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1916  Jan 3, Betty Furness consumer advocate, TV spokesperson for refrigerators, was born.
 (440 Int'l. 1/3/99)
1916  Jan 3, Three armored Japanese cruisers were ordered to guard the Suez Canal.
 (HN, 1/3/99)

1916  Jan 11, Russian General Yudenich launched a WWI winter offensive and advances west.
 (HN, 1/11/99)

1916  Jan 12, Pieter W. Botha, later president of South Africa, was born in Orange Free State.
 (MC, 1/12/02)

1916  Jan 14, British authorities seized German attaché von Papen’s financial records confirming espionage activities in the U.S.
 (HN, 1/14/99)

1916  Jan 18, The Russians forced the Turkish 3rd Army back to Erzurum.
 (HN, 1/18/99)

1916  Jan 27, President Woodrow Wilson opened a preparedness program.
 (HN, 1/27/99)

1916  Jan 28, Louis D. Brandeis was appointed by President Wilson to the Supreme Court, becoming its first Jewish member.
 (AP, 1/28/98)

1916  Jan 29, 1st bombings of Paris by German Zeppelins took place.
 (MC, 1/29/02)
1916  Jan 29, Grigori Rasputin, Russian mystic, shaman, grubby peasant, and influential favorite of the Romanov court, survived a failed attempt to poison him. Prince Felix Yussoupov, an effete, wealthy young aristocrat, shot and killed Rasputin and in effect, brought down the Russian Empire. The prince dined out on his story for many decades, becoming a jet-set celebrity. He restored his old wealth, lost in the Soviet Revolution, by suing anyone who wrote about Rasputin without his permission. [see Dec 16, Dec 30, 1916]
 (MC, 1/29/02)

1916  Jan 31, President Woodrow Wilson refused the compromise on Lusitania reparations.
 (HN, 1/31/99)

1917  Jan, The 5-member white Dixie Jass Band from New Orleans led by Nick LaRocca cut its first jazz records: "Darktown Strutters’ Ball" and "Indiana" for Columbia Records in NYC.
 (SFC, 12/27/99, p.E3)(SFC, 1/19/02, p.D5)

1916  Feb 2, U.S. Senate voted independence for Philippines, effective in 1921.
 (HN, 2/2/99)

1916  Feb 3, Canada’s original parliament buildings, in Ottawa, burned down.
 (AP, 2/3/97)

1916  Feb 5, Enrico Caruso recorded "O Solo Mio" for the Victor Talking Machine Co.
 (MC, 2/5/02)

1916  Feb 6, Germany admitted full liability for Lusitania incident and recognized the United State's right to claim indemnity.
 (HN, 2/6/99)

1916  Feb 8, Demonstrators protested against food shortages in Berlin.
 (HN, 2/8/98)

1916  Feb 9, Conscription began in Great Britain as the Military Service Act becomes effective.
 (HN, 2/9/99)

1916  Feb 11, Baltimore Symphony Orchestra presented its 1st concert.
 (MC, 2/11/02)
1916  Feb 11, Emma Goldman was arrested for lecturing on birth control.
 (MC, 2/11/02)

1916  Feb 15, Ian Ballantine, publisher (Ballantine Books), was born.
 (MC, 2/15/02)

1916  Feb 16, Russian troops conquered Erzurum, Armenia.
 (MC, 2/16/02)

1916  Feb 21, The World War I Battle of Verdun began in France.
 (AP, 2/21/98)

1916  Feb 23, Secretary of State Lansing hinted that the U.S. might have to abandon the policy of avoiding "entangling foreign alliances."
 (HN, 2/23/98)
1916  Feb 23, French artillery killed the entire French 72nd division at Samogneux, Verdun.
 (MC, 2/23/02)

1916  Feb 24, Jules Verne’s "20,000 Leagues Under the Sea" opened in New York.
 (HN, 2/24/98)

1916  Feb 26, Jackie Gleason, comedian (Ralph Kramden in the Honeymooners), was born in Brooklyn, NY.
 (SC, 2/26/02)
1916  Feb 26, Mutual signed Charlie Chaplin to a film contract.
 (SC, 2/26/02)
1916  Feb 26, General Henri Philippe Petain took command of the French forces at Verdun. A line of bayonets protruding from the earth still testifies to French valor at Verdun in World War I.
 (HN, 2/26/98)
1916  Feb 26, Germans sank the French transport ship Provence II, killing 930.
 (SC, 2/26/02)
1916  Feb 26, Russian troops conquered Kermansjah, Persia.
 (SC, 2/26/02)

1916  Feb 28, Haiti became the first U.S. protectorate.
 (HN, 2/28/98)
1916  Feb 28, Henry James (72), US-British writer (Bostonians), died in London.
 (MC, 2/28/02)

1916  Feb 29, Dinah Shore, actress and singer, was born. [see Mar 1, 1917]
 (SFC, 2/29/00, p.A1)

1916  Mar 1, Germany began attacking ships in the Atlantic.
 (SC, 3/1/02)
1916    Mar 1, A conference of Lithuanians in Berne (Mar 1-5) demanded for the 1st time the full independence of Lithuania.
 (LHC, 3/1/03)

1916  Mar 3, Robert Whitehead, Broadway producer (Bus Stop, A Man for All Seasons), was born.
 (HN, 3/3/01)

1916  Mar 6, Rochelle Hudson, actress (That's My Boy), was born in Okla City, OK.
 (MC, 3/6/02)
1916  Mar 6, The Allies recaptured Fort Douamont in France.
 (HN, 3/6/98)

1916  Mar 7, French Defense Minister Joseph Gallieni resigned from his position.
 (HN, 3/7/98)

1916  Mar 8, US invaded Cuba for 3rd time. This time "to end corrupt Menocal regime."
 (MC, 3/8/02)

1916  Mar 9, Pancho Villa led 1,500 horsemen in a night raid on Columbus, New Mexico. Seventeen US soldiers and citizens were killed as the town was looted and burned. President Woodrow Wilson responded by ordering General John J. "Black Jack" Pershing to "pursue and disperse" the bandits.
 (AP, 3/9/98)(HN, 3/9/99)
1916  Mar 9, Germany declared war on Portugal.
 (HN, 3/9/98)

1916  Mar 10, James Herriot, Scottish writer and country veterinarian (All Creatures Great and Small), was born.
 (HN, 3/10/01)

1916  Mar 14, In the Battle of Verdun Germans attacked on Mort-Homme ridge, West of Verdun.
 (MC, 3/14/02)

1916  Mar 15, Harry James, American band leader and trumpet player, was born, He is best remembered for his hit "You Made Me Love You." He married Betty Grable.
 (HN, 3/15/99)(MC, 3/15/02)
1916  Mar 15, General Pershing and his 15,000 troops chased Pancho Villa into Mexico. US troops pursued the guerillas, killing 50 on US soil and 70 more in Mexico. General Pershing failed to capture the Villa dead or alive. Villa was assassinated at Parral in 1923.
 (HN, 3/15/98)(MC, 3/15/02)

1916  Mar 18, On the Eastern Front, the Russians countered the Verdun assault with an attack at Lake Naroch. The Russians lost 100,000 men and the Germans lost 20,000.
 (HN, 3/18/98)

1916  Mar 19, Irving Wallace, author (People's Almanac, The Man), was born.
 (MC, 3/19/02)
1916  Mar 19, The First Aerosquadron took off from Columbus, NM, to join Gen. John J. Pershing and his Punitive Expedition for Pancho Villa in Mexico.
 (HN, 3/19/99)

1916  Spring, Mata Hari made contact with German intelligence through her lover Alfred Kiepert. She traveled to Cologne and Frankfurt, was shown how to use invisible ink, and was given the code name H-21.
 (WSJ, 1/16/97, p.A16)

1916  Mar 29, Eugene McCarthy, U.S. senator and 1968 presidential candidate, was born in Watkins, Minn.
 (HN, 3/29/01)(MC, 3/29/02)
1916  Mar 29, The Italians called off the fifth attack on Isonzo.
 (HN, 3/29/98)

1916  Mar 30, Pancho Villa killed 172 at the Guerrero garrison in Mexico.
 (HN, 3/30/98)

1916  Mar 31, General Pershing and his army routed Pancho Villa’s army in Mexico.
 (HN, 3/31/98)

1916               Apr 1,  The first US national women's swimming championships was held.
 (OTD)

1916  Apr 2, German troops overtook Bois de Caillette.
 (MC, 4/2/02)

1916  Apr 3, Herb Caen (d.1997), columnist (SF Chronicle), was born in Sacramento, Calif.
 (MC, 4/3/02)

1916  Apr 4, US Senate agreed (82-6) to participate in WW I.
 (MC, 4/4/02)

1916  Apr 5, Gregory Peck, film actor (To Kill a Mockingbird), was born in La Jolla, Calif.
 (HN, 4/5/01)(MC, 4/5/02)

1916  Apr 6, German government OK’d unrestricted submarine warfare.
 (MC, 4/6/02)

1916  Apr 9, The German army launched it's third offensive during the Battle of Verdun.
 (HN, 4/9/99)

1916  Apr 11, Alberto E. Ginastera, composer (Panambi), was born in Buenos Aires, Argentina.
 (MC, 4/11/02)

1916  Apr 12, American cavalrymen and Mexican bandit troops clashed at Parole, Mexico.
 (HN, 4/12/99)

1916  Apr 14, Emerson Buckley, composer, was born.
 (MC, 4/14/02)
1916  Apr 14, Sir Ernest Shackleton and his 27 man crew landed at Elephant Island off the Antarctic Peninsula.
 (ON, 5/00, p.10)

1916  Apr 20, Wrigley Field in Chicago opened.
 (HN, 4/20/98)
1916  Apr 20, German-British sea battle off Belgian coast.
 (MC, 4/20/02)

1916  Apr 21, Bill Carlisle, the infamous ‘last train robber,’ robbed a train in Hanna, Wyoming.
 (HN, 4/21/99)

1916  Apr 22, Yehudi Menuhin (d.1999), violinist, was born in New York.
 (SFC, 3/13/99, p.A1)(HN, 4/22/01)

1916  Apr 23, Lord Dunsany's "Night at an Inn," premiered in NYC.
 (MC, 4/23/02)

1916  Apr 24, Some 1,600 Irish nationalists launched the Easter Rising by seizing several key sites in Dublin, including the General Post Office. The rising was put down by British forces several days later. It was provoked by impatience with the lack of home rule. Michael Collins, a member of Sinn Fein, led guerrilla warfare. The 1999 novel "A Star Called Henry" by Roddy Doyle was set in this period. Film footage of the Easter Rising was sold at auction in 2000 for $115,000 to a private Irish resident.
 (WSJ, 10/11/96, p.A8)(SFEC, 12/22/96, Z1 p.6)(AP, 4/24/97)(SFEC, 9/19/99, BR p.1)(SFEC, 6/11/00, p.A30)
1916  re: Apr 24, Concerning Ireland, "The history taught stopped at 1916, they didn’t deal with the war of independence or the civil war." Thus said Neil Jordan, director of the 1996 film "Michael Collins."
 (SFC, 9/22/96, Par p.31)

1916  Apr 26, Morris L. West, novelist (Shoes of the Fisherman), was born in Australia.
 (MC, 4/26/02)

1916  Apr 28, The British declared martial law throughout Ireland.
 (HN, 4/28/98)

1916  Apr 29, The Easter Rising in Dublin collapsed as Irish nationalists surrendered to British authorities. Irish nationalists set post office on fire in Dublin during Easter Uprising.
 (AP, 4/29/98)(HN, 4/29/98)(MC, 4/29/02)

1916  May 1, Glenn Ford, actor, was born in Quebec, Canada. He starred in the film "The Blackboard Jungle."
 (HN, 5/1/99)(MC, 5/1/02)

1916  May 3, Irish nationalist Padraic Pearse and two others were executed by the British for their roles in the Easter Rising.
 (AP, 5/3/97)

1916  May 4, Responding to a demand from President Wilson, Germany agreed to limit its submarine warfare, averting a diplomatic break with Washington.
 (AP, 5/4/97)

1916  May 5, U.S. marines invaded the Dominican Republic. [see May 15, 1916]
 (HN, 5/5/98)

1916  May 8, Sir Ernest Shackleton with 6 men man crew completed a 16-day voyage of 800 miles from Elephant Island to South Georgia Island in the lifeboat James Caird.
 (ON, 5/00, p.10)

1916  May 11, Einstein's Theory of General Relativity was presented.
 (MC, 5/11/02)
1916  May 11, Max [Johann BJM] Reger (43), German composer, pianist, organist, died.
 (MC, 5/11/02)

1916  May 13,  The 1st US observance of Indian (Native American) Day. [see Sep 27]
 (SS, Internet, 5/13/97)
1916  May 13, Sholem Aleichem (Shalom Aleichem, b.1859), Yiddish writer (Fiddler on the Roof), died.
 (MC, 5/13/02)

1916  May 15, U.S. Marines landed in Santo Domingo to quell civil disorder. [see May 5, 1916]
 (HN, 5/15/98)

1916  May 18, US pilot Kiffin Rockwell shot down German aircraft.
 (SC, 5/18/02)

1916  May 20, The Saturday Evening Post cover featured a Norman Rockwell painting.
 (MC, 5/20/02)
1916  May 20, Sir Ernest Shackleton with 2 men crew reached a whaling station on St. Georgia Island after their ship sank in the ice of Antarctica. Shackelton's own account of the venture was titled: "South." In 1959 Alfred Lansing wrote "Endurance: Shackleton’s Incredible Voyage." A biography of Shackleton was written in 1985 by Roland Huntford.
 (WSJ, 4/2/98, p.B1)(SFEC, 1/24/99, BR p.6)
1916  May 20, A tornado hit Codell, Kansas. More hit on the same date in 1917 and 1918.
 (MC, 5/20/02)

1916  May 22, French troops occupied parts of Fort Douaumont, Verdun.
 (MC, 5/22/02)

1916  May 24, US pilot William Thaw shot down a German Fokker.
 (MC, 5/24/02)

1916  May 25, Virginia Ginny Simms, actress, singer (Kay Kyser Band), was born.
 (SC, 5/25/02)

1916  May 28, Walker Percy, writer (The Moviegoer, Love in the Ruins), was born in Birmingham, Ala.
 (HN, 5/28/01)(MC, 5/28/02)

1916  May 29, Official flag of president of United States was adopted.
 (HN, 5/29/98)
1916  May 29, U.S. forces invaded the Dominican Republic and stayed until 1924.
 (HN, 5/29/98)

1916  May 30, Dr. Joseph W. Kennedy, scientist, discoverer of plutonium, was born.
 (HN, 5/30/98)
1916  May 30, Herbert Smith was the chief designer at Sopwith and came up with the Sopwith Triplane in 1916--the inspiration for other triplanes that followed. In the spring of 1916, Herbert Smith, the chief designer at Sopwith, began work on a successor to the well-regarded Sopwith Pup. He set out to design a plane that could climb faster, fly higher, maneuver as well as if not better than its predecessor and, if possible, afford better visibility than the Pup. Surprisingly, the prototype that emerged from the Sopwith hangar on May 30, 1916, was not a biplane but a triplane. The design impressed the pilots who flew it and the pilots who flew against it. Soon many other triplane designs appeared in the skies.
 (HNQ, 3/22/01)

1916  May 31, During World War I, British and German fleets fought the Battle of Skagerrak at Jutland off Denmark and 10,000 were left dead.
 (AP, 5/31/97)(HN, 5/31/98)(MC, 5/31/02)

1916  Jun 1, The National Defense Act increased the strength of the U.S. National Guard by 450,000 men.
 (HN, 6/1/98)

1916  Jun 5, Lord Herbert Horatio Kitchener, British war hero, died when a German mine sank his battleship in the North Sea. In 2001 John Pollock authored "Kitchener: Architect of Victory, Artisan of Peace."
 (WSJ, 2/27/00, p.A24)

1916  Jun 8, Francis Crick, co-discoverer of the structure of DNA (Nobel 1962), was born.
 (HN, 6/8/98)(MC, 6/8/02)

1916  Jun 9, Robert S. McNamara, U.S. Secretary of Defense (1961-1968) under presidents John F. Kennedy and Lyndon B. Johnson, was born. He oversaw the American buildup and fighting in the Vietnam War.
 (HN, 6/9/99)(MC, 6/9/02)

1916  Jun 10, Mecca, under control of the Turks, fell to the Arabs during the Great Arab Revolt.
 (HFA, ‘96, p.32)(HN, 6/10/98)

1916  Jun 15, President Woodrow Wilson signed a bill incorporating the Boy Scouts of America.
 (HN, 6/15/98)

1916  Jun 17, American troops under the command of Gen. Jack Pershing marched into Mexico. US Gen’l. Pershing led an unsuccessful punitive expedition against Francisco "Pancho" Villa. [see Mar 31]
 (SFC, 1/26/98, p.A17)(MC, 6/17/02)

1916  Jun 21, Mexican troops beat a US expeditionary force under Gen Pershing.
 (MC, 6/21/02)

1916  Jun 24, John Ciardi, poet, was born.
 (HN, 6/24/01)

1916  Jun 26, Russian General Aleksei Brusilov renewed his offensive against the Germans.
 (HN, 6/26/98)

1916  Jun 29, Sir Roger David Casement, the Irish-born diplomat knighted by King George V in 1911, was convicted of treason for his role in Ireland's Easter Rebellion, and sentenced to death.
 (MC, 6/29/02)

1916  Jul 1, Olivia DeHavilland (Academy Award-winning actress: To Each His Own [1946], The Heiress [1949]; Gone with the Wind), was born.
 (MC, 7/1/02)
1916  Jul 1, Dwight D. Eisenhower married Mary "Mamie" Geneva Doud in Denver.
 (AP, 7/1/97)
1916  Jul 1, Roland Robert Tuck, London, British Spitfire ace during World War II who shot down 29 enemy planes Tuck's hard-won flying skill and a remarkable run of good fortune contributed to victory in the Battle of Britain, was born.
 (HN, 7/1/98)
1916  Jul 1, At 7:30AM, a 5 day, continuous, British artillery bombardment of German lines stopped, and 11 British divisions (100,000 men) went "over the top" toward the Germans. By 9AM 22,000 were dead & another 40,000 were wounded in what became known as the Battle of the Somme. These attacks continued for another five months, costing the British over one million killed & wounded.
 (MC, 7/1/02)
1916  Jul 1, British court martial was held for the Dublin Easter uprising.
 (MC, 7/1/02)

1916  Jul 2, Barry Gray, radio talk show host, was born.
 (HN, 7/2/01)
1916  Jul 2, Ken Curtis Lamar, actor (Ripcord, Festus-Gunsmoke), was born in Colorado.
 (SC, 7/2/02)

1916  Jul 3, The Battle of the Somme began. More than 100,000 men were killed in the first day.
 (HN, 7/3/01)
1916  Jul 3, The 1st of 3 fatal shark attacks occurred near the NJ shore.
 (MC, 7/3/02)

1916  Jul 4, Tokyo Rose, (Iva Toguri D'Aquino), was born in Los Angeles. She did propaganda broadcasts against the U.S. from Japan during World War II.; imprisoned after the war, then received presidential pardon in 1977.
 (IB, Internet, 12/7/98)
1916  Jul 4, Nathan’s Famous Hot Dogs opened a stand at Brooklyn’s Coney Island and held an eating contest as a publicity stunt that became an annual event.
 (SFC, 7/5/97, p.A3)
1916  Jul 4, Poet Alan Seeger died in action at Befloy-en-Santerre. Born in New York City in 1888, Seeger went to Paris in 1912 and joined the French Foreign legion at the outbreak of WWI. He was killed in the Battle of the Somme. He wrote the lines: I have a rendezvous with death / At some disputed barricade..."
 (SFEC, 3/16/97, z1 p.2)(HNQ, 8/23/98)

1916  Jul 9, The 1st cargo submarine to cross Atlantic arrived in US from Germany.
 (MC, 7/9/02)

1916  Jul 14, Natalia Ginzberg, Italian novelist (The Dry Heat, Family Sayings), was born.
 (HN, 7/14/01)

1916  Jul 15, The Boeing Co., originally known as Pacific Aero Products, was founded in Seattle by William Boeing.
 (AP, 7/15/97)

1916  Jul 22, In San Francisco some 50,000 people marched in a Preparedness Day parade sponsored by business leaders and opposed by labor. A bomb went off on Market St. during the parade and 6-10 people were killed. The bomb was set by a professed anarchist. Labor leader Tom Mooney was convicted but it turned out that the evidence was fabricated.
 (AP, 7/22/97)(SFEC, 4/25/99, Z1 p.4)(SFC, 10/9/99, p.A21)(SFEC, 12/26/99, p.W5)(SFC, 9/22/01, p.A3)

1916  Jul 24, John D. MacDonald, author was born.
 (HN, 7/24/02)

1916  Jul 25, An explosion at the Cleveland Waterworks tunnel project trapped 12 men and 18 would-be rescuers. 8 men were saved and 10 bodies were recovered by a team led by black inventor Garrett A. Morgan (d.1963) dressed in his new Safety Hood.
 (ON, 3/02, p.12)

1916   Aug 3, Sir Roger Casement was hanged for treason in England.
 (HN, 8/3/99)

1916  Aug 4, The United States purchased the Danish Virgin Islands for $25 million. The US purchased the southern Virgin Islands including St. Thomas, St. John and St. Croix from Denmark. They were then known as the Danish West Indies. [see Mar 31, 1917]
 (WUD, 1994, p.1595)(AP, 8/4/97)

1916  Aug 5, The British navy defeated the Ottomans at the naval battle off Port Said, Egypt.
 (HN, 8/5/98)

1916  Aug 6, Richard Hofstadter, physicist who won the Nobel prize in 1961 for his studies of neutrons and protons, was born.
 (HN, 8/6/98)

1916  Aug 7, Persia formed an alliance with Britain and Russia.
 (HN, 8/7/98)

1916  Aug 11, The Russia army took Stanislau, Poland, from the Germans.
 (HN, 8/10/98)

1916  Aug 12, In Paris Jean Cocteau took pictures of Pablo Picasso, poet Max Jacob and painter Amedeo Modigliani and other friends as they met for lunch and passed the afternoon. It all came out in the 1997 book by Billy Kluver: A Day With Picasso."
 (SFC,11/18/97, p.E1)

1916  Aug 13, Daniel Schorr, radio and television correspondent, was born.
 (HN, 8/13/00)

1916  Aug 25, The National Park Service was established within the Department of the Interior by the Organic Act.
 (AP, 8/25/97)(HN, 8/25/98)(SFEC, 9/10/00, p.A1)

1916  Aug 27, Italy declared war on Germany.
 (HN, 8/27/98)

1916  Aug 28, C. Wright Mills, sociologist, writer (The Power Elite), was born.
 (MC, 8/28/01)
1916  Aug 28, Germany declared war on Romania.
 (MC, 8/29/01)
1916  Aug 28, Italy’s declaration of war against Germany took effect during World War I.
 (AP, 8/28/97)

1916  Aug 29, Congress created the US Naval reserve.
 (MC, 8/29/01)
1916  Aug 29, Gen Von Hindenburg became German Chief of Staff.
 (MC, 8/29/01)
1916  Aug 29, Transportship Hsin-Yu & cruiser Hai-Yung collided and 1000 people were killed.
 (MC, 8/29/01)

1916  Aug 30, Sir Ernest Shackleton rescued the crew he had left behind on Elephant Island.
 (WSJ, 4/16/99, p.w14)

1916  Aug 31, Daniel Schorr, broadcast journalist (CBS), was born.
 (MC, 8/31/01)

1916  Sep 1, The Keating-Owen Act banned child labor from interstate commerce.
 (MC, 9/1/02)
1916  Sep 1, Bulgaria declared war on Romania as the First World War expanded.
 (HN, 9/1/99)

1916  Sep 3, The German Somme front was broken by an Allied offensive. Allies turned back the Germans in the Battle of Verdun.
 (HN, 9/3/98)(MC, 9/3/01)

1916  Sep 7, The U.S. Congress passed the Workman’s Compensation Act.
 (HN, 9/7/00)

1916  Sep 11, The "Star Spangled Banner" was sung at the beginning of a baseball game for the first time in Cooperstown, New York.
 (HN, 9/11/00)

1916  Sep 13, Roald Dahl, sci-fi author (Over to You, Taste, 2 Fables), was born in Norway.
 (MC, 9/13/01)

1916  Sep 15, Armored tanks were introduced by the British during the Battle of the Somme.
 (HN, 9/15/00)

1916  Sep 19, The 1st landing on Schiphol, Farman F-22 of Soesterberg.
 (MC, 9/19/01)

1916  Sep 26, A Bishop spoke against Catholics joining trade unions
 (MC, 9/26/01)

1916  Sep 27, 1st Native American Day celebrated, honoring American Indians. [see May 13]
 (MC, 9/27/01)
1916  Sep 27, Constance of Greece declared war on Bulgaria.
 (HN, 9/27/98)

1916  Oct 3, James Alfred Wight Herriot (d.1995), Yorkshire veterinarian and author, was born. His books include "All Creatures Great and Small."
 (HN, 10/3/00)

1916  Oct 4, The California State Federation of Labor maintained its policy of banning Japanese workers from joining labor unions.
 (SFEC, 12/26/99, p.W5)
1916  Oct 4, National Lead, US Steel (preferred) and Peoples Gas were removed from the Dow Jones.
 (WSJ, 5/28/96, R45,46)

1916  Oct 5, Corporal Adolf Hitler was wounded in WW I.
 (MC, 10/5/01)

1916  Oct 7, 222 points were scored in a football game between Georgia Tech and Cumberland University of Lebanon, Tennessee.
 (MC, 10/7/01)

1916  Oct 14, C. Everett Koop, U.S. Surgeon General (1981-1989), was born.
 (HN, 10/14/00)(MC, 10/14/01)

1916  Oct 16, Margaret Higgins Sanger opened the first birth control clinic at 46 Amboy St. in Brooklyn. She spent 30 days in jail when she opened America's first birth control clinic. Sanger coined the term "birth control" and made the cause a worldwide movement. After opening her clinic in Brooklyn, she was jailed for creating a public nuisance. Born in Corning, New York, on September 14, 1883, Sanger died in 1966.
 (AP, 10/16/97)(HNQ, 9/11/98)
1916  Oct 16, T.E. Lawrence (of Arabia) met with Fasal Hoessein.
 (MC, 10/16/01)

1916  Oct 19, Emil Gilels, pianist (Brussels Competition-1938), was born in Odessa, Ukraine.
 (MC, 10/19/01)
1916  Oct 19, Karl-Birger Blomdahl, Sweden, opera composer (Herr von Hancken), was born.
 (MC, 10/19/01)

1916  Oct 21, US Army formed Reserve Officers Training Corps (ROTC).
 (MC, 10/21/01)

1916  Oct 24, Henry Ford awarded equal pay to women. Industrialist Henry Ford helped lead American war production with the gigantic facility at Willow Run.
 (HN, 10/24/98)

1916  Oct 25, German pilot Rudolf von Eschwege shoot down his first enemy plane, a Nieuport 12 of the Royal Naval Air Service over Bulgaria.
 (HN, 10/25/99)

1916  Oct 26, French leader Francois Mitterrand, was born. He served as President of France from 1981-95.
 (HN, 10/26/98)(MC, 10/26/01)
1916  Oct 26, Margaret Sanger was arrested for obscenity (advocating birth control).
 (MC, 10/26/01)

1916  Oct 27, The 1st published reference to "jazz" appeared in Variety.
 (MC, 10/27/01)

1916  Nov 2, France reconquered Ft Vaux, Verdun.
 (MC, 11/2/01)

1916  Nov 3, On the Baltic off of Finland a German U-boat under Captain Bruno Hoppe ordered Captain E.B. Eriksson of the Swedish schooner Jonkoping to halt for an inspection. Beverages headed for the Russians were discovered and the ship was evacuated and sunk. In 1998 some 1,000 bottles of 1907 Heidsieck Monopole champagne were recovered, of which 500 were preserved in drinking condition. Hoppe later sank the schooner Akir. The 66-ton Joenkoeping was sunk in the Baltic Sea by a German U-boat. It carried 44 creates of champagne, 67 barrels of cognac, and 17 barrels of port wine intended for the Russian army. Divers planned to recover the cargo in 1998.
 (SFC, 7/11/98, p.A14)(SFC, 9/21/98, p.A19)(AP, 9/21/98)

1916  Nov 4, Walter Cronkite, news anchor for CBS (1962-1981), was born.
 (HN, 11/4/98)(MC, 11/4/01)

1916  Nov 6, Jeanette Rankin, lifelong feminist and pacifist of Montana, became the first woman to be elected to the U.S. Congress. As legislative secretary of the National American Woman Suffrage Association, Rankin helped the women of Montana win the vote in 1914, six years before all American women won the vote. Rankin was elected as a delegate-at-large to the U.S. House of Representatives. During her first term in Washington (1917-1919), Rankin strongly supported isolationism--she was one of 49 members of Congress to vote against war with Germany in 1917. Rankin served another term in the House of Representatives from 1941 to 1943, where she created a furor as the only legislator to vote against declaring war on Japan after the Pearl Harbor raid. This unpopular stand ended her political career, but Rankin remained politically active, even leading a 1968 march to protest American involvement in Vietnam. Jeanette Rankin died in 1973. [see Nov 7]
 (HNPD, 11/6/98)

1916  Nov 7, President Woodrow Wilson was re-elected over Charles Evans Hughes, but the race was so close that all votes had to be counted before an outcome could be determined, so the results were not known until November 11. President Woodrow Wilson was elected for a second term largely because he had successfully kept America out of the war that was raging in Europe since 1914. His campaign slogan was: "He kept us out of the war." Wilson beat Charles Evans Hughes, a former Supreme Court Justice with an electoral college vote of 277-254. Wilson’s victory in California, 13 electoral votes, by 3,773 votes gave him 277 electoral votes to 254 for Hughes. Wilson carried the popular vote 9.1 million to 8.5 for Hughes.
 (HN, 11/7/98)(HNPD, 2/24/99)(SFC, 10/9/99, p.A21)(SFEC, 10/29/00, p.A1) (SFC, 11/10/00, p.A3)
1916  Nov 7, Republican Jeannette Rankin (R-Montana) became the first woman elected to Congress. [see Nov 6]
 (AP, 11/7/97)(HN, 11/7/98)
1916  Nov 7, Grand duke Nikolai Nikolayevich warned the czar of an uprising.
 (MC, 11/7/01)

1916  Nov 8, Peter Ulrich Weiss, German novelist and dramatist, was born. His work included "Marat/Sade" and "The Investigation."
 (HN, 11/8/00)

1916  Nov 14, Frederick Libby (d.1970), American WW I ace, was awarded the Military Cross by King George V at Buckingham Palace. He wrote an account of his experiences later published as "Horses Don’t Fly."
 (WSJ, 8/16/00, p.A20)

1916  Nov 17, Shelby Foote, American writer famous for his three volume book on America’s Civil War, was born.
 (HN, 11/17/98)

1916  Nov 18, Gen. Douglas Haig finally called off 1st Battle of the Somme in Europe.
 (MC, 11/18/01)

1916  Nov 20, Thomas McGrath, poet and novelist, was born.
 (HN, 11/20/00)

1916  Nov 21, Franz Jozef I, King of Austria and Hungary, died.
 (MC, 11/21/01)

1916  Nov 22, Jack London, writer, died of a kidney disease, gastrointestinal uremic poisoning. He had written 50 books. London produced 200 short stories, 400 nonfiction articles and 20 novels. A 1998 biography by Alex Kershaw was titled: "Jack London: A Life."
 (SFC, 11/20/96, p.A17)(SFEC, 1/25/98, BR p.3)(HNQ, 3/4/02)

1916  Nov 24, Forrest J. Ackerman, coined the term "sci-fi," was born.
 (MC, 11/24/01)

1916  Nov 28, Vyes Theriault, French-Canadian author, novelist, was born.
 (HN, 11/28/00)
1916  Nov 28, The first (German) air attack on London.
 (DTnet, 11/28/97)

1916  Nov 29, US declared martial law in Dominican Republic.
 (MC, 11/29/01)

1916  Nov, Ray Conniff (d.2002), bandleader and composer, was born in Attleboro, Mass.
 (SFC, 10/19/02, p.A21)

1916  Dec 1, King Constantine Greece refused to surrender to the Allies.
 (HN, 12/1/98)

1916  Dec 2, Francesco Paolo Tosti (69), composer, died.
 (MC, 12/2/01)

1916  Dec 3, French commander Joseph Joffre was dismissed after his failure at the Somme. General Robert Nivelle became the new French commander-in-chief.
 (HN, 12/3/98)

1916  Dec 5, Hans Richter (73), composer, died.
 (MC, 12/5/01)
1916  Dec 5, David Lloyd George replaced Herbert Asquith as the British Prime Minister.
 (HN, 12/5/98)

1916  Dec 7, The British government of David Lloyd George formed.
 (MC, 12/7/01)

1916  Dec 12, Worst train disaster ever took place in Modane, France, 543 French Soldiers were killed.
 (MC, 12/12/01)

1916  Dec 14, Shirley Jackson, novelist and short story writer (Life Among Savages, The Lottery), was born.
 (HN, 12/14/00)
1916  Dec 14, People of Denmark voted to sell Danish West Indies to United States for $25 million. [see Aug 4]
 (AP, 12/14/02)

1916  Dec 15, The French defeated the Germans in the World War I Battle of Verdun. [see Dec 18]
 (AP, 12/15/97)

1916  Dec 16, Gregory Rasputin  (45), the Russian monk and confidant to Czarina Alexandra, was assassinated by Prince Yussoupov. The monk who had wielded powerful influence over the Russian court, was murdered by a group of noblemen. He was fed cakes and wine laced with cyanide, then shot a number of times and finally drowned. A TV version of his story was made for HBO in 1996. [see Dec 30]
 (WSJ, 3/25/96, p.A-15)(AP, 12/16/97)

1916  Dec 18, The Battle of Verdun ended with the French and Germans each having suffered more than 330,000 killed and wounded in 10 months. [see Dec 15]
 (HN, 12/18/98)

1916  Dec 30, Grigory Yefimovich Rasputin drowned when he was thrown through a hole in the ice of the Neva River. When Rasputin was introduced to the Russian royal family in 1905, he demonstrated an ability to heal the royal son Alexis and was then welcomed into the family circle. Rasputin was considered a holy peasant, but his belief that sinning was necessary for salvation led him to seduce women and other scandalous behavior. A conspiracy, believing Rasputin had too much influence on the empress, formed to assassinate him, and on the night of December 29-30, they poisoned his wine--but he did not die. They shot him twice, but when he still refused to die, they drowned him. [see Dec 16]
 (HNPD, 12/30/98)

1916  Marcel Duchamp displayed a plastic typewriter cover as finished work of art, a dadaist still-life with the logo "Underwood."
 (WSJ, 6/4/97, p.A16)

1916  A glass mural, "Dream Garden," was made by Maxfield Parrish and Louis Tiffany. the 15 x 49 foot work was commissioned by Cyrus Curtis and sold for over $5 million in 1998.
 (SFC, 7/24/98, p.C11)

1916  Albert Gleizes painted his ethereal Florent Schmidt at the Piano.
 (WSJ, 2/8/96, p.A-12)

1916  Egon Schiele, Viennese artist, made his "Reclining Woman Exposing Herself."
 (WSJ, 11/19/97, p.A20)
1916  Egon Schiele painted a view of Krumau, Bohemia. In 2003 it sold for £12.6 million.
 (Econ, 8/23/03, p.55)

1916  Henry Tonk, artist, did Studies of Facial Wounds. It was inspired by the shrapnel horrors of WW I.
 (WSJ, 6/15/95, p.A-14)

1916  Paul Strand, photographer, broke from soft focus and created his own modernist approach to photography.
 (SFEC, 6/21/98, DB p.22)

1916  In "Easter" William Butler Yeats wrote: "All changed, changed utterly: A terrible beauty is born."
 (NOHY, 3/1990, p.212)

1916  C.F. Dixon-Johnson authored "The Armenians," with the aim of "presenting the public an opportunity of judging whether or not 'the Armenian Question' has another side than that which has been recently so assiduously promulgated throughout the Western World."
 (www.mfa.gov.tr/grupe/eh/eh08/06.htm)

1916  Arnold Toynbee edited a document titled: "The Treatment of the Armenians in the Ottoman Empire: 1915-1916."
 (http://www.ku.edu/~kansite/ww_one/docs/bryce.htm)

1916  Frederick J. Waugh, a noted marine painter, authored "The Clan of Munes," a children's book about troll-like figures set in the Cathedral Woods of Monhegan Island, Maine. The book was later thought to have inspired a tradition of building fairy houses in the Cathedral Woods.
 (WSJ, 1/18/00, p.A1,8)

1916  The opera "Die Toten Augen" (The Dead Eyes) by composer Eugen D'Albert (b.1864 in Glasgow) was first performed in Dresden under Fritz Reiner.
 (SFEC, 1/30/00, DB p.33)

1916  George Gershwin at 18 wrote his first published song: "When You Want ‘Em, You Can’t Get ‘Em. When You Got ‘Em, You Don’t Want ‘Em."
 (SFEC, 3/16/97, z1 p.2)

1916  Eric Satie composed "Trois melodies."
 (SFC,11/14/97, p.C5)

1916  In Miami industrialist James Deering (d.1925) built the Vizcaya villa in Italian Renaissance style with formal gardens as his winter home on S. Miami Ave. The local government acquired the villa in 1952 and turned it into a museum.
 (Hem. 1/95, p. 60)(WSJ, 7/9/99, p.W2)(WSJ, 8/31/01, p.W2)

1916  The Goodyear Redwood Lumber Co. constructed Harbor House in Elk, Ca., (once Greenwood Landing). It served as an executive residence and quarters for Goodyear guests.
 (SFEC, 4/13/97, p.T9)

1916  The Frenchglen Hotel was built for cattle traders and stockmen in southeastern Oregon. It was named after Peter French.
 (SFEC, 7/6/97, p.T5)

1916  Photographer Alfred Stieglitz (52) met artist Georgia O’Keeffe (29).
 (SFC, 6/23/96, p.B9)

1916  Margaret Sanger (d.1966) founded Planned Parenthood.
 (SFC, 11/13/96, p.E10)

1916  The George Gustav Heye Center was founded. [see 1874-1957, Heye]
 (Wired, Dec., ‘95, p.117)

1916  The San Diego Zoo in Balboa Park was founded.
 (Hem., 8/96, p.21)

1916  Fenton U-turn Weems ran 171 yards for a touchdown at the Rose Bowl where Washington State beat Brown 14-0. He had become disoriented, ran the wrong way, turned around and scored.
 (SFEC, 3/2/97, z1 p.4)

1916   Glenn Springs, Texas. "During the Pancho Villa troubles in Mexico, several hundred hungry bandits crossed the border and sacked the town..."

1916  Pres. Woodrow Wilson put a Maine Park under federal protection and dubbed it Sieur de Monts National Monument.
 (SFC, 7/21/96, p.T6)

1916  The 1915 film "Birth of a Nation" was shown to Pres. Woodrow Wilson, the first motion picture shown in the White House.
 (SFC, 7/5/97, p.E3)

1916  Pres. Woodrow Wilson signed the Harrison Drug Act. It required all persons licensed to sell narcotics to file an inventory of their stocks with the IRS. It outlawed the use of cocaine, which had been a key ingredient in many patent medicines. [2nd source says the act was created in 1914]
 (SFEC, 3/16/97, z1 p.2)(SFC, 10/4/97, p.E3)

1916  Pres. Wilson signed the federal estate tax into law.
 (WSJ, 7/13/00, p.A1)

1916  US troops were still fighting skirmishes on some islands of the Philippines to this time.
 (WSJ, 11/19/97, p.A6)

1916  Mt. Lassen, Ca., was made a National Park.
 (SFEC, 8/13/00, p.T8)

1916  In Utah the US government took land from the Ute Indians for the rights to oil shale reserves. In 2000 84,000 acres were given back.
 (SFC, 1/14/00, p.A12)

1916  Robert Brislawn, a Wyoming horse-packer, began trading Indians for their best mustangs.
 (SFC, 9/2/96, p.A3)

1916  Charlie Chaplin’s paycheck was the highest in the land with the possible exception of steel magnate Charles Schwab.
 (WSJ, 7/17/96, p.A12)

1916  The Dow Jones was expanded to 20 stocks.
 (WSJ, 6/3/96, p.C1)

~1916  The Detroit Glass Minnow Tube was first introduced. It is a fish lure where the angler pours a little water and live bait into a glass tube that is capped before casting.
 (Hem, 8/95, p.97)

1916  Oakland Preserving Co. became the California Packing Co.
 (SFC, 3/1/97, p.B1)

1916  Clarence Saunders opened his first Piggly Wiggly grocery store in Memphis. He pioneered self-service and obtained a patent. He franchised over a 1,000 stores.
 (WSJ, 11/16/98, p.A12)

1916  Whitman Publishing became a subsidiary of Western Printing and Lithographing Co., which became Western Publishing in 1960. They published Little Golden Books under the Golden Press name.
 (SFC, 4/15/98, Z1 p.6)

1916  James L. Kraft invented processed cheese, which resulted in his Kraft empire.
 (SFC, 10/9/99, p.B3)

1916  A formula for household bleach was devised.
 (SFC, 7/14/99, p.7)

1916  Edouard Heuer pioneered the chronos, or stopwatch. It indicated 1/100th of a second.
 (Hem., 2/96, p.113)

1916  Hand operated windshield wipers, stop lights and rearview mirrors became standard on some cars.
 (WSJ, 6/19/96, Adv. Supl)

1916  A Westinghouse engineer in Pittsburgh started to play music over the air to his friends. By 1920 the company had a radio station operating on the factory roof.
 (WSJ, 1/12/98, p.A19)

1916  Albert Einstein revealed his general theory of relativity. It brought gravity into the expanded equation. [see 1915]
 (TNG, Klein, p.9)(SFC, 10/1/96, p.B1)

1916  The US had 270,000 miles of railway. By 1986 this would diminish by half.
 (NG, 5/88, pres. intro.)

1916   A single farm worker in 1916 provided food and farm products to seven Americans. By 1972 that number had grown to 60.
 (HNQ, 12/28/99)

1916  Psychologist James Leuba conducted a random poll of selected scientists to inquire if they believed in God. 40% said that they believed in God. A 1997 poll by Edward Larson that followed the 1916 procedure produced similar results. Leuba predicted that disbelief would spread as education expanded.
 (SFC, 4/4/97, p.A12)

1916  Lewis Terman, Stanford psychology professor known as the father of American IQ testing, developed and published the "Stanford Revision and Extension of the Binet-Simon Intelligence Scale," commonly known as Stanford-Binet. His son Frederick Terman was later considered the father of a technical revolution. He encouraged his students to start local businesses that led to the growth of Silicon Valley.
 (WSJ, 7/18/97, p.A15)(SFEC, 3/1/98, p.W31)(WSJ, 6/2/98, p.A20)

1916  In Nevada drillers on the 30,000 acre Fly Ranch in the Hualapai Flat struck geothermal water and gave birth to the Fly Geyser. It transformed the area into a desert wetland.
 (NH, 7/98, p.83)

1916  Charles Dawson, a paleontologist involved in the 1912 Piltdown Hoax, died.
 (Pac. Disc., summer, ‘96, p.48)

1916  Ishi, the last Yahi Indian in California, died. His body was cremated but his brain was removed and shipped to the Smithsonian Institute in Washington, DC.
 (SFC, 2/19/99, p.A1)

1916  Henry James (b.1843), American novelist and brother of William James, died. His novels included "The Ambassadors," "The Golden Bowl," "The Wings of the Dove," "The Beast in the Jungle," and "The Portrait of a Lady." In 2000 Robert B. Pippin authored "Henry James and Modern Moral Life." Pippin held that James was trying to work out a practical morality without recourse to religion or ethical principles.
 (WUD, 1994, p.762)(WUD, 1994, p.A38)

1916  Percival Lowell, American astronomer, died. He believed that an unknown planet was affecting the orbit of Neptune, which was discovered in 1930. The first two letters of Pluto commemorate his name.
 (Disc. Ch., 7/23/95)(SFEC, 5/30/99, Par p.13)

1916  Josiah Royce (b.1855), American philosopher and educator, died.
 (WUD, 1994, p.1249)

1916  Charles Taze Russell (b.1852) died. He founded the International Bible Students Association. In the 1870’s Russell abandoned the Adventist movement and formed his own in Pennsylvania, which was later named Jehovah’s Witnesses. His early followers were called "Russellites."
 (HN, 2/16/02)

1916  The Sykes-Picot Agreement secretly carved up the Levant into an assortment of monarchies, mandates and emirates. It enshrined Anglo-French imperialist ambitions at the end of WW II. Syria and Lebanon were put into the French orbit, while Britain claimed Jordan, Iraq, the Gulf states and the Palestinian Mandate. Sir Mark Sykes (d.1919 at age 39) and Francois Picot made the deal.
 (WSJ, 2/27/00, p.A17)

1916  In Britain Cecil Chubb bought the property that contained Stonehenge from a Wiltshire farmer.
 (HT, 3/97, p.22)

1916  Roger Casement, knighted for his service in the Congo, was hanged at London’s Pentonville Prison for his activities on behalf of Irish independence.
 (SFEM, 8/16/98, p.12)

1916  In Namibia it was the beginning of 73 years of occupation [by South Africa].
 (SFC,11/19/97, p.C2)

1916  In the Philippines native legislators were 1st elected but the US governors general remained in charge for years.
 (SSFC, 5/11/03, p.D6)

1916-1922 Charlie Dalton later wrote the book "With the Dublin Brigade" that covers this period of the Irish rebellion.
 (SFEC, 10/20/96, p.C13)

1916-1922 David Lloyd George of Wales served as the Prime Minister of Britain.
 (SFEC, 5/10/98, p.T4)

1916-1924 US Marines occupied the Dominican Republic.
 (SFC, 5/17/96, p.A-14)

1916-1996 Stavros Niarchos, Greek shipping tycoon. He was a fierce rival of Aristotle Onassis and earned millions of dollars shipping crude oil around the world. He married the former wife of Onassis after Onassis latched on to Jackie Kennedy. He died on Apr 15, in Switzerland and was buried there.
 (SFC, 4/18/96, C-4)

1917  Jan 5, Wieland Wagner, German opera director (grandson of Richard Wagner), was born.
 (MC, 1/5/02)
1917  Jan 5, Bulgarian and German troops occupied the Port of Braila in East Romania.
 (HN, 1/5/99)(WUD, 1994, p.178)

1917  Jan 6, Hendrik P.G. Quack (82), lawyer and economist (Bank of Netherlands), died.
 (MC, 1/6/02)

1917  Jan 10, Buffalo Bill Cody, army scout and Indian fighter, died. Edward Zane Carroll Judson wrote about Western themes using the name Ned Buntline. The author is best known for his dime novels about William "Buffalo Bill" Cody.
 (MesWP)(HNQ, 4/9/00)(MC, 1/10/02)
1917  Jan 10, Germany was rebuked as the Entente officially rejected a proposal for peace talks and demanded the return of occupied territories from Germany.
 (HN, 1/10/99)

1917  Jan 14, The Provisional Parliament was established in Poland.
 (HN, 1/14/99)

1917  Jan 17, US paid Denmark $25 million for Virgin Islands.
 (MC, 1/17/02)

1917  Jan 19, John Raitt, Bonnie Raitt's father, singer, actor (Pajama Game, Carousel), was born.
 (MC, 1/19/02)
1917  Jan 19, Silvertown Essex's ammunition factory exploded and 300 died.
 (MC, 1/19/02)
1917   Jan 19, The Zimmermann Note, a coded message sent to Germany’s minister in Mexico by German Foreign secretary Arthur Zimmermann, proposed an alliance between Germany and Mexico in the event war broke out between the U.S. and Germany. Intercepted by British naval intelligence, the note proposed, among other things, "We shall give generous financial support, and it is understood that Mexico is to reconquer the lost territory in New Mexico, Texas, and Arizona." The message was forwarded by the British to the U.S. State Department, which subsequently released it to the press on March 1.
 (HNQ, 7/15/98)

1917  Jan 22, President Wilson pleaded for an end to war in Europe, calling for "peace without victory." (By April, however, America was also at war.)
 (AP, 1/22/98)

1917  Jan 28, US forces were recalled from Mexico after nearly eleven months of fruitless searching for Mexican revolutionary Pancho Villa, accused of leading a bloody raid against Columbus, New Mexico.
 (MC, 1/28/02)

1917  Jan 31, Germany resumed unlimited sub warfare, saying that all neutral ships that are in the war zone would be attacked. [see Feb 1]
 (WSJ, 1/29/96, p. C-1)(AP, 1/31/98)(HN, 1/31/99)

1917  Jan, The 5-member white Dixie Jass Band from New Orleans led by Nick LaRocca cut its first jazz records: "Darktown Strutters’ Ball" and "Indiana" for Columbia Records in NYC.
 (SFC, 12/27/99, p.E3)(SFC, 1/19/02, p.D5)

1917  Jan, In Norway a piece of sugar containing anthrax bacilli was found in the luggage of Otto Karl von Rosen, when he was apprehended in Karasjok for suspected espionage and sabotage.
 (NH, 10/98, p.18)

1917  Feb 1, Admiral Tirpitz (1849-1930) announced that Germany would attack all shipping in the North Atlantic with its feared U-Boats. [see Jan 31]
 (WSJ, 1/29/96, p. C-1)(WUD, 1994 p.1488)

1917  Feb 3, The United States broke off diplomatic relations with Germany, which had announced a policy of unrestricted submarine warfare. A German submarine sank the U.S. liner Housatonic off coast of Sicily.
 (AP, 2/3/97)(HN, 2/3/99)

1917  Feb 5, Congress nullified President Woodrow Wilson's veto of the Immigration Act, a law severely curtailing the immigration of Asians. Literacy tests were required.
 (AP, 2/5/97)(HN, 2/5/99)
1917  Feb 5, Mexico’s constitution was adopted.
 (HFA, ‘96, p.22)(AP, 2/5/97)

1917  Feb 7, The British steamer California was sunk off the coast of Ireland by a German U-boat.
 (HN, 2/7/99)

1917  Feb 11, Sidney Sheldon, American novelist, was born.
 (HN, 2/11/97)

1917  Feb 15, The Main Branch of the SF Public Library at the Civic center was dedicated.
 (440 Int’l., 2/15/99)
1917  Feb 15, M Wolf discovered asteroid #865 Zubaida.
 (440 Int’l., 2/15/99)

1917  Feb 16, The 1st Madrid synagogue in 425 years opened.
 (MC, 2/16/02)

1917  Feb 17, Edmund Bishop (70), English secretary of Thomas Carlyle, died.
 (MC, 2/17/02)

1917  Feb 19, American troops were recalled from the Mexican border. When the United States entered World War I, propagandist George Creel set out to stifle anti-war sentiment.
 (HN, 2/19/98)

1917  Feb 19, Carson McCuller, writer (The Heart is a Lonely Hunter), was born.
 (HN, 2/19/01)

1917  Feb 20, Kern, Bolton & Wodehouse's musical "Oh, Boy!," premiered in NYC.
 (MC, 2/20/02)
1917  Feb 20, Ammunitions ship exploded in Archangel harbor, Russia, and about 1,500 died.
 (MC, 2/20/02)

1917  Feb 23, The February revolution began in Russia (OS calendar). [see Mar 8]
 (MC, 2/23/02)

1917  Feb 24, The British presented the decoded Zimmermann telegram, a German plot for Mexican help, to Pres. Wilson and an enraged Wilson released the document to the American public on March 1. On April 6, 1917, America formally declared war on Germany and her Allies.
 (HNPD, 2/24/99)(MC, 2/24/02)

1917  Feb 25, Anthony Burgess, English writer (A Clockwork Orange), was born.
 (HN, 2/25/01)

1917  Feb 26, President Wilson publicly asked congress for the power to arm merchant ships. When the United States entered World War I, propagandist George Creel set out to stifle anti-war sentiment.
 (HN, 2/26/98)
1917  Feb 26, Utrecht Harbor, Netherlands, held its 1st Annual fair.
 (SC, 2/26/02)

1917  Feb 27, John Connally, Texas Governor, wounded in the assassination of President John Kennedy, was born.
 (HN, 2/27/98)

1917  Feb 28, AP reported that Mexico and Japan would ally with Germany if US enters WW I.
 (MC, 2/28/02)
1917  Feb 28, Russian Duma set up a Provisional Committee; workers set up Soviets.
 (MC, 2/28/02)

1917  Feb, Mata Hari was arrested in Paris for spying.
 (WSJ, 1/16/97, p.A16)

1917  Mar 1, Robert Lowell, Jr., poet, was born. He won the Pulitzer Prize in 1947 for Lord Weary's Castle.
 (HN, 3/1/01)
1917  Mar 1, Dinah Shore, singer (See the USA in a Chevrolet), was born in Winchester, Ten. [see Feb 29, 1916]
 (SC, 3/1/02)
1917  Mar 1, The 1st US federal land bank was chartered.
 (SC, 3/1/02)

1917  Mar 2, Congress passed the Jones Act making Puerto Rico a territory of the United States and made the inhabitants U.S. citizens.
 (AP, 3/2/98)(HN, 3/2/99)

1917  Mar 3, Congress passed the 1st excess profits tax on corporations.
 (SC, 3/3/02)

1917  Mar 4, Republican Jeanette Rankin of Montana took her seat as the first woman elected to the House of Representatives.
 (AP, 3/4/98)

1917  Mar 5, The 1st jazz recording for Victor Records was released by RCA Victor in Camden, NJ. Viktor issued "Dixie Jass Band One-Step" and "Livery Stable Blues" by The Dixie Jass Band.
 (SFC, 1/19/02, p.D5)(MC, 3/5/02)

1917  Mar 8, The U.S. Senate voted to limit filibusters by adopting the cloture rule.
 (AP, 3/8/98)
1917    Mar 8-12, Russia’s democratic February revolution took place in Russia. The "February  Revolution" (according to the Old Style calendar that Russians used) began with rioting and strikes in the Russian army garrison at Petrograd.
 (AP, 3/8/98)(MC, 3/8/02)(LHC, 3/8/03)
1917  Mar 8, Ferdinand von Zeppelin (78), Dutch count, air pioneer, died.
 (MC, 3/8/02)

1917    Mar 9, Algirdas Julius Greimas, Lithuanian semiologist and mythologist, was born in Tula, Russia. He died Feb 27, 1992, in Paris.
 (LHC, 3/9/03)
1917    Mar 9, A Lithuanian committee in St. Petersburg accepted a declaration for Lithuanian autonomy. (LHC, 3/9/03)

1917  Mar 11, British troops occupied Baghdad.
 (MC, 3/12/02)

1917  Mar 12, Russian troops mutinied in the "February Revolution." [see Mar 8]
 (HN, 3/12/99)

1917  Mar 14, China broke off diplomatic relations with Germany.
 (HN, 3/14/98)

1917  Mar 15, Nicholas II, last Russian tsar, said he will abdicate.
 (MC, 3/15/02)

1917  Mar 16, Nicholas II, Czar of Russia, abdicated in favor of his brother Michael. He was forced to sign a document of abdication after being brought down by political unrest and widespread starvation stemming from Russia’s staggering losses in WWI. The czar, his wife Alexandra, their four daughters and son Alexis, heir to the throne, were held prisoner by the Bolsheviks for several months at Tsarskoye Selo palace near Petrograd. In August 1917, the family was transported to distant Siberia to prevent any attempt to restore them to the throne. In July 1918, the entire royal family was executed by local Bolsheviks.
 (HNPD, 3/16/99)

1917  Mar 17, Czar Michael abdicated after one day in favor of a provisional government under Prince George Evgenievich Lvov (55).
 (PCh, 1992, p.722)

1917  Mar 18, The Germans sank the U.S. ships, City of Memphis, Vigilante and the Illinois, without any type of warning.
 (HN, 3/18/98)

1917  Mar 19, Dino Lipatti, composer, pianist, was born.
 (MC, 3/19/02)
1917  Mar 19, The Adamson Act, which provided an eight hour day for railroad workers, was ruled constitutional by the U.S. Supreme Court.
 (AP, 3/19/97)(HN, 3/19/98)

1917  Mar 20, Dame Vera Lynn, British songstress, was born. She sang "White Cliffs of Dover" and "Lily Marlene" during World War II.
 (HN, 3/20/99)

1917  Mar 22, The U.S. became the first to recognize the Kerensky Government in Russia.
 (HN, 3/22/97)

1917  Mar 23, A 4 day series of tornadoes killed 211 in Midwest US.
 (SS, 3/23/02)
1917  Mar 23, Austrian Emperor Charles I made a peace proposal to French President Poincare.
 (HN, 3/23/98)

1917  Mar 27, The Seattle Metropolitans became the first U.S. team to win the Stanley Cup as they defeated the Montreal Canadiens.
 (AP, 3/27/97)

1917  Mar 28, The Women’s Army Auxiliary Corps (WAAC) was founded, these were Great Britain’s first official service women.
 (HN, 3/28/99)
1917  Mar 28, Puccini's "La Rondine," premiered in Monte Carlo.
 (MC, 3/28/02)
1917  Mar 28, Jews were expelled from Tel Aviv and Jaffa by Turkish authorities.
 (MC, 3/28/02)

1917  Mar 29, Man O'War, racehorse (winner of 20 out of 21 races and $249,465), was born.
 (MC, 3/29/02)

1917  Mar 31, The United States took possession of the Virgin Islands, which it had purchased from Denmark for $25 million.
 (HFA, ‘96, p.26)(AP, 3/30/97)(HN, 3/31/98)

1917  Apr 1, In Baltimore some 4,000 pro-war demonstrators stormed a meeting of the American League Against Militarism and threatened to hang the participants that included Stanford Univ. Chancellor David Starr Jordan.
 (Ind, 4/12/03, 5A)
1917  Apr 1, Scott Joplin (b.1868), ragtime composer (Sting), died of syphilis in a NY mental hospital. His work included the opera "Treemonisha."
 (MC, 4/1/02)(SFC, 6/21/03, p.D3)c

1917  Apr 2, At 8:30 p.m. President Woodrow Wilson, delivered his message before a joint session of Congress and recommended that a state of war be declared between the United States and the imperial German government. Realizing that the war looming ahead would be a costly one, Wilson said, "the day has come when America is privileged to spend her blood and her might for the principles that gave her birth and happiness and the peace which she has treasured…" and "The world must be made safe for democracy."
 (AP, 4/2/97)(HN, 4/2/98)(HNPD, 4/2/99)
 http://condor.stcloudstate.edu/~brixr01/theTIMEMACHINE.html
1917  Apr 2, Jeannette Pickering Rankin was sworn in as the first woman to serve in the U.S. House of Representatives.
 (HN, 4/2/01)

1917  Apr 3, Lenin left Switzerland for Petrograd.
 (MC, 4/3/02)

1917  Apr 4, U.S. Senate voted 90-6 to enter World War I on Allied side.
 (HN, 4/4/98)

1917  Apr 5, Robert Bloch, sci-fi author (Hugo, Psycho), was born.
 (HN, 4/5/01)(MC, 4/5/02)

1917  Apr 6, The US Congress declared war on Germany and entered World War I on the Allied side.
 (AP, 4/6/97)(HN, 4/6/98)

1917  Apr 7, De Falla's ballet "El Sombrero de tres Picos," premiered in Madrid.
 (MC, 4/7/02)

1917  Apr 9, Battle of Arras began as Canadian troops launched a massive assault on Vimy Ridge in France.
 (HN, 4/9/99)(MC, 4/9/02)

1917  Apr 10, Robert B. Woodward, synthetic chemist, was born.
 (HN, 4/10/01)
1917  Apr 10, A munitions factory explosion at Eddystone, PA., killed 133 workers.
 (MC, 4/10/02)

1917  Apr 11, Babe Ruth beat NY Yanks, pitching to a 3-hit, 10-3 win for Red Sox.
 (MC, 4/11/02)

1917  Apr 12, Domenico Scarlatti's and Jean Cocteau's ballet premiered in Rome.
 (MC, 4/12/02)

1917  Apr 13, Howard Keel, actor, singer (7 Brides for 7 Brothers, Kiss Me Kate), was born.
 (MC, 4/13/02)

1917  Apr 15, The British defeated the Germans at the battle of Arras.
 (HN, 4/15/98)
 
1917  Apr 16, Vladimir Ilyich Lenin returned to Russia after years of exile to start the Bolshevik Revolution. [2nd source says he returned in March]
 (AP, 4/16/97)(WSJ, 12/1/97, p.B15)(HN, 4/16/98)

1917  Apr 20, In the Pravda newspaper Lenin named Russia "Free land of world."
 (MC, 4/20/02)

1917  Apr 25, Ella Fitzgerald (d.1996), jazz singer, was born. [see Apr 25, 1918]
 (HN, 4/25/02)
1917  Apr 25, I.M. Pei, architect, designed the East Wing of the National Gallery of Art, was born. [see Apr 26]
 (V.D.-H.K.p.362)(WSJ, 2/20/97, p.A18)

1917  Apr 26, Ieoh Ming Pei (IM Pei), architect (1961 Brunner Prize), was born in Canton, China. [see Apr 25]
 (MC, 4/26/02)

1917  Apr 28, Robert Anderson, writer (Tea & Sympathy, Never Sang for My Father), was born in NY.
 (MC, 4/28/02)

1917  Apr, The US Navy had 54 airplanes, one nonoperational airship, two balloons and 267 officers and men.
 (SFEC, 2/16/97, BR p.9)

1917  May 5, Eugene Jacques Bullard became the first African-American aviator when he earned a flying certificate with the French Air Service.
 (HN, 5/5/99)

1917  May 10, Atlantic ships got destroyer escorts to fend off German attacks.
 (HN, 5/10/98)

1917  May 12, M. Wolf discovered asteroid #870, Manto.
 (SC, Internet, 5/12/97)

1917  May 13, Ernest Bloch (1880-1959), Swiss composer, premiered his work "Schelomo."
 (WUD, 1994 p.159)(MC, 5/13/02)
1917  May 13, Three peasant children near Fatima, Portugal, reported seeing a vision of the Virgin Mary. Francisco and Jacinta Marto and Lucia de Santos reported appearances later reported 5 more occasions. In 2000 the Vatican disclosed that the so-called third Secret of Fatima was a vision of an attempt to kill a pope. It was associated to the May 13, 1981, assassination attempt. The 1st secret foretold the end of World War I. The 2nd predicted the spread and collapse of Communism and the conversion of Russia.
 (AP, 5/13/97)(SFEC, 5/14/00, p.A2)

1917  May 18, The U.S. Congress passed the Selective Service act, calling up soldiers to fight World War I.
 (HN, 5/18/99)
1917  May 18, Satie-Massine-Picasso's ballet "Parade" premiered in Paris, France.
 (SC, 5/18/02)

1917  May 20, Turkish government authorized Jews to return to Tel Aviv and Jaffa.
 (MC, 5/20/02)

1917  May 21, Raymond Burr, actor, was born in BC, Canada. He played Perry Mason on television.
 (HN, 5/21/99)(MC, 5/21/02)

1917  May 25, Steve Cochran, actor (Mozambique, Gay Senotiys, Dallas), was born in Eureka, CA.
 (SC, 5/25/02)
1917  May 25, Jimmy Hamilton, saxophonist, was born.
 (SC, 5/25/02)
1917  May 25, Theodore Hesburgh, ex-president of Notre Dame, was born.
 (SC, 5/25/02)
1917  May 25, Leon Felix Augustin Joseph Vasseur (72), composer, died.
 (SC, 5/25/02)

1917  May 28, "Papa" John Creach, violinist, was born.
 (MC, 5/28/02)
1917  May 28, Barry Commoner, biologist (Science & Survival), was born in Brooklyn, NY.
 (MC, 5/28/02)

1917  May 29, John Fitzgerald Kennedy, the 35th president of the United States (1961-1963), was born at 83 Beals St. in Brookline, Mass. He was assassinated in his first term.
 (AP, 5/29/97)(HN, 5/29/99)(SSFC, 9/8/02, p.C12)

1917  May, The film "The Spirit of ’76," produced by Robert Goldstein, opened in Los Angeles. The film celebrated the American Revolution but showed the British in an unfavorable light and with the United States involved in World War I on the side of the British, federal officials accused Goldstein of producing "pro-German" propaganda. In 1918. Goldstein was arrested for violating the Espionage Act and sentenced to 10 years. He served 3.
 (WSJ, 6/9/00, p.W17)(HNQ, 3/1/01)

1917  Jun 2, Max Showalter, actor, composer (Stockard Channing Show), was born in Caldwell, Ks.
 (SC, 6/2/02)

1917  Jun 4, Charles Collingwood, news commentator (CBS, Chronicles), was born in Mich.
 (MC, 6/4/02)
1917  Jun 4, American men begin registering for the draft. [see Jun 5]
 (MC, 6/4/02)

1917  Jun 5, About 10 million American men began registering for the draft in World War I.
 (AP, 6/5/97)

1917  Jun 7, Gwendolyn Brooks, one of the foremost African American poets of the 20th Century, was born. She won the Pulitzer Prize for poetry for her verse narrative "Annie Allen."
 (HN, 6/7/99)
1917  Jun 7, Dean Martin, singer, comedian (partner for Jerry Lewis), was born in Steubenville, Ohio. He died in Beverly Hills, Ca. on Dec. 25, 1995. [see Jun 17]
 (WSJ, 12/26/95, p. A-1)(SC, 6/7/02)
1917  Jun 7, British Field Marshal Sir Douglas Haig launched his assault in Flanders to take German pressure off his French allies. For months, troops of the British Expeditionary Force fought a series of pointless battles in a nightmarish landscape of knee-deep shell holes filled with mud and blasted, skeletal trees. When the campaign finally ground to a halt on November 10, 1917, the BEF had suffered losses of 300,000 men and German losses were around 200,000--for a total gain of four miles.
 (HNPD, 6/7/99)

1917  Jun 8, Byron R. White (d.2002), later US Supreme Court Justice (1962-1993), was born in Fort Collins, Colo.
 (SFC, 4/16/02, p.A1)

1917  Jun 10, 60,000 people of Petrograd welcomed Prince Kropotkin, who was banned 41 years earlier.
 (MC, 6/10/02)

1917  Jun 13, Germany bombed London.
 (MC, 6/13/02)

1917  Jun 15, Great Britain pledged the release of all Irish captured during the Easter Rebellion of 1916.
 (HN, 6/15/98)

1917  Jun 16, Katharine Graham (d.2001), publisher of the Washington Post, was born. She was later considered one of the most influential women in the United States.
 (HN, 6/16/99)(SFC, 7/18/01, p.A6)
1917  Jun 16, Irving Penn, fashion photographer, brother of film director Arthur Penn, was born.
 (HN, 6/16/01)
1917  Jun 16, The 1st Congress of Soviets convened in Russia.
 (MC, 6/16/02)

1917  Jun 17, Dean Martin, singer and comedian, was born as Dino Crocetti in Steubenville, Ohio. He worked with Jerry Lewis. His films included "My Friend Irma," "Hollywood or Bust," "Airport," "Bells are Ringing" and "Rio Bravo." [see Jun 7]
 (MC, 6/17/02)
1917  Jun 17, British king George V took the name Windsor. [see Jun 19, Jul 17]
 (MC, 6/17/02)
 1917  Jun 17, The Russian Duma met in secret session in Petrograd and voted for an immediate Russian offensive against the German Army.
 (HN, 6/17/98)

1917  Jun 19, King George V ordered the British royal family to dispense with German titles and surnames. The family took the name  "Windsor." [see Jun 17, Jul 17]
 (DT, 6/19/97)(MC, 6/19/02)

1917  Jun 23, Babe Ruth, starting pitcher for the Boston Red Sox, was ejected from a baseball game after he walked the 1st batter and argued with the umpire. Relief pitcher Ernie Shore threw out the 1st batter at 2nd base and proceeded to pitch a no-hitter.
 (SFC, 9/2/00, p.B3)

1917  Jun 24, Russian Black Sea fleet mutinied at Sebastopol.
 (MC, 6/24/02)

1917  Jun 26, General John "Black Jack" Pershing arrived in France with the first of the 14,000 American Expeditionary Force.
 (AP, 6/26/97)(HN, 6/26/98)(MC, 6/26/02)

1917  Jun 27, Hank Gowdy became the 1st baseball player to enter WW I military service.
 (SC, 6/27/02)

1917  Jun 28, The Raggedy Ann doll invented.
 (MC, 6/28/02)

1917  Jun 29, The Ukraine proclaimed independence from Russia.
 (HN, 6/29/98)

1917  Jun 30, Lena Horne, American singer, was born in Brooklyn, NYC. She later appeared in the films "Stormy Weather" and "Death of a Gunfighter."
 (HN, 6/30/99)(MC, 6/30/02)

1917  Jul 1, The 1893 upper jaw cancer operation for President Grover Cleveland remained a secret until July 1, 1917, when the doctor who performed the operation revealed the story.
 (HNQ, 11/6/99)
1917  Jul 1, Race riots in East St. Louis, Illinois, and 40 to 200 were reported killed.
 (MC, 7/1/02)

1917  Jul 4, During a ceremony in Paris honoring the French hero of the American Revolution, U.S. Lt. Col. Charles E. Stanton declared, "Lafayette, we are here!"
 (AP, 7/4/97)

1917  Jul 6, During World War I, Arab forces led by T.E. Lawrence captured the port of Aqaba from the Turks.
 (AP, 7/6/97)

1917  Jul 7, A federal Grand Jury indicted 147 people including multimillionaire Leopold Michels and many San Franciscans in the case of "Germany’s gigantic conspiracy against American neutrality." The "neutrality plot" involved an alleged attempt to foment revolution in India against British rule and a conspiracy to ship supplies from SF to German ships in the Pacific.
 (SFEC, 12/26/99, p.W5)

1917  Jul 9, British warship "Vanguard" exploded at Scapa Flow killing 804.
 (MC, 7/9/02)

1917  Jul 12, Andrew Wyeth, painter who focused on the northeastern United States, was born in Chadds Ford, Pa. In 1998 Beth Venn and Adam Weinberg published "Unknown Terrain," a companion piece to a Whitney Museum exhibition of his art.
 (HN, 7/12/98)(MC, 7/12/02)(www.wyethcenter.com)

1917  Jul 13, Three peasant children near Fatima, Portugal, reported seeing a vision of the Virgin Mary. In 2000 the Vatican unveiled the 62-line handwritten account of Lucia de Jesus dos Santos from the Fatima, Portugal. [see May 13]
 (SFC, 6/27/00, p.A12)

1917  Jul 15, Robert Conquest, English author (Back to Life), was born.
 (MC, 7/15/02)

1917  Jul 16, Ludwig Philipp Scharwenka (70), German composer (Album Polonaise), died.
 (MC, 7/16/02)

1917  Jul 17, The British royal family adopted the Windsor name. King George V changed the family name to the House of Windsor from the German-sounding House of Saxe-Coburg & Gotha. [see Jun 17,19]
 (AP, 7/17/97)(SFEC, 1/19/97, Par p.2)(DTnet, 6/19/97)

1917  Jul 20, The US draft lottery in World War I went into operation.
 (AP, 7/21/97)
1917  Jul 20, Alexander Kerensky became the premier of Russia.
 (HN, 7/20/98)
1917  Jul 20, The Pact of Corfu was signed between the Serbs, Croats & Slovenes to form Yugoslavia. [see Dec 1, 1918]
 (MC, 7/20/02)

1917  Jul 22, British bombed German lines at Ypres with 4,250,000 grenades.
 (MC, 7/22/02)

1917  Jul 31, The third Battle of Ypres commenced as the British attacked the German lines.
 (HN, 7/31/98)

1917  Aug 2, Royal Naval Air Service officer E.H. Dunning became the first pilot to land on the deck of a moving ship. He performed the tricky maneuver by flying his Sopwith Pup alongside the HMS Furious as it steamed at high speed into the wind, then side-slipping inward to the deck. Furious joined the British Royal Navy as an aircraft carrier after being fitted with a primitive flight deck. Five days after his successful deck landing, Dunning drowned during another attempt when his aircraft developed mechanical problems and plunged overboard.
 (HNPD, 8/5/99)

1917  Aug 14, The Chinese Parliament declared war on the Central Powers, Germany and Austria, during World War I.
 (AP, 8/14/97)(HN, 8/14/98)

1917  Aug 22, John Lee Hooker, blues singer and guitarist, was born.
 (HN, 8/22/98)

1917  Aug 28, Jack Kirby, cartoonist (X-Men, Spiderman, Hulk, Capt America), was born.
 (MC, 8/28/01)
1917  Aug 28, 10 suffragists were arrested as they picketed the White House.
 (AP, 8/28/97)

1917  Sep 2, Cleveland Amory, conservationist and TV reviewer (TV Guide), was born in Nahant, Mass.
 (MC, 9/2/01)
1917  Sep 2, Admiral Tirpitz formed the Deutsche Vaterlands Party.
 (MC, 9/2/01)

1917  Sep 3, The 1st night bombing of London by German fighter planes.
 (MC, 9/3/01)
1917  Sep 3, German troops overran Riga Latvia.
 (MC, 9/3/01)
1917  Sep 3, Fanya Kaplan, the Russian who shot at Lenin on Aug 30th, was executed.
 (MC, 9/3/01)

1917  Sep 4, The American expeditionary force in France suffered its first fatalities in World War I.
 (AP, 9/4/97)

1917  Sep 6, French pilot Georges Guynemer shot down 54th German aircraft.
 (MC, 9/6/01)

1917  Sep 8, Eugene Bullard, born in Columbus, Georgia, (emigrating to France), became the first African-American combat aviator when he flew a reconnaissance mission over the city of Metz, France. He was credited with one confirmed "kill," a German Pfalz he shot down over Verdun.
 (MC, 9/8/01)

1917  Sep 11, Jessica Mitford, writer who championed civil rights, best known for her book "The American Way of Death," was born.
 (HN, 9/11/98)
1917  Sep 11, Ferdinand Marcos, Philippines Pres. (1965-86), was born.
 (MC, 9/11/01)

1917  Sep 14, The Alexsandr Kerenski regime declared a Russian republic. [see Sep 15]
 (MC, 9/14/01)

1917  Sep 15, Russia was proclaimed a republic by Alexander Kerensky, the head of a provisional government. [see Sep 14]
 (AP, 9/15/97)(MC, 9/15/01)

1917  Sep 17, Some 20,000 iron workers went on strike in SF, Oakland and Alameda in the biggest strike ever on the Pacific Coast. Marines were sent to guard the Union iron Works and 32 men were arrested in street demonstrations.
 (SFEC, 12/26/99, p.W5)
1917  Sep 17, The German Army recaptured the Russian [Latvian] Port of Riga from Russian forces.
 (HN, 9/17/98)

1917  Sep 20, Arnold "Red" Auerbach, second winningest basketball coach in history with 1,037 victories for the Boston Celtics, was born.
 (HN, 9/20/98)
1917  Sep 20, The British assaulted the Polygon Forest in France.
 (MC, 9/20/01)

1917  Sep 26, Hilaire Germain Edgar Degas (b1834), French impressionist painter died. His fascination with horses was covered in the 1998 book "Degas at the Races" by Jean Sutherland. [see Sep 27]
 (WSJ, 10/2/96, p.B5)(SFEC, 6/21/98, BR p.8)(MC, 9/26/01)

1917  Sep 27, Louis Auchincloss, novelist, was born in Lawrence, NY. His work included "Portrait in Brownstone, The Embezzler," and "Watchfires.
 (HN, 9/27/00)(MC, 9/27/01)
1917  Sep 27, Edgar Degas, painter, died in Paris. [see Sep 26]
 (MC, 9/27/01)

1917  Sep, Elvin Jones, jazz drummer, was born.
 (SFEC, 3/2/97, DB p.15)

1917  Oct 6, Robert Mitchum, actor (2 for the Seesaw, Ryan's Daughter), was born.
 (MC, 10/6/01)

1917  Oct 8, Rodney Porter, British biochemist and Nobel Prize winner, was born.
 (HN, 10/8/00)
1917  Oct 8, Leon Trotsky was named chairman of Petrograd Soviet.
 (MC, 10/8/01)

1917  Oct 10, Thelonious Monk (d.1982), jazz pianist and composer, was born. He eventually moved to New York City where he played at various nightclubs throughout the 40s. He began recording more in the 1950s, usually with small groups, gaining more notoriety, but his musical influence on his fellow musicians was already considerable, including such jazz artists as George Russell and Randy Weston. Jazz pianist and prolific composer Thelonious Monk, one of the early bebop musicians of the 1940s, stopped touring and recording in the early 70s, leaving such jazz standards as "Straight, No Chaser" and " ‘Round Midnight." [see Oct 11]
 (HNQ, 2/28/01)

1917  Oct 11, Thelonious Monk, jazz great, was born. [see Oct 10]
 (MC, 10/11/01)

1917  Oct 15, Arthur Schlesinger, Jr., historian and author, was born in Ohio. He won the 1946 Pulitzer Prize for his book "Age of Jackson."
 (HN, 10/15/00)(MC, 10/15/01)
1917  Oct 15, Mata Hari (b.1876), the woman whose name has become synonymous with a seductive female spy, was executed by the French outside Paris on charges of spying for the Germans during World War I. The daughter of a prosperous Dutch merchant, Margaretha Geertruida Zelle married a colonial army officer named MacLeod in 1895. The couple lived for five years in Java and Sumatra before the marriage failed. By 1905, Mrs. MacLeod was calling herself Mata Hari--said to be Malay for "eye of the day"--and creating a sensation as an exotic East Indian dancer in Europe. Among her many lovers were military officers and, although the facts surrounding her espionage activities are still unclear, Mata Hari was arrested by the French as a German spy in February 1917. After a two-day trial before a military court, Mata Hari was sentenced to death for espionage. In 2002 Richard Skinner authored "The Red Dancer," a novel based on her life.
 (WSJ, 1/16/97, p.A16)(AP, 10/15/97)(HNPD, 10/15/98)(SSFC, 3/24/02, p.M4)

1917  Oct 17, The 1st British bombing of Germany took place.
 (MC, 10/17/01)

1917  Oct 19, The first doughnut was fried by Salvation Army volunteer women for American troops in France during World War I.
 (HN, 10/19/98)

1917  Oct 21, Dizzy Gillespie, jazz trumpeter, famous for Night in Tunisia and Blue ‘n’ Boogie, was born.
 (HN, 10/21/98)
1917  Oct 21, Members of the First Division of the U.S. Army training in Luneville, France, became the first Americans to see action on the front lines of World War I. The first U.S. troops entered the front lines at Sommervillier under French command.
 (AP, 10/21/98)(HN, 10/21/98)
1917  Oct 21, Petrograd's garrison accepted a Revolutionary Military Committee.
 (MC, 10/21/01)

1917  Oct 22, Leopold Stokowski led Philadelphia Orchestra in its first recording.
 (MC, 10/22/01)

1917  Oct 23, The 1st Infantry division, "Big Red One," fired the 1st US shot in WW I.
 (MC, 10/23/01)
1917  Oct 23, Lenin spoke against Kamenev, Kollontai, Stalin and Trotsky.
 (MC, 10/23/01)

1917  Oct 24, The Austro-German army routed the Italian army at Caporetto, Italy. In what came to be known as the 1st blitzkrieg German and Austro-Hungarian forces took at least 250,000 Italian soldiers as prisoners on the Isonzo Front.
 (HN, 10/24/98)(SFEC, 7/9/00, p.T14)

1917  Oct 25, In Russia, Bolsheviks led by Vladimir Lenin seized power. [see Nov 7]
 (MC, 10/25/01)

1917  Oct 26, Felix the Cat, cartoon character, was born.
 (MC, 10/26/01)

1917  Oct 27, 20,000 women marched in a suffrage parade in New York.
 (HN, 10/27/98)

1917  Oct 31, William H. McNeil, historian, was born. His work include "The Rise of the West."
 (HN, 10/31/00)
1917  Oct 31, Eugene O'Neill's "In the Zone," premiered in NYC.
 (MC, 10/31/01)

1917  Nov 1, First US soldiers were killed in combat in WWI.
 (MC, 11/1/01)

1917  Nov 2, In the Lansing-Ishii Agreement the US recognized Japan's privileges in China.
 (MC, 11/2/01)
1917  Nov 2, British Foreign Secretary Arthur Balfour, in what became known as the Balfour Declaration, expressed support for a "national home" for the Jews of Palestine. It encouraged Jewish immigration to Israel in the decade after WW I.
 (SFC, 10/18/96, C8)(AP, 11/2/97)

1917  Nov 5, Supreme Court decision (Buchanan vs. Warley) struck down a Louisville, Ky., ordnance requiring blacks and whites to live in separate areas.
 (MC, 11/5/01)
1917  Nov 5, General Pershing led U.S. troops into the first American action against German forces.
 (HN, 11/5/98)

1917  Nov 6, NY allowed women to vote.
 (MC, 11/6/01)
1917  Nov 6, Bolshevik "October Revolution" (October 25 on the old Russian calendar), led by Vladimir Lenin and Leon Trotsky, seized power in Petrograd. [see Nov 7]
 (HN, 11/6/98)

1917  Nov 7, British General Sir Edmond Allenby broke the Turkish defensive line in the Third Battle of Gaza.
 (HN, 11/7/98)
1917  Nov 7, (October 25 on the older Julian calendar then used by Russia), the provisional government of Premier Aleksandr Kerensky fell to the Bolsheviks led by Vladimir Ilyich Lenin. He called his followers the Bolsheviks, meaning the majority, when they formed for a short period the majority of a revolutionary committee. The Bolsheviks became a majority of the ruling group, but they were only a small part of the total Russian population. Decades of czarist incompetence and the devastation of World War I had wrecked the Russian economy and in March 1917, Czar Nicholas II abdicated. Kerensky's provisional government struggled to maintain power until Lenin's Bolshevik followers stormed Petrograd and seized all government operations. Lenin and his lieutenant, Leon Trotsky, quickly confiscated land and nationalized industry and in March 1918, Russia withdrew from World War I by signing the humiliating Treaty of Brest-Litovsk with Germany. Bloody civil war raged in Russia for the next two years as the anti-Bolshevik White Army battled the Communists for control. [see Nov 6]
 (CFA, '96, p.58)(V.D.-H.K.p.260-261)(AP, 11/7/97)(HNPD, 11/7/98)

1917  Nov 8, The People's Commissars "gave" authority to Lenin, Trotsky and Stalin.
 (MC, 11/8/01)

1917  Nov 10, Forty-one U.S. suffragettes were arrested while protesting outside the White House.
 (HN, 11/10/99)
1917  Nov 10, The assault on Flanders finally ground to a halt. The British Expeditionary Force (BEF) had suffered losses of 300,000 men and German losses were around 200,000--for a total gain of four miles and the occupation of Passchendaele.
 (HN, 6/7/98)(HNQ, 11/2/98)
1917  Nov 10, New Soviet government suspended freedom of the press.
 (MC, 11/10/01)

1917  Nov 11, Lydia Kamekeha Lili’uokalani, the last queen of the Hawaiian Islands, died. She wrote the song "Aloha ‘Oe" and the book "Hawaii’s Story By Hawaii’s Queen."
 (WUD, 1994, p.830)(ON, 11/02, p.7)

1917  Nov 12, Joseph Coors, CEO of Adolph Coors Co Brewery, was born.
 (MC, 11/12/01)

1917  Nov 15, Kerensky fled and the Bolsheviks took command in Moscow.
 (HN, 11/15/98)

1917   Nov 17, The French Sculptor Rodin froze to death in an unheated attic in Meudon, France. He had applied to the government for quarters as warm as those wherein his statues were stored, but the government turned him down. His studio was called La Villa des Brillants. He worked with sculptor A.-E.  Carrier-Belleuse and for years spent a considerable amount of time on decorative work for public monuments. His work included several versions of a "Monument to Victor Hugo," "The Kiss," "The Burghers of Calais" and "The Thinker." His famous "Balzac" wasn’t cast in bronze until 1939. The film "Camille Claudel" told the story of Rodin’s mistress, a brilliant sculptress who went mad after their love affair.
 (SFC, 12/4/94, p. S-8)(SFEC, 8/25/96, p.T10)(AP, 11/17/97)
1917  Nov 17, Lenin defended the "temporary" removal of freedom of the press.
 (MC, 11/17/01)

1917  Nov 19, Indira Gandhi was born. She served as prime minister of India from 1967 to 1977 and 1978 to 1984, when she was assassinated by her own guards.
 (HN, 11/19/00)

1917  Nov 20, In the 1st tank battle Britain broke through German lines.
 (MC, 11/20/01)

1917  Nov 21, German ace Rudolf von Eschwege was killed over Macedonia when he attacked a booby-trapped observation balloon packed with explosives.
 (HN, 11/21/99)
1917  Nov 21, Maxim Gorki called Lenin a blind fanatic and unthinking adventurer.
 (MC, 11/21/01)

1917  Nov 26, Bolsheviks offered armistice between Russian and the Central Powers.
 (HN, 11/26/98)

1917  Nov 28, Fred and Adele Astaire debut on Broadway in the Sigmund Romberg revue "Over the Top".
 (DT net, 11/28/97)(MC, 11/28/01)

1917  Nov, Georges Clemenceau became premier of France at the age of 76 and appointed himself as minister of war as well as chief of state. For his contribution to the victory of the Allies in World War I, premier Clemenceau was referred to as the "Father of Victory." A physician, journalist, author and statesman, Clemenceau was an ardent upholder of the French Third Republic. He strove to create an indomitable "will to victory" and proclaimed "To be entirely in unity with the soldier, to live, to suffer, to fight with him." Clemenceau, declared he would wage war "to the last quarter hour, for the last quarter hour will be ours." Born on September 28,1841, Clemenceau died on November 24, 1929.
 (HNQ, 3/23/99)

1917  Dec 1, Boys Town founded by Father Edward Flanagan west of Omaha Neb. [see Dec 12]
 (MC, 12/1/01)

1917  Dec 6, Finland declared independence from Russia (National Day).
 (SFEM, 8/8/99, p.44)(MC, 12/6/01)
1917  Dec 6, Former Czar Nicholas II and family were made prisoners by the Bolsheviks in Tobolsk.
 (HN, 12/6/98)
1917  Dec 6, Some 1700 people died in an explosion when a Belgian relief ship and the French munitions ship "Mont Blanc" collided in the harbor at Halifax, Nova Scotia.
 (EWH, 4th ed, p.1054)(MC, 12/6/01)

1917  Dec 7, U.S. declared war on Austria-Hungary with only one dissenting vote in Congress and became the 13th country to do so.
 (HN, 12/7/98)(MC, 12/7/01)

1917  Dec 9, British forces under General Allenby captured Jerusalem. He liberated the city from Turkish control.
 (WSJ, 4/4/96, A-12)(SFC, 10/18/96, C8)(MC, 12/9/01)
1917  Dec 9, New Finnish Republic demanded the withdrawal of Russian troops.
 (HN, 12/9/98)

1917  Dec 10, The Nobel Peace Prize was awarded to the International Red Cross.
 (HN, 12/10/98)

1917  Dec 11, Aviator Katherine Stinson landed at the SF Presidio and established a new endurance record by flying from San Diego.
 (SFEC, 12/26/99, p.W5)

1917  Dec 12, Father Edward J. Flanagan (31) founded Boys Town outside Omaha, Neb. A half-dozen boys entered to seek a better life. [see Dec 1]
 (AP, 12/12/97)(MC, 12/12/01)
1917  Dec 12, A train disaster killed 543 people in Modane, France.
 (SFC, 6/4/98, p.A15)

1917  Dec 16, Arthur C. Clark, English science fiction writer, was born. He is best remembered for his book "2001: A Space Odyssey." "Any sufficiently advanced technology is indistinguishable from magic."
 (AP, 12/16/97)(HN, 12/16/99)

1917  Dec 17, The US federal government took over the railroads until Mar, 1920, because of WW I.
 (SFC, 7/8/96, p.D2)
1917  Dec 17, Pilots who flew solo before this date, the 13th anniversary of the Wright Brothers first flight, were eligible to join the exclusive Early Birds, founded in 1928. [see Dec 11, 1903]
 (SFC,12/5/97, p.A22)(SFC, 5/26/98, p.B2)

1917  Dec 18, Ossie Davis, actor, playwright (Hot Stuff, Man Called Adam), was born in Cogdell, Ga.
 (MC, 12/18/01)
1917  Dec 18, The Soviet regiment under Stalin and Lenin declared Finland Independent.
 (MC, 12/18/01)

1917  Dec 20, Russian secret police in Czechoslovakia was formed under Felix Dzerzhinsky. He helped lead the Bolshevik revolution and set up the communist secret police, the Cheka, which later became the KGB.
 (MC, 12/20/01)(WSJ, 10/15/02, p.D6)

1917  Dec 21, Andre Eglevsky, choreographer (Limelight), was born.
 (MC, 12/21/01)

1917  Dec 24, The Kaiser warned Russia that he would use "iron fist" and "shining sword" if peace was spurned.
 (HN, 12/24/98)

1917  Dec 26, Rosemary Woods, Pres. Nixon's secretary, was born.
 (MC, 12/26/01)
1917  Dec 26, As a wartime measure, President Wilson placed railroads under government control, with Secretary of War William McAdoo as director general.
 (AP, 12/26/97)(HN, 12/26/98)

1917  Dec 28, The New York Evening Mail published a facetious and fictitious essay by H.L. Mencken on the history of the bathtub in America. Mencken claimed, for example, that Millard Fillmore was the first president to have a bathtub installed in the White House.
 (AP, 12/28/99)

1917  Dec 29, Tom Bradley, future mayor of Los Angeles, was born on a cotton plantation in Calvert, Texas.
 (SFC, 9/30/98, p.A13)

1917  John Grillo, abstract artist, was born. Much of his work was done in Provincetown with 2 years in SF, 1946-47.
 (SFC, 3/2/02, p.D1)

1917  William Mandel was born. He lived with his family in Russia between 1931-1932. In 2000 he authored "Saying No to Power: Autobiography of a 20th Century Activist and Thinker."
 (SFEC, 9/24/00, BR p.4)

1917  Byron White, US supreme Court Justice from 1962-1993, was born in Colorado. In 1998 Dennis J. Hutchinson published the biography: "The Man Who Once Was Whizzer White."
 (WSJ, 7/16/98, p.A16)

1917  Theresa Bernstein, artist, helped found the Philadelphia Ten, a female art group. It was created in response to the Eight, a male-dominated group later called the Ashcan School.
 (SFC, 3/1/01, p.E2)

1917  In France Marcel Duchamp christened a supine urinal as a work of art, "Fountain," and signed it with a fictitious name. The original was lost but he authorized an edition of 8 replicas in 1964.
 (SFC, 6/5/98, p.A17)

1917  Piet Mondrian and three other painters founded the movement known as De Stijl, which became synonymous with Mondrian.
 (HNQ, 7/16/01)

1917  James Montgomery Flagg, American painter, created the famous poster of Uncle Sam as the stern, compelling figure saying "I Want You For U.S. Army."
 (Hem., 7/95, p.89)

1917  Gustav Klimt, Austrian modernist, created his oil painting "Garden of Flowers."
 (WSJ, 7/17/02, p.D12)

1917  Andre Lhote painted his cubist "Rugby Game" in brilliant planes of orange gold and green.
 (WSJ, 2/8/96, p.A-12)

1917  Piet Mondrian painted his first total abstraction "Composition In Line."
 (WSJ, 6/6/95, p.A-14)

1917  Georgia O’Keeffe painted "Nude Series VII."
 (SFEC, 8/10/97, p.T5)

1917  Picasso got involved in the design of the ballet "Par" produced by Diaghilev, with a book by Jean Cocteau and music by Eric Satie.
 (WSJ, 11/13/96, p.A20)

1917  Diego Rivera painted his Cubist "Still Life with Bread and Fruit" while studying in Paris.
 (WSJ, 3/17/00, p.W12)

1917  Egon Schiele, Viennese artist, made his "Kneeling Girl Propped on Her Elbows."
 (WSJ, 11/19/97, p.A20)

1917  Julian Dimock, photographer, upon the death of his father quit photography and donated some 6,000 images to the American Museum of Natural History.
 (NH, 8/96, p.78)

1917  The French architect Tony Garnier embellished British theory on city planning in his book: "Etude pour la construction des villes," and in twenty years his book "Cite Industrielle."
 (Hem., Nov.’95, p.91)

1917  Edgar Rice Burroughs published his sci-fi book "Princess of Mars."
 (NH, 10/96, p.75)

1917  Somerset Maugham wrote his play "Our Betters."
 (SFC, 7/12/97, p.E3)

1917  Ethel Richardson Robertson wrote "The Fortunes of Richard Mahoney." "It was a critique of snobbery and a celebration of a woman’s devotion to family."
 (SFEC, 11/17/96, DB p.40)

1917  D'Arcy Wentworth Thompson (1860-1948), classicist, mathematician and biologist, produced his work "On Growth and Form." His work also included "A Glossary of Greek Birds" and "A Glossary of Greek Fishes."
 (NH, 12/98, p.10)

1917  Edith Wharton authored the novel "Summer." It was the story of a woman's sexual awakening. In 1999 it premiered as an opera by the Berkshire Opera Company.
 (WSJ, 9/13/99, p.A42)

1917  Jascha Heifetz, 17 year-old violinist from Russia, made his debut at Carnegie Hall.
 (WSJ, 12/21/94, A-16)

1917  In Germany Hans Pfitzner premiered his opera "Palestrina," about the life of the 16th cent. composer and how Palestrina supposedly saved polyphony in church music during the Council of Trent.
 (WSJ, 7/1/97, p.A12)(WSJ, 7/29/97, p.A12)

1917  Giocomo Puccini composed his opera "La Rondine."
 (WSJ, 3/25/98, p.A20)

1917  Igor Stravinsky composed the ballet "Les Noces" (The Wedding).
 (SFEC, 10/31/99, DB p.35)

1917  The Military Ordinariate was established. It was a Roman Catholic position under the authority of the Archdiocese of New York to administer to the US military services.
 (SFC, 8/28/96, C2)

1917  L.L. Nunn, self-made American millionaire in mining and hydro-power, founded Deep Springs College in eastern California. It is a very small liberal arts institution with only a couple dozen students (all male). There is no tuition, but the students are required to work at least 20 hours per week. It is on 3,500 acres and the academic year consists of six seven-week terms.
 (Smith., 4/1995, p.115-117)

1917  At the settlement of Nenana, Alaska, a group of men placed bets on when the ice would break apart on the Tenana River. Thus began the Nenana Ice Classic where a tripod is inserted into the ice and bets are placed as to the exact time that it breaks on the river’s melting ice.
 (WSJ, 5/7/96, p.A-16)

1917  The Cafe des Artistes opened in New York City on W. 67th St.
 (Hem, 4/96, p.54)

1917  The Univ. of Calif. entered the medical business with a small $750,000 facility that was little more than a community hospital [in San Francisco?].
 (SFC, 5/12/96, p.A-10)

1917  Charlie Chaplin signed the movie industry's first million-dollar contract to direct and star in 8 films.
 (WSJ, 1/11/99, p.R34)

1917  Joseph Pulitzer established the Pulitzer Prize for achievements in journalism and letters.
 (SFC, 12/27/99, p.E3)(HNQ, 1/29/02)

1917  Karl Gjellerup (b.1857), Danish poet, novelist won the Nobel Prize.
 (SC, 6/2/02)

1917  The Chicago White Sox won the Baseball World Series.
 (Hem., 4/97, p.103)

1917  A Paris to Peking road race was held.
 (WSJ, 7/19/02, p.W9)

1917  The Espionage Act of this year was used to ban Marxist magazines from the mails. It was soon followed by the Sedition Act. Eugene Debs was sent to prison for opposing the war under the Espionage Act.
 (WSJ, 10/29/98, p.A20)

1917  The US passed special rules to allow Mexican to enter the US due to the expanding economy.
 (SFEC, 9/20/98, Z1 p.5)

1917  The US Fort Ord Army installation was opened just north of Monterey, Ca. It lasted to 1994 when it was closed by Congress.
 (SFC, 5/12/96, p.C-11)

1917  Storyville, the New Orleans brothel district, was closed under federal insistence to protect the sailors soon to influx due to American entry into WW I.
 (WSJ, 2/3/95, p.A-11)

1917  A US congressional select committee revoked the medal of Honor from Dr. Mary Walker on the grounds that her actions during the civil war had not constituted real heroism. She refused to give it up and wore it for 2 more years until she died. The Army restored the medal in 1977.
 (SFC, 7/17/96, p.E10)

1917  Denali National Park in Alaska was established. It covered 9,300 square miles. Denali was the native name for Mt. McKinley.
 (SFEC, 2/9/97, p.T6)

1917  Henry Leland formed the Lincoln Motor Co.
 (WSJ, 6/19/96, Adv. Supl)

1917  The Fleetwood Body Corp. began building exteriors for the carmakers.
 (SFC, 12/14/96, p.D1)

1917  The Electric Welding Co. renamed to the Steel Products Company introduced the first one-piece forged engine valve.
 (F, 10/7/96, p.67)

1917  The Ideal Novelty Company produced the doughboy doll designed by one of its founders, Morris Michtom.
 (SFC, 3/25/98, Z1 p.7)

1917  An update of the zipper from 1893, very much like the modern one, was patented. [see Apr 29, 1913]
 (Wired, Dec., ‘95, p.138)

1917  Schick developed the electric razor.
 (SFC, 7/14/99, p.7)

1917  Commercial sturgeon fishing was outlawed in California because of overfishing.
 (SFC, 6/5/96, zz1p.8)

1917  There was a poor wheat harvest in the US.
 (WSJ, 10/1/96, p.A20)

1917  A world-wide influenza pandemic occurred and is later thought to have been caused by the leap of a swine virus to humans. In 1999 Gina Kolata authored "Flu: The Story of the Great Influenza Pandemic of 1918 and the Search for the Virus That Caused It." The 1918-1919 Spanish flu killed 20-100 million people worldwide and 550,000 in the US.
 (WSJ, 11/30/95, p.B10)(WSJ, 12/10/99, p.W12)

1917  In Brazil Ernesto de Santos Donga wrote the song "Pela telefone." It was considered to be the first recorded samba.
 (Wired, 2/98, p.128)

1917  Chechens formed their 1st independent state, the Confederation of North Caucasian Peoples, following the Bolshevik Revolution.
 (SSFC, 11/10/02, p.A11)

1917  In England two young girls in the Yorkshire countryside took photographs that seemed to capture a group of fairies, the Cottingley fairies. The photos were challenged, mocked by the press and defended by Sir Arthur Conan Doyle and derided by Harry Houdini. In 1997 the film "Fairytale: A True Story" was released based on the events.
 (SFC,10/24/97, p.D6)(WSJ, 10/24/97, p.A20)

1917  W.B. Yeats (52) married Bertha Georgie Hyde-Lees (d.1968), his young spirit-medium (25). She became the oracular voice of his philosophy and poetry. In 2002 Ann Saddlemeyer authored "Becoming George: The Life of Mrs. W.B. Yeats."
 (SFEC, 10/31/99, BR p.7)(SSFC, 11/10/02, p.M2)

1917  In Japan the Nikon Corporation was established.
 (PR, Neopath Corp., 7/2/96)

1917  Karlis Ulmanis founded the Farmer’s Party. He later became president and is considered by many as the "father of independent Latvia."
 (BN, 10/97, p.1)

1917  In Mongolia just after the Russian Revolution, defeated anti-Communist forces under "Mad Baron" Ungern-Sternberg took Ulan Bator, then called Urga. The mad Baron undertook city-wide arson and mass executions.
 (SFEM, 10/12/97, p.28)

1917  When the tsarist regime fell, Mongolia reverted to Chinese control.
 (www.gobiexpeditions.com)

1917  In Russia the Bolsheviks tried banning money in favor of barter after the revolution, but chaos resulted and they accepted money as a necessary evil.
 (SFC, 2/11/98, p.B3)

1917  In Russia the Don Cossacks declared their own independent republic during the unrest that led to the Bolshevik Revolution.
 (SFC,10/28/97, p.A8)

1917-1918 "The Life of Herbert Hoover: Master of Emergencies" was the 3rd volume on Hoover’s life by George H, Nash published in 1996.
 (WSJ, 10/1/96, p.A20)

1917-1918 A severe winter in the US prevented farmers from getting their corn to market, so much of it went to the pigs.
 (WSJ, 10/1/96, p.A20)

1917-1918 Paul Robeson at Rutgers Univ. became an All-American football star.
 (SFC, 3/26/98, p.A19)

1917-1920 Sir Robert Borden, changed to the Unionist Party and continued to serve as the 8th Prime Minister of Canada.
1917-1922 Fur trappers in Australia killed 8 million koalas and almost wiped out the species.
 (SFC, 10/12/96, p.E3)

1917-1986  Sydney J. Harris, American journalist: "Men make counterfeit money; in many more cases, money makes counterfeit men."
 (AP, 8/8/97)

1917-  Arthur C. Clarke, science fiction writer, author of "The Sentinel," the source of Kubrick’s film "2001: A Space Odyssey."

1917-1991 This period in Russia was later covered by Martin Malia in "The Soviet Tragedy: A History of Socialism in Russia, 1917-1991."
 (WSJ, 3/26/98, p.A20)

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