (AP, 5/23/97)(HN, 5/23/98)(SFEC, 7/9/00, p.T14)

1915  May 24, Thomas Edison invented the telescribe to record telephone conversations.
 (MC, 5/24/02)

1915  May 25, Daniel Wolf, journalist, was born.
 (SC, 5/25/02)
1915  May 25, 2nd Battle of Ypres ended with 105,000 casualties.
 (SC, 5/25/02)

1915  May 27, Mario del Monaco, loud Italian opera tenor (Verdi/Puccini), was born.
 (MC, 5/27/02)

1915  May 27, Herman Wouk, author, was born. His work included "Winds of War" and "The Caine Mutiny."
 (HN, 5/27/99)

1915  May 28, John B. Gruelle patented the Raggedy Ann doll.
 (MC, 5/28/02)

1915  May 29, Igor Buketoff, conductor (Iceland Symphony 1964-65), was born in Hartford, CT.
 (SC, 5/29/02)

1915  May 31, A German LZ-38 Zeppelin made an air raid on London. [see Jun 1]
 (HN, 5/31/98)

1915  Jun 1, Germany conducted the first zeppelin air raid over England. [see May 10, 31]
 (DTnet, 6/1/97)(HN, 6/1/98)

1915  Jun 3, Leo Gorcey, actor (Mannequin, Road to Zanzibar), was born in NYC.
 (MC, 6/3/02)

1915  Jun 5, Alfred Kazin, critic and editor (A Walker in the City), was born.
 (HN, 6/5/01)

1915  Jun 7, The resignation of William Jennings Bryan as Woodrow Wilson‘s secretary of state, was prompted by the "second Lusitania note." Bryan, who had signed the first Lusitania note demanding that Germany stop unrestricted submarine warfare, disavow the sinking of the Lusitania and make reparations for the loss of U.S. lives, declined to sign a second note out of fear it might involve the U.S. in World War I. The second note, which demanded certain pledges from Germany, was dispatched on June 9 over the signature of Bryan‘s replacement, Robert Lansing. A third note, dispatched on July 21, was a virtual ultimatum warning that repetition of such acts as the sinking of Lusitania would be regarded as "deliberately unfriendly." [see Jun 8]
 (HNQ, 10/21/99)

1915  Jun 8, William Jennings Bryan, Woodrow Wilson's Secretary of State, resigned in a disagreement over U.S. handling of the sinking of the Lusitania. [see Jun 7]
 (AP, 6/8/97)(HN, 6/8/98)

1915  Jun 9, Les Paul, American guitarist and electric guitar innovator, was born.
 (HN, 6/9/01)

1915  Jun 10, Girl Scouts were founded. [see Mar 12, 1912]
 (MC, 6/10/02)

1915  Jun 11, British troops took Cameroon in Africa.
 (HN, 6/11/98)

1915  Jun 12, David Rockefeller, international banker, was born.
 (HN, 6/12/98)

1915  Jun 20, There was a German offensive in Argonne.
 (MC, 6/20/02)

1915  Jun 21, Germany used poison gas for the first time in warfare in the Argonne Forest.
 (HN, 6/21/98)

1915  Jun 22, Austro-German forces occupied Lemberg on the Eastern Front as the Russians retreated.
 (HN, 6/22/98)

1915  Jun 24, Fred Hoyle, British mathematician and astronomer, was born.
 (HN, 6/24/01)
1915  Jun 24, More than 800 people died when the excursion steamer "Eastland" capsized at Chicago’s Clark Street dock.
 (AP, 6/24/00)

1915  Jun 26, Charlotte Zolotow, American children’s writer, was born.
 (HN, 6/26/01)

1915  Jun 27, In Fort Yukon, Alaska, a state record 100° F (38° C) was recorded.
 (SC, 6/27/02)

1915  Jun 30, The Second Battle Artois ended as the French failed to take Vimy Ridge.
 (HN, 6/30/98)

1915   Jul 1, Willie Dixon, blues musician, was born.
 (HN, 7/1/01)
1915   Jul 1, Sydney Pollack, film director (Tootsie, Out of Africa), was born.
 (HN, 7/1/01)
1915   Jul 1, Jean Stafford, American writer (The Mountain Lion), was born.
 (HN, 7/1/01)

1915  Jul 2, Porfirio Diaz, former president of Mexico, died in Paris, France.
 (SFC, 12/14/00, p.A8)

1915  Jul 3, US military forces occupied Haiti, and remained until 1934. [see Jan 27, Jul 29]
 (MC, 7/3/02)

1915  Jul 8, Charles Hard Townes, physicist (developed lasers), was born in Greenville, SC.
 (MC, 7/8/02)

1915  Jul 9, Germany surrendered South West Africa to Union of South Africa.
 (MC, 7/9/02)

1915  Jul 10, Saul Bellow, Nobel (1976) and Pulitzer Prize-winning American author and writer of Jewish moral and social alarm (Herzog, Humboldt's Gift), was born in Montreal. "A man is only as good as what he loves." In 2000 James Atlas authored "Bellow: A Biography."
 (AP, 9/30/98)(HN, 7/10/98)(SFEC, 10/15/00, BR p.1)(MC, 7/10/02)

1915  Jul 16, Barnard Hughes, actor (Tron, Where's Poppa, Best Friends), was born in Bedford Hills, NY.
 (MC, 7/16/02)

1915  Jul 24, Excursion ship Eastland capsized in Lake Michigan and 852 die.
 (MC, 7/24/02)

1915  Jul 29, U.S. Marines landed at Port-au-Prince to protect American interests in Haiti. Roger Gaillard (d.2000 at 77), historian, later wrote a multi-volume chronicle of the US Marine occupation of Haiti from 1915-1934.
 (HN, 7/29/98)(SFC, 5/27/00, p.a26)
1915  Jul 29, Amalgamated Copper was removed from the Dow Jones. Amalgamated Copper company had been dissolved and its operations taken over by Anaconda Copper mining Co.
 (WSJ, 5/28/96, p. R46)

1915  Jul, A homemade bomb exploded in the Senate Reception Room. It was placed by Erich Muenter, a former Harvard professor, who was upset by the private sales of US munitions to the allies in WW I.
 (SFC, 7/25/98, p.A6)

1915  Aug 5, The Austro-German Army took Warsaw, in present-day Poland, on the Eastern Front.
 (HN, 8/5/98)

1915  Aug 12, The novel "Of Human Bondage," by William Somerset Maugham, was first published.
 (AP, 8/12/97)

1915  Aug 19, The British ocean liner Arabic was sunk by Germany. After the sinking Germany promised that no more merchant ships would be torpedoed without warning. Two Americans were aboard and Germany feared U.S. entry into World War I. Earlier, in May 1915, a German U-boat sank the British liner Lusitania, killing 60 percent of those on board-some 1,198-of whom 128 were Americans. The threat of American intervention receded until the beleaguered Germans believed it was necessary to resume unrestricted submarine warfare to break the British blockade. On January 31, 1917, Berlin’s announcement that its submarines would "sink on sight" brought the United States into the war.
 (HNQ, 4/7/99)

1915  Aug 21, Italy declared war on Turkey.
 (HN, 8/21/98)

1915  Aug 24, Alice H.B. Sheldon, science fiction writer, was born. He also worked as an artist, CIA photo-intelligence operative, lecturer at American University and major in the U.S. Army Air Force.
 (HN, 8/24/00)

1915  Aug 27, Walter W. Heller, economist (Old Myths & New Realities), was born.
 (MC, 8/27/02)

1915  Aug 29, Ingrid Bergman (d.1982), Oscar winning actress famous for her role in "Casablanca" and "Anastasia," was born: "Happiness is good health and a bad memory."
 (HN, 8/29/98)(AP, 7/21/97)

1915  Sep 2, Austro-German armies took Grodno, Poland.
 (HN, 9/2/98)

1915  Sep 4, Rudolf Schock, German opera and operetta tenor, was born.
 (MC, 9/4/01)
1915  Sep 4, The U.S. military placed Haiti under martial law to quell a rebellion in its capital Port-au-Prince.
 (HN, 9/4/98)

1915  Sep 6, Franz Josef Strauss, Germany, Nazi and minister of defense (1956-62), was born.
 (MC, 9/6/01)

1915  Sep 7, John Gruelle patented his Raggedy Ann doll.
 (MC, 9/7/01)

1915  Sep 8, Germany began a new offensive in Argonne on the Western Front.
 (HN, 9/8/98)

1915  Sep 9, A German zeppelin bombed London for the first time, causing little damage.
 (HN, 9/9/98)

1915  Sep 19, Elizabeth Stern, Canadian pathologist, was born. She first published a case report linking a specific virus to a specific cancer.
 (HN, 9/19/00)

1915  Sep 21, Stonehenge was sold by auction for 6,600 pounds sterling ($11,500) to a Mr. Chubb, who bought it as a present for his wife. He presented it to the British nation three years later.
 (HN, 9/21/98)

1915  Sep 22, Southern Methodist University in Dallas, Texas, held its 1st class.
 (MC, 9/22/01)
1915  Sep 22, Xavier University, the first African-American Catholic college, opened in New Orleans, Louisiana.
 (HN, 9/22/98)

1915  Sep 23, Clifford G. Shull, physicist, was born. He improved techniques for exploring the atomic structure of matter.
 (HN, 9//00)

1915  Sep 24, Bulgaria mobilized troops on the Serbian border.
 (HN, 9/24/98)

1915  Sep 25, An allied offensive was launched in France against the German Army.
 (HN, 9/25/98)
1915  Sep 25, At the Battle at Loos: 8,246 British and 0 German casualties.
 (MC, 9/25/01)

1915  Sep 28, Ethel Rosenberg, who, with her husband Julius, became one of the first American civilians executed for espionage, was born.
 (HN, 9/28/98)
1915  Sep 28, At the Battle of Kut-el-Amara the British defeated the Turks in Mesopotamia.
 (MC, 9/28/01)

1915  Sep 30, Lester Garfield Maddox, (Gov-D-Ga) restaurant owner and ax handle wielder segregationist, was born.
 (MC, 9/30/01)

1915  Oct 4, Dinosaur National Monument in Colorado and Utah was established. Pres. Woodrow Wilson established Dinosaur National Monument in Jensen, Utah.
 (SFEC, 3/14/99, p.T8)(MC, 10/4/01)

1915  Oct 5, Germany issued an apology and promises for payment for the 128 American passengers killed in the sinking of the British ship Lusitania.
 (HN, 10/5/98)

1915  Oct 8, The WWI Battle of Loos ended with virtually no gains for either side. There was loss of over one hundred thousand French, British, and German lives in this battle. It marked the first use of poisonous gas by the British, which drifted back to the British trenches.
 (MC, 10/8/01)

1915  Oct 9, Woodrow Wilson became the 1st president to attend a World Series game.
 (MC, 10/9/01)
1915  Oct 9, Belgrade,  Serbia, surrendered to Central leaders.
 (MC, 10/9/01)

1915  Oct 11, A Bulgarian anti Serbian offensive began.
 (MC, 10/11/01)
1915  Oct 11, Despite international protests, Edith Cavell, an English nurse in Belgium, was executed by Germans for aiding the escape of Allied prisoners. [see Oct 12]
 (HN, 10/11/98)

1915  Oct 12, Theodore Roosevelt criticized US citizens who identified themselves with dual nationalities.
 (MC, 10/12/01)
1915  Oct 12, Ford Motor Company manufactured its 1 millionth Model T automobile. [see Dec 10]
 (MC, 10/12/01)
1915  Oct 12, British nurse Edith Cavell was shot as a spy by a German firing squad in Brussels, Belgium. Cavell, the 47-year-old matron of a Brussels training school for nurses, was known for her compassion and sense of duty. As World War I broke out in Europe, Cavell helped 60 British student nurses return home but she remained in Belgium. Even though she knew that helping soldiers escape from German-occupied territory meant the death penalty, Cavell agreed when asked to participate in an escape ring that helped more than 200 fugitive Allied soldiers return home after the British Expeditionary Force's retreat from Mons. Such a large conspiracy could not long remain a secret and in August 1915, Cavell and 35 other members of her organization were arrested. At her hasty trial, she was condemned to death for "conducting soldiers to the enemy." Although their action may have been justified under the rules of war, the Germans seriously blundered when they shot Edith Cavell. Within days of her death, the selfless nurse was elevated to martyr status and the Germans were internationally condemned as "murdering monsters." A statue in St. Martin's Place, just off London's Trafalgar Square, is dedicated to Cavell. [see Oct 11]
 (AP, 10/12/97)(HNPD, 10/13/98)

1915  Oct 16, Great Britain declared war on Bulgaria.
 (MC, 10/16/01)

1915  Oct 17, Arthur Miller, Pulitzer Prize-winning playwright, was born. His work included "Death of a Salesman" and "A View from the Bridge." In 2003 Martin Gottfried authored "Arthur Miller: His Life and Work."
 (HN, 10/17/00)(SSFC, 9/28/03, p.M2)

1915  Oct 19, US recognized General Venustiano Carranza (opposing Pancho Villa) as the president of Mexico, and imposed an embargo on the shipment of arms to all Mexican territories except those controlled by Carranza.
 (MC, 10/19/01)
1915  Oct 19, Russia and Italy declared war on Bulgaria.
 (MC, 10/19/01)

1915  Oct 21, The 1st transatlantic radio-telephone message was transmitted from Arlington, Va., to Paris.
 (MC, 10/21/01)

1915  Oct 23, 25,000 women marched in New York City, demanding the right to vote.
 (AP, 10/23/97)

1915  Oct 24, Tito Gobbi, great Italian baritone (Figaro, Rigoletto, Scarpia), was born.
 (MC, 10/24/01)

1915  Oct 27, Ernest Shackleton and the crew of the Endurance abandoned their ship in the Antarctic ice.
 (WSJ, 4/16/99, p.W14)

1915  Oct 28, Richard Strauss' Alpine Symphony premiered in Berlin.
 (MC, 10/28/01)

1915  Oct 29, Thomas Masaryk claimed independence for Czechoslovakia.
 (MC, 10/29/01)

1915  Oct, The US secret service captured 2 former Oakland policemen in Utah and Ohio after a 12,500 mile chase. The men were charged with counterfeiting $100,000 in bogus $5 gold pieces.
 (SFEC, 12/26/99, p.W4)

1915  Nov 6, An order from Constantinople reached the local authorities, at any rate in the Cilician plain, directing them to refrain from further [Armenian] deportations.
 (http://raven.cc.ukans.edu/~kansite/ww_one/docs/bryce2.htm)

1915  Nov 7, Austrian submarine torpedoed Italian passenger ship and 272 were killed. [see Nov 9]
 (MC, 11/7/01)

1915  Nov 9, Italian liner Ancona was sunk by German torpedoes, killing 272. [see Nov 7]
 (MC, 11/9/01)

1915  Nov 11, William Proxmire, US Senator-D-Wi, 1957-88 (Golden Fleece Awards), was born.
 (MC, 11/11/01)

1915  Nov 14, Booker T. Washington (59), educator and organizer, died in Tuskegee, Ala.
 (MC, 11/14/01)

1915  Nov 19, Billy Strayhorn (d.1967), composer, arranger and pianist, was born. He wrote "Take the A Train."
 (HN, 11/19/00)
1915  Nov 19, Joe Hill, Labor leader and songwriter, was executed for murder. Joe Hill (Joseph Hillstrom) was executed after being convicted of killing two men in a holdup in Salt Lake City in 1914. He claimed the charges against him were trumped up and won worldwide support, including that of President Woodrow Wilson. Nevertheless, Hill was tried, convicted and executed by firing squad. Hill, born Joel Haggelund in Sweden in 1879, went to the United States in 1902 and soon joined the revolutionary Industrial Workers of the World (the Wobblies).
 (HNQ, 10/25/99)(SSFC, 1/7/01, p.A21)(MC, 11/19/01)
1915  Nov 19, The Allies asked China to join the entente against the Central Powers.
 (HN, 11/19/00)

1915  Nov 21, The HMS Endurance, under Sir Ernest Shackleton and his 27 man crew, sank in the Weddell Sea of Antarctica. The whole crew escaped on 3 lifeboats that included the "James Caird." They drifted for 5 months and when the ice broke rowed to Elephant Island. Shackleton then rowed the Caird for 800 miles with 5 men to South Georgia Island and returned to pick up the 21 men left behind. Frank Hurley captured the sinking on 35-mm movie film. In 1999 Caroline Alexander authored "The Endurance."
 (WSJ, 4/2/98, p.B1,15)(SFEC, 1/24/99, BR p.6)(WSJ, 4/16/99, p.W14)(ON, 5/00, p.10)

1915  Nov 22, The Anglo-Indian army, led by British General Sir Charles Townshend, attacked a larger Turkish force under General Nur-ud-Din at Ctesiphon, Iraq, but was repulsed.
 (HN, 11/22/98)

1915  Nov 25, Augusto Pinochet, general and president  of Chile, war criminal, was born.
 (MC, 11/25/01)

1915  Nov 30, Brownie McGhee, singer and guitarist, was born.
 (HN, 11/30/00)

1915  Dec 2, Adolph Green, songwriter (married to Phyllis Newman), was born.
 (MC, 12/2/01)
1915  Dec 2, Millicent Hearst, wife of William Randolph Hearst (d.1951), gave birth to twin sons, David (d.1986) and Randolph (d.2000).
 (SFC, 12/19/00, p.A21)(MC, 12/2/01)

1915  Dec 3, The U.S. expelled German attaches on spy charges.
 (HN, 12/3/98)

1915  Dec 4, Ku Klux Klan received a charter from Fulton County, Ga.
 (MC, 12/4/01)

1915  Dec 8, Jean Sibelius' 5th Symphony in E, premiered.
 (MC, 12/8/01)

1915  Dec 9, Elisabeth Schwarzkopf, soprano (Der Rosenkavalier), was born in Jarotschin, Germany.
 (MC, 12/9/01)

1915  Dec 12, Frank Sinatra, actor and singer, was born in Hoboken New Jersey. He died May 14, 1998. In 1986 Kitty Kelly wrote his biography "His Way."
 (WSJ, 12/14/95, p.A-12)(SFC, 11/11/96, p.D1)(SFC, 12/13/96, p.C10)(SFC, 5/16/98, p.E7)

1915  Dec 14, Jack Johnson became the 1st black world heavyweight boxing champion.
 (MC, 12/14/01)

1915  Dec 16, Albert Einstein published his "General Theory of Relativity." In 2000 David Bodanis authored "E=MC²: A Biography of the World’s Most Famous Equation."
 (SFC, 11/26/96, p.A7)(SFEC, 10/22/00, Par p.23)(MC, 12/16/01)

1915  Dec 18, President Wilson, widowed the year before, married Edith Bolling Galt at her Washington home.
 (AP, 12/18/98)
1915  Dec 18, In a single night, about 20,000 Australian and New Zealand troops slipped away from Gallipoli, undetected by the Turks defending the peninsula.
 (HN, 12/18/98)

1915  Dec 19, Edith Piaf, internationally famous French cabaret singer, was born. She is best remembered for her songs "La Vie en rose" and "Non, je ne regrette rein."
 (HN, 12/19/99)
1915  Dec 19, Alvis Alzheimer (51), German neurologist (Alzheimer Disease), died.
 (MC, 12/19/01)

1915  Dec 25, At the war front near Laventie, France, British and German soldiers exchanged greetings, cigarettes and engaged in a short game of free-for-all soccer.
 (SFC, 8/3/01, p.D5)

1915  Dec 27, William Howell Masters, sex author and physician, was born.
 (MC, 12/27/01)
1915  Dec 27, In Ohio, iron and steel workers went on strike for an eight hour day and higher wages.
 (HN, 12/27/98)

1915  Dec 31, The Germans torpedoed the British liner Persia without any warning; 335 are dead.
 (HN, 12/31/98)

1915  Paul Samuelson, MIT economist, was born. He demonstrated the mathematical structure of economic theory and melded classical and modern economic findings. He also contributed to the theory of consumer behavior, welfare economics, capital and interest and public finance.
 (WSJ, 1/11/99, p.R20)

1915  Frankie Yankovic (d.1998), accordionist, was born in Davis, W. Va. He later became the Polka King from Cleveland.
 (SFC, 10/15/98, p.C6)

1915  Marc Chagall painted his "L’Anniversaire" (Birthday).
 (SFC, 5/26/96, BR p.9)

1915  Marcel Duchamp painted "In Advance of the Broken Arm."
 (WSJ, 12/2/96, p.A16)

1915  Kasimir Malevich, a pioneer of abstract art, painted "Suprematist Cross in Black Square." It was "emblematic of the avant-garde belief that abstraction penetrated to the essence of things, on which basis the world could be reinvented."
 (SFC, 5/28/98, p.E5)

1915  Egon Schiele made his "Self-portrait With Striped Armlets."
 (WSJ, 11/19/97, p.A20)

1915  Willa Cather published her novel "The Song of the Lark." It was about an opera singer and the birth and development of the artistic spirit.
 (WSJ, 11/30/98, p.A20)

1915  Ford Maddux Ford authored "The Good Soldier."
 (SSFC, 7/29/01, DB p.63)

1915  Alfred Wegener published his evidence for the theory of continental drift in his book: "Die Entstehung der Kontinente und Ozeane." He acknowledged the work of F.B. Taylor in 1908.
 (DD-EVTT, p.188)

1915  The "Best Short Stories of the Year" series was launched by Edward J. O'Brien.
 (WSJ, 3/26/99, p.W10)

1915  The play "Hobson’s Choice" by Harold Brighouse was set in Manchester, England, and opened in NYC. It was made into a film in 1954.
 (WSJ, 1/16/02, p.A14)

1915  The song "Hello Frisco" was a musical chart-topper.
 (SFC, 2/3/97, p.D1)

1915  Jelly Roll Morton published "Jelly Roll Blues."
 (SFC, 5/24/03, p.D3)

1915  Richard Strauss composed "An Alpine Symphony."
 (SFC, 12/27/99, p.E1)

1915  Theda Bara, born as Theodosia Goodman, became an overnight sensation in director Frank Powell’s silent film "A Fool There Was." Bara, silent screen sex symbol, was one of the most glamorous and successful movie stars of the 1910s. Theda was a coed from a well-to-do Cincinnati family in 1905 when she dropped out of school to become a New York actress. Stage success eluded her, but By the start of WWI, Theda was the third most popular screen star behind Mary Pickford and Charlie Chaplin, but she chafed under the stereotypical "vamp" roles she usually played. Theda’s 42-film career came to an end in 1919 with the controversial box-office disaster "Kathleen Mavoureen." Bara married director Charles Brabin in 1921 and remained a popular Hollywood hostess until her death on April 7, 1955. Her adopted name was an anagram for Arab death.
 (HNPD, 7/24/98)(SFC, 12/27/99, p.E1)

1915  Twentieth Century Fox was founded.
 (WSJ, 1/2/97, p.1)

1915  Thomas Edison, Henry Ford and Harvey Firestone rode in a private Pullman car to visit Luther Burbank in Santa Rosa, Ca.
 (SFEC, 12/1/96, p.T8)

1915  Carter G. Woodson launched the Association for the Study of Negro Life and History.
 (Civilization, July-Aug, 1995, p. 37)

1915  San Diego hosted a World’s Fair.
 (AWAM, Dec. 94, p.32)

1915  The San Francisco Cross City Race was begun as a social event in connection with the Panama-Pacific Expo.
 (SFEM, 5/11/97, p.6)

1915  Freud described people as not very good at heart. "The element of truth behind all this, which people are so ready to disavow, is that men are not gentle creatures who want to be loved, and at most can defend themselves if they are attacked."
 (V.D.-H.K.p.294)

1915  In Colorado the Rocky Mountain National Park, northwest of Denver, was created.
 (SFC, 7/19/97, p.A2)

1915  The height of the Progressive Era.
 (WSJ, 7/8/96, p.A8)

1915  Alcatraz island was converted into a military prison.
 (SFEC, 3/8/98, p.W38)

1915  In Georgia Ku Klux Klansmen held a formative assembly at the town of Stone Mountain.
 (SFC,11/28/97, p.B6)

1915  Charles Thompson acquired the Electric Welding Company from Alexander Winton. It was the nation’s leading producer of engine valves.
 (F, 10/7/96, p.67)

1915  The Frigerator electric food cooler was introduced by Guardian.
 (SFC, 12/29/99, Z1 p.1)

1915  The Hearst Corp. formed King Features Syndicate to consolidate its pioneering efforts in comic syndication.
 (SFC, 8/7/99, p.A9)

1915  Dr. Harry Heiselden of Chicago was dubbed the "Black Stork" for withholding treatment from defective newborns. The story is told by Martin S. Pernick in his 1996 work "The Black Stork: Eugenics and the Death of "Defective" Babies in American medicine and Motion Pictures Since 1915."
 (MT, 6/96, p.13)

1915  There were some 450 automotive and auto parts makers in the US by the end of this year.
 (WSJ, 6/19/96, Adv. Supl)

1915  Louis Chevrolet sold his interest in the Chevrolet Motor Company and focused his interest on auto racing.
 (WSJ, 6/19/96, Adv. Supl)(SFEC, 1/9/00, Z1 p.2)

1915  August Freuhauf, a Detroit blacksmith, invented the semi-trailer.
 (SFEC, 7/27/97, Z1 p.7)

1915  N.L. Bowen, scientist at Geophysical Laboratory in Washington, showed that in a pool of molten rock (magma) early-formed dense crystals may sink, leaving the upper reaches of the body different in composition from the lower part where the crystals settle.
 (DD-EVTT, p.29)

1915  Dr. Joseph Goldberger traced the disease pellagra among poor, corn-dependent people of the American South to a dietary deficiency. The specific component, vitamin B3, was not identified until 1938.
 (MT, Fall ‘96, p.4)

1915  The coldest summer on record in the US with temp. averaging 69.53 degrees.
 (NOHY, Weiner, 3/90, p.272)

1915  Miners near Oatman, Az., struck a vein of gold that led to a $10 million haul.
 (SSFC, 6/17/01, p.T8)

1915  Philadelphia-born inventor and engineer Frederick Winslow Taylor died. He had developed industrial management processes that have influenced nearly every modern industrial country. The son of a lawyer, Taylor first developed his theories while working at Midvale Steel Company. He noted that production efficiency could be greatly improved by observing an individual worker and eliminating wasted time by creating economy of movement. Taylor's interest soon led to a career as a consulting engineer in this new field of "scientific management." Although Taylor's systems evoked resentment from labor for the extremes some factories took the new ideas to, Taylor saw himself as a reformer. After retiring at age 45, he continued to lecture about the principles of scientific management until his death.
 (HNQ, 5/18/01)

1915  Sir William Van Horne, rail baron, died. His mansion was on Minister’s Island in New Brunswick, Canada.
 (SFEC, 5/25/97, p.T7)

1915  In 2003 Peter Balakian, Prof. at Colgate Univ., authored "The Burning Tigris: The Armenian Genocide and America's Response," a one-sided account of the 1915 Armenian genocide and the Turkish massacres of Armenians in the 1890s.
 (SSFC, 10/11/03, p.M4)

1915  In England A.G. Richardson and Co. Ltd. used Crown Ducal Ware as a trade name for its earthenware. The name was later acquired by Enoch Wedgewood & Co.
 (SFC, 3/5/97, z-1 p.2)

1915  In France the government banned absinthe, the "Green Goddess," which had become renowned for causing convulsions, hallucinations and psychosis.
 (WSJ, 1/22/99, p.W8)

1915  Germany lost control of South West Africa (later Namibia) to the British after brutally suppressing the indigenous people.
 (SFEC, 4/30/00, p.T4)

1915  The explosion of Tambora in Indonesia was estimated to be of the magnitude of 40,000 H-bombs.
 (NH, 5/96, p.3)

1915  Commercial baking on Sunday was banned in Germany to limit bread sales due to WW I.
 (SFC, 7/5/96, p.A12)

1915  Japan demanded major concessions from China.
 (Jap. Enc., BLDM, p. 215)

1915  By this year Malay plantations produced 107,860 tons of rubber compared with 37,200 tons in Brazil.
 (WSJ, 1/11/99, p.R50)

1915  In Mexico the government freed all prisoners at the fortress of San Juan de Ulua after they defended the fortress during a brief US occupation of Veracruz. The government declared the dungeon closed to prisoners for at least one hundred years.
 (SFEC, 5/17/98, p.T12)

1915-1916 The 10-part silent serial "Les Vampires" by Louis Feuillade was produced.
 (SFC, 8/8/97, p.D3)

1915-1917 Mina Loy wrote her poetry: "Love Songs."
 (SFEC, 12/22/96, BR p.6)
1915-1917 Of the 1.75 million Armenians in Turkey at the outset of World War I, 250,000 fled into Russia. Some 600,000 starved to death in the Mesopotamian desert. Henry Morgenthau, US ambassador to the Ottoman Empire, alerted Pres. Wilson of a massacre of Armenians by the Turks. Evidence and photographs of the camps were provided to Morgenthau by Armin Wegner, German Red Cross official and Johannes Lepsius, a German missionary. British diplomat Lord Bryce hired Arnold Toynbee to document the slaughter. Franz Werfel later wrote "The Forty Days of Musa Dagh."
 (AP, 4/24/97)(HN, 4/24/98)(SFC, 4/27/99, p.A10)(HNQ, 5/30/99)(PC, 1992, p.711)
1915-1917 As many as 1 million lives were lost along the Isonza Front in northern Slovenia.
 (SFEC, 7/9/00, p.T14)

1915-1920 The US Army bookkeepers began jotting down G.I. on their ledgers for items made of galvanized iron. By 1935 the term expanded to anything issued to soldiers and stood for government issue or general issue. During WW II the acronym was extended to anything associated with Army life and soldiers themselves.
 (SFC, 9/30/98, Z1 p.3)

1915-1920 In Mexico Venustiano Carranza (1859-1920), revolutionary and political leader, served as president. The army was led by Alvaro Obregon (1880-1928).
 (WUD, 1994, p.226,994)

1915-1923 Marcel Duchamp made his signature work: "The Bride Stripped Bare by Her Bachelors, Even," an allegorical depiction of the orgiastic deflowering of a virgin.
 (WSJ, 12/18/96, p.A18)

1915-1934 US Marines occupy and run Haiti. Haitian-American history is covered in an early 1993 Smithsonian article.
 (Smith., 4/95, p.44)

1915-1959  Billie Holiday, American singer: "Sometimes it's worse to win a fight than to lose."
 (AP, 3/15/99)

1915-1965 Robert Ruark, American author: "A man can build a staunch reputation for honesty by admitting he was in error, especially when he gets caught at it."
 (AP, 5/13/99)

1915-1977 Bill Vaughan, American journalist: "America is a land where a citizen will cross the ocean to fight for democracy -- and won't cross the street to vote in a national election."
 (AP, 6/6/99)

1915-1986  Theodore H. White, American political writer: "To go against the dominant thinking of your friends, of most of the people you see every day, is perhaps the most difficult act of heroism you can have."
 (AP, 2/13/98)

1915-1991 Robert Motherwell, painter of the New York School. In 1997 Daiv Rosand edited: "Robert Motherwell on Paper: Drawings, Prints, Collages."
 (SFEC, 3/16/97, BR p.8)

1915-1996 Robert Adams, aka Robert Martin Krapp, writer, translator, editor and teacher. His work included "Ikon: John Milton and the Modern Critics" (1955), "Stendhal: Notes on a Novelist" (1959), "Surface and Symbol: the Consistency of James Joyce’s ‘Ulysses’" (1962), "Proteus, His Lies, His Truth: Discussions of Literary Translation" (1973), and "The Roman Stamp: Frame and Facade in Some Forms of Neo-Classicism" (1974). He was also a founding editor of the "Norton Anthology of English Literature," and an editor of the Hudson Review.
 (SFC, 12/19/96, p.C10)

1915-1998 Margaret Walker Alexander, black author, was born in Birmingham. She died Nov 30, 1998 at age 83. Her work included the 1942 poem "For My People," and the 1966 novel "Jubilee."
 (SFC, 12/1/98, p.B2)

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